FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a tensÃo entre fà e razÃo no pensamento de SÃren Kierkegaard, tendo como nÃcleo interpretativo o conceito de Paradoxo. O estudo discute as questÃes mais fundamentais dessa problemÃtica. Em um primeiro momento, o qual consiste na instauraÃÃo do Paradoxo da fÃ, serà considerada a crÃtica feita por Kierkegaard à sÃntese hegeliana entre fà e razÃo. Tendo como referÃncia a primeira seÃÃo do PÃs-Escrito conclusivo e nÃo-cientÃfico, notar-se-Ã, neste ponto, a recusa kierkegaardiana a uma fà fundada histÃrica e racionalmente, bem como a rejeiÃÃo de um sistema que, no Ãmbito da existÃncia, tenha a pretensÃo da plena verdade. Com isso, o filÃsofo de Copenhague traceja com bastante nitidez os limites do conhecimento racional. Em um segundo percurso, a pesquisa concentrar-se-à na anÃlise da natureza da fÃ, partindo, sobretudo, da emblemÃtica categoria do Cavaleiro da fà apresentada por Kierkegaard em Temor e tremor. A anÃlise da noÃÃo de fà tornarà imprescindÃvel a discussÃo de conceitos mais diretamente relacionados, a saber: a noÃÃo de Salto, a relaÃÃo entre a fà e as vÃrias categorias existenciais â ResignaÃÃo, Sofrimento, AngÃstia e SolidÃo â, bem como a noÃÃo de Paradoxo absoluto e a relaÃÃo entre fà e EscÃndalo. Por fim, acentuando mais uma vez o distanciamento entre o autor dos Discursos edificantes e o pensamento hegeliano, discutir-se-à a permanÃncia do paradoxo. Em Kierkegaard, como veremos, o Paradoxo nÃo à apreendido e descortinado pela razÃo. Ele persiste e se expressa nas mais variadas categorias existenciais. Ver-se-Ã, portanto, que o Cavaleiro da fà encontra-se sempre em tensÃo, seja entre a angÃstia e a edificaÃÃo, seja entre o risco e a convicÃÃo, ou mesmo entre a SuspensÃo teleolÃgica da Ãtica e o dever de amar o prÃximo. Na relaÃÃo com o infinito, o Paradoxo à o companheiro que embala o Cavaleiro em sua existÃncia finita. / This study aims to analyze the tension between faith and reason in the thought of SÃren Kierkegaard, whose interpretive core the concept of paradox. The study discusses the most fundamental questions of this problem. At first, which is to introduce the paradox of faith, it will be considered the criticism by Kierkegaard to the Hegelian synthesis between faith and reason. Referring to the first section of the Concluding Unscientific Postscript, you will notice, in this point, the refusal of Kierkegaard to a faith founded historically and rationally as well as the rejection of a system that, in the context of existence intend the full truth. Thus the philosopher of Copenhagen outlines quite clearly the limits of rational knowledge. In the second route, the research will focus on the analysis of the nature of faith, based, above all, the flagship category of the knight of faith presented by Kierkegaard in Fear and Trembling. The analysis of the notion of faith become essential to discuss more directly related concepts, namely, the notion of Leap, the relationship between faith and the various existential categories - Resignation, Suffering, Anguish and Loneliness â as well as the notion of absolute paradox and the relationship between faith and scandal. Finally, stressing once again the gap between the author of Edifying speeches and Hegelian thought, it will be discussed-the permanence of the paradox. In Kierkegaard, as we shall see, the paradox is not seized by and revealed by reason. It persists and is expressed in various existential categories. See It will, therefore, that the faith Knight is always in tension, is between anguish and the building, whether between risk and conviction, or even between the teleological suspension of ethics and duty to love the neighbor. In relation to the infinite, the Paradox is the companion that packs the Knight in his finite existence.

Le scandale a mauvaise presse. Celui par qui il arrive est humilié puis raillé. Il est une forme de divertissement que certains jugent indigne. Pourtant, il s’avère être une formidable voie d’entrée pour qui tente de comprendre les États-Unis. Par cette monstrueuse transgression, le refoulé fait son retour. Ainsi, analyser le scandale, c’est envisager l’Amérique comme une nation hantée par le puritanisme. Cette pierre d’achoppement qu’est le scandale peut être la pierre angulaire d’une nouvelle construction théorique : un mélange d’anthropologie, de sociologie et de psychanalyse pour débusquer la part d’Ombre d’une Amérique étrangère à elle-même. Voilà pourquoi, paradoxalement, un roman se trouve au cœur de ce travail de recherche de civilisation américaine. Un roman lapsus échappé dans les années cinquante : Peyton Place. Plus qu’une étude de cas, son analyse illumine le concept-même du scandale aux États-Unis. Le destin de son auteur, pharmakos moderne et celui de l’œuvre elle-même illustrent les différents mécanismes de la machine infernale du scandale. Traité de scandalogie ironique, grotesque, kitsch et camp, Peyton Place est une manne pour le scandalologue. Mis en regard avec The Awakening de Kate Chopin, ce roman, vilipendé par la critique et ignoré par la recherche universitaire, met également en scène la féminité du scandale. Les deux œuvres féminisaient l’Amérique, ancrant leur narration transgressive dans une maternité teintée de primitivisme, annonçant ainsi une nouvelle ère où la sexualité serait plus libre. La scandalogie, elle aussi, est pionnière. Elle appelle à l’exhumation d’œuvres oubliées, raillées ou calomniées pour un nouveau canon américain. Peyton Place n’était pas qu’une « gifle au bon goût public », il émasculait l’Amérique. Plus encore, il déchirait le tissu mythique de la nation. Le scandalologue, forcément mythologue, n’est donc pas voyeur : il est visionnaire. / Scandal is tabloid fodder. Those who have fallen from grace are mocked and humiliated and most people think scandal is but a trivial matter. The shocking, disgraceful deeds and affairs of idols have long become part of the entertainment industry. However, scandal and gossip are two different things and the former can help us delve into the American psyche. Scandal is enlightening in more ways than one. It dramatically calls attention to collective fears that have repressed and preserved in the unconscious. Scandal, making them reappear, helps us probe the nation’s unfathomable depths: America is a mansion haunted by Puritanism, as it were. Scandal is a stumbling block but it can also be the corner stone of a new theoretical approach rooted in anthropology, sociology and psychoanalysis to shed light on the black, dense Shadow of America. Peyton Place is a Freudian slip of a novel that shocked the not so Placid Fifties and actually illuminates the whole concept of scandal. Because Grace Metalious was treated like a modern-day pharmakos, her fate illustrates the mechanism of that infernal machine scandal is. Peyton Place is kitsch, camp, ironic and grotesque but it is above all a treatise on scandal. Just like Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, Peyton Place feminized nature, rooting its narrative into primeval matriarchy and heralding a new era of free-flowing sexuality. Peyton Place was more than a slap in the face of public taste; it was a kick in the groin of the American male. More than that, it shred America’s mythical fabric of lies into pieces. A scandalogist is no Peeping Tom, then: he is a visionary.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om hållbarhetsrapporter används som ett kommunikationsverktyg i lika stor utsträckning vid mediala företagsskandaler som det görs i allmänhet genom att kommunicera ut såväl positiv som negativ information till företagets intressenter. Metod: Undersökningen har genomförts med en kvalitativ forskningsansats där en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har genomförts på insamlad sekundärdata i form av hållbarhetsrapporter från fyra företag. Empiri: Av empirin framgår en presentation av de fyra granskade bolagen. Där redogörs en djupgående och detaljerad beskrivning av företagens åtaganden och strategier innan och efter skandalen uppmärksammats i media samt en presentation av varje enskild skandal.Slutsats: Majoriteten av de granskade företagen använder sina icke-finansiella rapporter som ett kommunikationsverktyg vid bolagsskandaler för att kunna bemöta de anklagelser som riktats mot dem genom att presentera vidtagna handlingar efter inträffad medial skandal för att på så vis informera sina intressenter och genom detta bevisa sin legitimitet. / Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine if the sustainability reports are used as a communication tool to the same extent in connection with medial corporate scandals as in general by communicate both positive and negative information to the company’s stakeholders.Method: The study has been conducted with a qualitative research approach where qualitative content analysis has been used to analyze the collected data in the form of the companies sustainability reports.Empiricism: The empiricism shows a presentation of the four audited companies. It outlines a profound and detailed description of the companies commitments and strategies before and after the scandals attention in media and a presentation of each individual scandal.Conclusion: The majority of the audited companies use their non-financial reports as a communication tool in conjunction with corporate scandals to respond at the allegations directed against them by presenting actions taken after the medial scandal to inform their stakeholders and prove their legitimacy.

Much research exists on cancel culture and cultural gatekeeping. However, there is little research on more recent examples of cancel culture stemming from the Netherlands. The current study sought to examine how active Twitter users have responded to what I have titled, the Rijneveld translation controversy on Twitter. This controversy involves questions of racism or reverse racism after a Dutch White translator, Marieke Lucas Rijneveld, reversed their decision to translate works of the African-American writer, Amanda Gorman after receiving much backlash from the public. This was followed by debates on Twitter causing an uproar. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the different issue- frames tweeted about by active Twitter users through a qualitative content analysis. In order to inquire into the opinions addressed at various stages of the controversy, tweets were collected over the course of three different time periods. A general observation was that a majority of Twitter users were upset by the pushback Rijneveld received and even regarded the situation as an example of “reverse racism” and radical wokeism. Moreover, several different actors/stakeholders were targeted or “called-out” by the “Twitter mob,” including the Dutch journalist, Janice Deul who led part of the pushback against Rijneveld. These issues are substantially less about the art and craft of translation and reflect a broader societal issue that Twitter users felt a need to address through this controversy.

This article outlines the research program of a “criminology of crime avoidance” using the example of the preemptive use of legal opinions by white-collar actors to shift the boundaries of the law in their own favor. For this purpose, the term creative compliance is introduced and explained with regard to the Cum-Ex scandal in Germany. Then, a look is taken at possible criminological explanations for the phenomenon. Finally, the hypothesis is developed that law enforcement personnel is deterred from investigations by the reputational capital of certain legal advisors.

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Bakgrund & Problem: Företag idag ställs inför nya krav om socialt- och miljömässigt ansvar och bedöms utefter deras förmåga att uppfylla dessa. Därmed har kommunikation och redovisning genom hållbarhetsrapporten blivit viktig. Om företagets CSR arbete och sociala ansvar överensstämmer med samhällets förväntningar kan företaget ses som legitim, men om dessa förväntningar inte efterlevs kan legitimiteten istället påverkas negativt. Företag använder sig utav kommunikationsstrategier för att legitimera sitt agerande och därmed är hållbarhetsredovisningen problematisk då den inte kan anses vara ett svar på att företaget uppfyller sin ansvarsskyldighet. Ytterligare problem med hållbarhetsredovisningen är att den utelämnar information som är betydelsefull för intressenterna. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att öka kunskapen för mottagare av företagens hållbarhetsrapporter så de kan fatta beslut om företaget på ett mer kritiskt sätt. Metod: I denna studie används en kvalitativ metod genom att en innehållsanalys genomförs av fem företags hållbarhetsrapporter. Vidare används en kvantitativ metod för att genomföra frekvensanalys av företagets intressenter. Resultat: Resultatet visar att strategier för att behålla legitimitet används både innan och efterskandal, medan strategier för att reparera legitimiteten används efter skandal. Mer exakt är det behålla legitimitet på ett pragmatiskt sätt och reparera legitimitet på ett moraliskt sätt som är de mest använda strategierna i hållbarhetsredovisningarna. Därutöver visas även en koppling mellan pragmatisk legitimitet och de interna intressenterna. / Background and problem: Nowadays companies need to face the new requirement of social- and environmental responsibility and are assessed by how they fulfill these demands. Because of this communication and accounting through sustainability reports have been important. If the company's CSR work and social responsibility are in line with society's expectations it can be considered legitim, if the expectations do not comply the legitimacy of the company will drop. Consequently, companies use communication strategies to legitimize their actions, and because of this sustainability reporting can’t be seen as a way of transparency. Furthermore, sustainability reporting does omit information that is significant to its stakeholders.  Aim: The study aims to increase the knowledge of sustainability reports for receivers of the report to make better and more critical decisions.  Method: This study was conducted in a qualitative method, a content analysis was performed on five companies' sustainability reports. Moreover, a quantitative method was used for the frequency analysis of the company's stakeholders.  Conclusion: The result shows that strategies to maintain legitimacy are used both before and after the scandal, while strategies to repair legitimacy are used after the scandal. More precisely, maintaining legitimacy pragmatically and repairing legitimacy morally are the most used strategies in sustainability reporting. In addition, a connection between pragmatic legitimacy and the internal stakeholders is also shown.

Nyhetsmedia har en stor roll i att forma samhällets uppfattningar om händelser. Genom att studera skandalrapportering kring dopning utifrån ett genusperspektiv belyses mediernas roll i skapandet och upprätthållandet av könsstereotyper och könsnormer inom såväl skandalrapportering som nyhetsjournalistik. Studiens syfte är att belysa rådande strukturer och uppmärksamma eventuella könsskillnader inom dopning och sportjournalistik. Syftet är även att undersöka eventuella skillnader i hur artiklar skandaliseras beroende på könstillhörigheten hos den dopade idrottaren. Detta syfte uppnåddes genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av totalt 197 artiklar om de sex mest uppmärksammade dopningsfallen under 2000-talet i Sverige. Studien har utgångspunkt i teorier om skandaler, gestaltning och genus och utifrån dessa har de variabler som används vid kodning utformats. Tidigare forskning inom sportjournalistik, genusrepresentation i media samt könsstereoryper används för att förklara och diskutera studiens resultat.   Resultatet av studien visar att det inte är särskilt stora skillnader i hur kvinnliga och manliga dopade idrottare beskrivs i svensk nyhetsmedia. Det kan också konstateras att de får ungefär lika mycket utrymme och majoriteten av artiklarna är skandaliserade. Skandaliseringen skiljer sig främst på en punkt där kvinnorna själva beskylls för dopningen medan männen målas upp som offer då dopningsdomen skylls på någon eller något annat. Vidare forskning baseras på upptäckter under kodningsarbetet då tydliga skillnader i framställning av idrottare med svensk respektive utländsk bakgrund noterades. / The news media plays a significant role in creating society's perceptions of events. By studying scandal reporting regarding doping from a gender perspective, the media's role in creating and keeping gender stereotypes and norms within scandal reporting and news journalism is highlighted. The study aims to shed light on existing structures and draw attention to potential gender differences within doping and sports journalism. It also aims to show potential differences in how articles are scandalized depending on the gender identity of the doped athlete. This purpose of the study was achieved through a quantitative content analysis of a total of 197 articles on the six most well-known doping cases in Sweden during the 21st century. The study is based on theories of scandals, representation, and gender, shaping the coding variables. Prior research in sports journalism, gender representation in the media, and gender stereotypes is used to explain and discuss the study's findings. The study’s results indicate that there are not very big differences in how doped female and male athletes are described in the Swedish news media. It can also be stated that they get nearly the same amount of space on the agenda and most of the articles are scandalous. The way the articles are scandalous mainly differs on one point where the women are blamed for the doping, while the men are portrayed as victims when the doping verdict is blamed on something or someone else. Further research is based on discoveries during the coding process, noting clear differences in the portrayal of athletes with Swedish versus foreign backgrounds.

Nowadays, about one fourth of all prime time commercials in the United States feature celebrity endorsers. Previous research has identified numerous benefits of this powerful marketing strategy. Unfortunately, celebrities have been increasingly involved in negative publicity in the recent past. Using event study methodology, I examine the influence of negative celebrity endorser publicity on immediate and subsequent stock returns, covering 59 events during a 25 year period from 1988 to 2012. My research shows that firms do not have to take losses for granted. By choosing proactive versus reactive/passive strategies, firms can successfully counteract the subsequent negative stock returns. Thus, it is not the negative event itself that drives the subsequent financial performance, but rather the immediate response of firms. Although immediate firm reactions increase the salience of the event and cause stock prices to drop initially, they also build up investors' trust and confidence again, ultimately leading to increased stock returns in the subsequent weeks. On the flipside, a reactive/passive strategy shows a lack of control and leadership, which can lead to substantial financial losses in the subsequent weeks. I show that this main effect is attenuated for subsidiary (vs. corporate) brands. Further, the appropriateness of the reaction (match between expected and actual firm reaction) is also crucial. Overall, this dissertation helps to advance the knowledge regarding the financial risk of negative celebrity endorser publicity and provides firms with advice to best manage the situation. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse porte sur la question de la rémunération des dirigeants de grandes sociétés cotées et, de manière plus précise, sur les problèmes de justification posés par certains montants et pratiques de rémunération. L’enjeu est d’étudier l’origine et la signification de la controverse publique sur le sujet en la mettant en rapport avec le modèle économique libéral qui dit que le « prix » du dirigeant est un simple prix de marché, soit le produit d’une confrontation entre une offre et une demande de travail managérial de haut niveau. En cela, notre objectif n’est pas de porter un jugement ou une simple évaluation sur la rémunération des dirigeants, mais de comprendre comment et en quoi la controverse étudiée fait problème, comment et en quoi elle interroge, en miroir, la nature et le fonctionnement des sociétés libérales. La démarche est donc « compréhensive », au sens où il s’agit de prendre appui sur le discours des acteurs de la controverse pour « déconstruire » un modèle de justification en apparence élémentaire, qui est aussi l’expression de l’idéologie dominante. / This thesis addresses the question of CEO compensation in large publicly-held firms and, more precisely, the problems of justification that arise with certain amounts and practices of compensation. The objective is to analyze the origin and meaning of the public controversy sparked by the subject by relating it to the liberal economic model according to which the “price” of CEOs is simply a market price, that is, the result of the confrontation between supply and demand of top-level managerial labor. As such, our objective is not to produce a judgment or a mere evaluation of CEO compensation, but rather to understand how and why the controversy generates a problem, or how and why it questions, reflexively, the nature and functioning of liberal societies. The approach is therefore “interpretative,” in the sense that it is based on the discourse of the actors involved in the controversy in order to “deconstruct” an apparently elementary model of justification, that is also the expression of the dominant ideology.