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Although most strepsirrhines do not exhibit apparent physical signs of sexually selected traits, researchers have suggested that olfactory communication is sexually selected. The goal of this thesis is to (1) review sexual selection theory with an emphasis on sensory communication, and (2) test whether olfactory communication is sexually selected in strepsirrhines. I examined the relationships between primate mating systems and several measures of olfactory communication in 22 species: scent marking rates, the number of scent marking methods, and the volume of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. I also evaluated qualitative data on olfactory communication in three lemur species to determine whether they meet the criteria of a sexually selected trait. Polygynandrous and monogamous species did not significantly differ from each other in scent marking rates, scent glands, or volume of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. Three species of strepsirrhine met all criteria of having sexually selected olfactory traits, suggesting that polygynandrous lemurs are subject to sexual selection on several levels of olfactory communication. / text

From September 2005 to March 2006 a zoo study was performed with one male and two female rhinos at Orana Wildlife Park in Christchurch. The study had two aims: (1) to assess whether faeces from unfamiliar rhinos carry information that influences the behaviour of adult rhinos in a zoo habitat, and (2) to identify olfactory constituents of the faeces that potentially stimulate the change in behaviour. Faeces samples were collected from seven male, female, and juvenile rhinos residing at Hamilton and Auckland zoos and from one male rhino held in a separate enclosure at Orana Park. From each sample type six individual samples of 2 kg each were collected. The samples were put in plastic bags and kept frozen at -1O℃. As controls, samples from peat, peat with testosterone, and heated faeces were used. An individual thawed sample was presented at a time to the subjects by placing it into the enclosure. Behaviour and positions of the subjects was monitored for 3 h. In addition weather data was collected. Each exposure test of one sample type consisted of at least six observation sessions during which one two-kg dung specimen was presented to the subjects in the Orana Park enclosure. Each session consisted of nine trial periods of 15 min, during which each subject was observed individually and all actions ofthe animal were recorded. There was a strong response of the subjects to faeces from male donors. The bull reacted with increased frequency of spray urinating. The bull habituated to the faecal stimulus within about an hour. Other strongly affected behaviour categories of all subjects included smelling the ground, scanning, and walking. The distance between the subjects and frequency of synchronous behaviour of the subjects was affected by various samples to a lesser degree. Correlation of faecal compounds with territorial behaviour activities and chemical analysis identified possible signalling compounds such as esters of low molecular weight fatty acids (propanoic, butanoic, and pentanoic acids) and perhaps testosterone and terpenoids. Even simulated control samples consisting of peat impregnated with testosterone initiated some response. Overall, faecal scent marks were found to stimulate multifaceted behavioural effects of captive white rhinoceros. Chemical analyses of faeces identified new olfactory components not previously attributed to male faeces, and which could act as male signalling compounds.

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In today's world, digital data is often stored away and wiped out by tech upgrades.The memory of scents, however, is persistent. The sense of smell can retrieve past memories instantaneously. In this projekt, I am enriching family lives using the sense of smell, which is not yet taken advantage of in the design field but has a tremendous potential for innovation. I aim at result that will allow parents to capture and collect scent and visual stories and also brings new perspective on how their children view and smell their life moments.

Title: What does money smell like? – A mixed method study ofscents affect on consumer purchase of high-involvementproducts Keywords: Scent, congruency, consumer purchase behavior, consumerbehavior, high-involvement products, sensory marketing,marketing, causality, focus group, observation, mixedmethod, experiment, embedded design Background: To offer an experience means to activate the consumers’senses, and sensory cues in store atmospherics tend to catchcostumers’ interest and affect their retail experience(Sprangenberg 2006). These cues can be affected and calledsensory marketing, which by involving and stimulating all orparts of the senses, creates a more rich experience for the consumer (Hultén 2012). A more specific sense; the sense ofsmell, is connected to risk taking, variety seeking andstronger curiosity (Orth & Bourrain 2008) and also nostalgia(Lindstrom 2005). This depends on that these parts of thehumans’ brain is closely located to each other, and byunderstanding which scents that effects consumers and how,marketers can create favorable outcomes such as increased sales (Herrmann et al. 2013). Purpose: Explain how scent affects consumers’ in-store purchasebehavior of high-involvement products Methodology: A mixed method embedded design was preformed involvinga focus group, structured observation and secondary data Results: There were no statistical significance on consumers’purchase behavior when exposed to scent, and H1 wastherefore rejected Main implications: Suggestions for further research would be to try out otherscents that were not studied in this thesis, e.g. green apple. Also to have more variables in the secondary data, whentesting for the statistical significance

From September 2005 to March 2006 a zoo study was performed with one male and two female rhinos at Orana Wildlife Park in Christchurch. The study had two aims: (1) to assess whether faeces from unfamiliar rhinos carry information that influences the behaviour of adult rhinos in a zoo habitat, and (2) to identify olfactory constituents of the faeces that potentially stimulate the change in behaviour. Faeces samples were collected from seven male, female, and juvenile rhinos residing at Hamilton and Auckland zoos and from one male rhino held in a separate enclosure at Orana Park. From each sample type six individual samples of 2 kg each were collected. The samples were put in plastic bags and kept frozen at -1O℃. As controls, samples from peat, peat with testosterone, and heated faeces were used. An individual thawed sample was presented at a time to the subjects by placing it into the enclosure. Behaviour and positions of the subjects was monitored for 3 h. In addition weather data was collected. Each exposure test of one sample type consisted of at least six observation sessions during which one two-kg dung specimen was presented to the subjects in the Orana Park enclosure. Each session consisted of nine trial periods of 15 min, during which each subject was observed individually and all actions ofthe animal were recorded. There was a strong response of the subjects to faeces from male donors. The bull reacted with increased frequency of spray urinating. The bull habituated to the faecal stimulus within about an hour. Other strongly affected behaviour categories of all subjects included smelling the ground, scanning, and walking. The distance between the subjects and frequency of synchronous behaviour of the subjects was affected by various samples to a lesser degree. Correlation of faecal compounds with territorial behaviour activities and chemical analysis identified possible signalling compounds such as esters of low molecular weight fatty acids (propanoic, butanoic, and pentanoic acids) and perhaps testosterone and terpenoids. Even simulated control samples consisting of peat impregnated with testosterone initiated some response. Overall, faecal scent marks were found to stimulate multifaceted behavioural effects of captive white rhinoceros. Chemical analyses of faeces identified new olfactory components not previously attributed to male faeces, and which could act as male signalling compounds.

The thesis examines the relationship between consumer attitudes and a scented shopping environment. A relationship and phenomena concerning scent marketing, which could be seen as one of the more provocative forms of marketing since the human sense of smell, is connected to the limbic system where motivation and attitudes are created. The use of scent marketing has, so far, been proven effective in sales increasing whereas it is one of the less explored forms of marketing. The purpose of the thesis is to answer the following question: Is it possible to find differences in consumer attitudes in a scented buying environment compared to a nonscented buying environment, and thereby create new basis for segmentation? The thesis is based on a quantitative study where data has been gathered in a scent manipulated buying environment through structured interviews with consumers. The thesis applies a deductive approach to the main theories in the area of interest. The findings suggest new theory discussing that it is difficult to use consumer attitudes, towards a scented store environment, as a foundation for market segmentation. Further the results of the executed scent experiment comply with the existing theories about the affect of scent marketing as a sales increasing marketing tool.

Think-aloud protocol is a usability testing method whereby the participant running the usability test on an interface, thinks aloud as a way of giving feedback of the task he/she is performing on the given interface. It is one of the most researched on usability testing methods. It has attracted both praises and criticisms based on the effects it has on the participants or the tests at hand. A recently done study that used simple tasks, aimed at finding out the difference between using think-aloud protocol and not using think-aloud protocol. The study concluded that no notable differences were evident on the number of fixations and the amount of screen areas viewed when using think-aloud protocol and when not using think-aloud protocol.As an extension and follow-up of the recently done study, this study focused on finding the type of tasks that the concurrent think-aloud protocol has effects on. The tasks were chosen based on the information scent concept and eye-tracking methodology was used in collecting the necessary results.The study that involved twenty participants, resulted to some effects of the concurrent think-aloud protocol being noted on the low-scent tasks but not on high-scent tasks. It therefore goes ahead to conclude the tasks onto which concurrent think-aloud protocol would be more effective and the tasks that would be executed more effectively through other usability testing methods other than concurrent think-aloud protocol.