No description available.

La conception et la synthèse de nanomatériaux à base d'éléments de transition tardifs est d’un intérêt considérable pour des applications potentielles respectueuses de l’environnement en nanomédecine, pour la reconnaissance moléculaire, dans le domaine des capteurs, et en catalyse. Onze différents types de nanoparticules de métaux de transition (TMNPs) stabilisées par des dendrimères ont été synthétisées et caractérisées. Ces nanomatériaux ont été employés en tant que catalyseurs dans des réactions ''click'' et de réduction du nitrophénol en aminophénol dans le but d’établir une relation entre leurs activités catalytiques et la localisation de la nanoparticule qui peut être totalement ou partiellement encapsulée par le dendrimère. Par ailleurs, un complexe moléculaire base de Schiff organométallique de Cu(II) et le métallopolymère correspondant résultant de son greffage sur une matrice PMMA ont été préparés et utilisés comme précatalyseurs efficaces de réactions de cycloaddition [3+2] d’azotures organiques avec des alcynes terminaux. De plus, le dérivé supporté a été recyclé au moins trois fois sans perte d’activité ni de cuivre. Une réaction sélective de N-alkylation d’amines par des alcools en utilisant Pd/C comme catalyseur recyclable a également été développée. / The design and synthesis of late transition-metal nanomaterials is of considerable interest towards applications in nanomedicine, molecular recognition, sensing and catalysis under environmentally friendly conditions. Eleven different kinds of dendrimer-stabilized TMNPs have been synthesized and characterized. They were employed as catalysts for “click” and 4-nitrophenol reduction reactions, to study the relationship between their catalytic activities and their ''inside vs. partly outside'' dendrimer localization. On the other hand, a new ferrocenyl-containing unsymmetrical CuII-Schiff-base complex, and its covalently poly(methyl) (methacrylate) (PMMA)-grafted counterpart were synthesized and employed as efficient precatalyst in the CuAAC “click reaction. The PMMA-supported catalyst has been reused at least three times without any lost of activity or copper leaching. A selective NAlkylation reaction of amines with alcohols using Pd/C as an efficient and reusable catalyst has also been developed.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Please refer to full text for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien volteks vir opsomming

La double condensation de la 2-thénoyltrifluoroacétone (TTAH) avec les diamines primaires ne conduit pas aux bases de Schiff symétriques attendues mais dans le cas de l’éthylènediamine (en) à un mélange formé de l’éthylène-bis(trifluoroacétamide) et de la 7-(thiophène-2-yle)-5-(trifluorométhyle)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-diazépine, alors qu’à partir de l’o-phénylènediamine seule la 4-trifluorométhyle-2-(thiophène-2-yle) -1,5-benzodiazépine est isolée. La réaction de condensation entre l’éthylènediamine et un complexe template [M(TTA)2(S)2] (M = Co, Ni, Cu) conduit exclusivement aux complexes octaédriques correspondants [M(TTA)2(en)], dans lesquels l’éthylènediamine est coordonnée au métal. Les coordinats bases de Schiff symétriques [H2N2O2], porteurs des unités 2-thiényles et trifluorométhyles, sont préparés en deux étapes : a) double condensation de l’acétyle thiophène avec l’éthylènediamine pour générer la diimine, puis b) traitement de cette dimine par l’acide trifluoroacétique. Dans les complexes bases de Schiff correspondants de Co(II), Ni(II) et Cu(II), le métal adopte une géométrie plan carré et est coordiné par les atomes d’azote et d’oxygène de l’entité dianionique tétradentate [N2O2]2-. Ces complexes, tout comme leurs homologues où le groupe CF3 a été substitué par l’entité 4-fluorophényle, sont inertes vis-à-vis de l’électropolymérisation. Par contre, la substitution du groupe CF3 par le groupe méthyle permet d’observer l’électropolymérisation des dérivés respectifs avec formation d’un dépôt isolant qui passive l’électrode et empêche la propagation de la polymérisation. En revanche, l’insertion d’une entité p-phénylène conjuguée entre le groupe thiophène et le fragment [M(N2O2)] porteur des substituants trifluorométhyles permet de mettre en évidence l’électropolymérisation de complexes bases de Schiff plan carré symétriques de Ni(II) et Cu(II) avec dépôt d’un film conducteur sur l’électrode. / The one-pot double condensation reaction of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTAH) with primary diamines does not lead to the formation of the expected symmetric Schiff bases, but in the case of ethylenediamine (en) to a mixture of bis(trifluoroacetamide)ethylene and 7-(thiophene-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-diazepine derivatives, while only 4-trifluoromethyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,5-benzodiazepine was isolated starting from o-phenylenediamine. The templated condensation reaction between ethylenediamine and bis(β-diketonate)metal complexes [M(TTA)2(S)2] (M = Co, Ni, Cu) gave exclusively the corresponding octahedral compounds [M(TTA)2(en)], where the ethylenediamine ligand chelates the metal center. The symmetrical Schiff base ligands [H2N2O2] bearing the 2-thienyl and the trifluoromethyl groups were prepared in two steps by (i) double condensation of acetylthiophene and ethylenediamine to generate the expected diimine, and (ii) treatment of the diimine with trifluoroacetic acid. In their corresponding Schiff base complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), the metal ion is tetracoordinated in a square-planar environment. The coordination sphere is formed by the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the dianionic tetradentate [N2O2]2- ligand. Those complexes as well as their analogues in which the CF3 group has been substituted for the 4-fluorophenyl unit, are inert toward electropolymerization. By contrast, replacement of the CF3 group by the parent methyl one allows electrochemical oxydation of the respective complexes and formation of an isolating deposit with passivation of the electrode and inhibition of the propagation of the polymerization. Interestingly, insertion of a conjugated p-phenylene unit between the 2-thienyl group and the CF3-substituted [M(N2O2] core permits the generation of a polythienyl-containing square planar Schiff base complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) films, and their deposition on an electrode using an electrochemical oxidation process.

Aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften und möglicher Anwendungen werden Siliciumkomplexe mit O,N,O´-Ligandsystemen in der Literatur beschrieben. Jedoch fehlen bisher Untersuchungen zur Strukturaufklärung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zahlreiche Silicium-, Germanium- und Zinnkomplexe mit chiralen O,N,O´-Liganden synthetisiert und strukturanalytisch charakterisiert. Dazu wurden die Liganden durch Kondensationsreaktionen von enantiomerenreinen Aminosäuren mit aromatischen ortho-Hydroxyaldehyden bzw. Acetylaceton hergestellt. Die weitere Umsetzung der Liganden mit Elementhalogeniden der Gruppe 14 führte zu den angestrebten Komplexverbindungen. Alle hergestellten Verbindungen wurden umfassend charakterisiert (NMR-, UV/Vis-, IR-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse, Einkristallstrukturanalyse, Drehwert). Quantenchemische Berechnungen an einfachen Modellverbindungen sowie an hergestellten Silicium- und Zinnkomplexen führten zu einem grundlegenden Verständnis der Festkörper-NMR-Parameter dieser Verbindungsklasse.

Les précurseurs de ligands base de Schiff électro-donneurs et électro-accepteurs R-ONOH₂ sont préparés par réaction de monocondensation entre les β-dicétones appropriées et respectivement le 1,2- et le 1,2-4-nitro-aminophénol. Ils existent exclusivement sous leurs formes tautomériques céto-énamine en solution et à l'état solide. Dans les complexes correspondants de NiII et de CuII, le métal adopte une géométrie plan carré et est coordiné par les atomes d'azote et d'oxygène du ligand dianionique tridentate et par l'azote du coligand pyridine. L'hyperpolarisabilité quadratique, déterminée par la technique DHL est très élevée. La substitution de la pyridine par la 4,4'-bipyridine conduit systématiquement aux complexes dimériques correspondants. Un composé similaire comportant l'espaceur bis(4-pyridyle)acétylène est formé après réaction de couplage croisé de Sonogashira. Cette même réaction de couplage croisé entre les blocs de construction électrodonneurs et électro-accepteur permettent de préparer le système «push-pull» D-π-A désiré. Les réponses ONL du second ordre des complexes contenant le ligand électro-actif methylène-pyrane peuvent être modulées par bi- (R = An) et tétra- (R = Fc) oxydation réversible avec formation/rupture d'une liaison C-C, constituant ainsi un nouvel exemple de commutateur ONL-2 réversible. / Electron donating and electron withdrawing ligand precursors R-ONOH₂ were prepared by monocondensation reaction of the appropriate β-diketones and 1,2- and 1,2-4-nitro-aminophenol, respectively. They do exclusively exist as their enaminone tautomeric form both in solid-state and in solution phase. In their corresponding Schiff base complexes of NiII and CuII, the central metal is tetracoordinated in a square-planar environment. The coordination sphere is formed by the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the dianionic tridentate ligand and the fourth coordination site is occupied by the nitrogen atom of the pyridine co-ligand. The derivative exhibited a high quadratic hyperpolarizability (β1.91) determined by the HLS technique. Substitution of 4,4’-bipyridine for pyridine invariably leads to the formation of the respective dimers [(R-ONO)MII(4,4’-bipy)MII(ONO-R)]. A similar compound having the bis(4-pyridyle)acetylene as spacer was formed upon cross-coupling Sonogashira reaction with ethynylpyridine chlorhydrate. The same cross-coupling reaction carried out between the electron releasing and electron withdrawing building blocks, respectively, allowed the preparation of the expected «push-pull» D-π-A system. The second-order NLO responses of compounds bearing a redox active methylenepyran ligand can be modulated upon reversible bi- (R = An) and tetra- (R = Fc) oxydation involving C-C bond formation/breaking reactions, thus forming a new class of NLO molecular switches.

Self-assembly processes were used to construct supramolecular architectures based on metal-ligand interactions. The structures formed strongly depend on the used metal ion, the ligand type, the chosen counter ion and solvent as well as on the experimental conditions. The focus of the studies was the design of multifunctional N-donor ligands and the characterization of their complexing and structural properties. This work was divided into three distinct main parts: The bis(2-pyridylimine), the bis(2-hydroxyaryl) imine and the tripodal imine / amine ligand approach. In the first part a series of bis(2-pyridylimine) derivatives having different linking elements were employed as building blocks for novel supramolecular architectures. Reaction of individual d-block metal salts with these ligands has led to the isolation of coordination polymers, a metallamacrocycle, double-stranded helicates, triple-stranded helicates as well as of circular meso-helicates. The nature of the spacer in the Schiff base ligands, the noncovalent weak interactions, such as hydrogen bond, face-to-face π-π and edge-to-face CH-π interactions, are all important factors influencing the architecture of the final products. Topological control of the assembly process of the hexanuclear meso-helicates is clearly associated with the bidentate coordination of the sulfate anion which directs the formation of a double- rather than a triple-stranded helicate around the octahedrally coordinated Cu(II). Surprisingly, the variation of the linker function in the ligands, which significantly changes the linking angle of the pyridylimine strands, has only a little influence of the resulting structure. Also the use of a mixture of ligands does not influence the meso-helicate topology; the result is the symmetrically mixed meso-helicate. The new iron(II) triple helicate [Fe2(L5)3](PF6)4 14 {L5 = bis[4-(2-pyridylmethyleneimino)phenyl]-1,1-cyclohexane} in its chloride form binds strongly to DNA as confirmed by induced circular dichroism signals in both the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and in-ligand bands of the helicate. The induced CD spectrum gives some evidence that [Fe2(L5)3]4+ interacts with the DNA in a single binding mode, which is consistent with major groove binding. The cytotoxicity of the new iron(II) triple helicate 14 was evaluated on human lung cancer A549 cells and compared with that of cisplatin and that of the previously reported iron(II) triple helicate [Fe2(L1)3]4+{L1 = bis[4-(2-pyridylmethyleneimino)phenyl]methane}. The first results show some distinguishing features for 14 obviously caused by the existing structural differences of the complexes. In the second part of the thesis, novel uranyl complexes of the bis(2-hydroxyaryl) imine ligands have been synthesized and characterized. 1D coordination polymers and mononuclear structures were formed. In all complexes a distorted hexagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry around the uranyl centre is observed. The imine nitrogen atoms of the ligands do not bind to the metal centre but interact strongly with the hydroxy group via H-bonding. DFT calculations made with L8 ( α,α’-Bis(salicylimino)-m-xylene) are in good agreement with the X-ray crystal structure data. Liquid-liquid extraction studies involving selected ligands and Eu(III) or U(VI) indicate remarkably high selectivity for U(VI) over Eu(III) at weak acidic pH conditions. We believe that the study made opens up new possibilities for uranyl ion extraction which could be interesting in view of the treatment of nuclear waste. In the third part of the thesis, a series of multifunctional tripodal ligands with different N-donor centres were used for U(VI) and lanthanide, Nd(III), Eu(III) and Yb(III), binding and extraction. Reaction of these metal ions with selected tripodal ligands afforded complexes which were characterized by ESI mass spectroscopy. The complex composition was found to be 1:1 in all cases. The extraction behaviour of the tripodal ligands towards Eu(III) and U(VI) was studied both in the absence and presence of octanoic acid as co-ligand using the extraction system Eu(NO3)3 or UO2(NO3)2–buffer–H2O/ ligand–CHCl3. These separation systems show a remarkably high selectivity for U(VI) over Eu(III). It is interesting to note that the addition of the octanoic acid to the extraction system leads to high synergistic effects. A series of Eu(III) extraction experiments were done to clarify the composition of the extracted complexes. The results clearly point to the formation of various species with changing composition.

The present thesis deals with different aspects of the chemistry of oxovanadium(IV) complexes, their interaction with double stranded DNA, photo-induced DNA cleavage, photo-enhanced cytotoxicity in visible light and red light and localisation and cellular uptake to understand the mechanism of cell death. Chapter I presents a general introduction on potential of transition metal complexes as photochemotherapeutic agents. A brief introduction about Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) as a new alternative to chemotherapy for treating cancer has been made. Various modes of interaction of small molecules with duplex DNA are described. Recent reports on metal-based photocytotoxicity, photo-induced DNA cleavage activity and cellular localization are presented in detail. Objective of the present investigation is also dealt in this Chapter. Chapter II of the thesis deals with the synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and photo-induced DNA cleavage activity of ternary oxovanadium(IV) complexes of ONO-donor 2-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)phenol (salamp) and phenanthroline bases to explore the photo-induced DNA cleavage activity in UV-A light of 365 nm and photocytotoxicity in visible light. Chapter III deals with the photo-induced DNA cleavage and photocytotoxicity of ternary oxovanadium(IV) complexes containing ONN-donor N-2-pyridylmethylidine-2-hydroxyphenylamine (Hpyamp) Schiff bases and phenanthroline bases. The objective of this work is to investigate the photo-induced DNA cleavage activity in near-IR light. Photocytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest have been studied in HeLa cancer cells. Chapter IV deals serendipitous discovery of planar triazinuim cationic species by vanadyl-assisted novel ring cyclization reaction. The compounds are synthesised, characterized and their DNA binding and anaerobic photoinduced DNA cleavage activity are presented. The importance of the thiazole moiety in the triazinuim species in cellular uptake has been investigated. Photocytotoxicity, localization and cell death mechanism have been studied in HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Chapter V describes the synthesis, characterization, DNA binding, photo-induced DNA cleavage activity and photocytotoxicity of oxovanadium(IV) complexes containing 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)ethaneamine (Hpy-aebmz) and curcumin as photosensitizer. The effect of conjugating naphthalimide on Hpy-aebmz on photoinduced DNA cleavage and photocytotoxicity has been studied. Cellular uptake, localization and mechanism of cell death induced by complexes have been investigated. Chapter VI presents ternary oxovanadium(IV) complexes having, 2-((1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methylimino-methyl)phenol (Hsal-ambmz) and phenanthroline bases. The complexes were synthesized, characterized and their DNA binding property studied. Photo-induced DNA cleavage activity and photocytotoxicity in red light has been discussed. Anthracene has been conjugated to a tridentate ligand to investigate cellular uptake, localization and cell death mechanism. Mitochondria targeting property of the complexes having dipeptide has been studied and compared with clinically used drug Photofrin®. The references have been compiled at the end of each chapter and indicated as superscript numbers in the text. The complexes presented in this thesis are represented by bold-faced numbers. Crystallographic data of the complexes, characterized structurally by single crystal X-ray crystallography, are given in CIF format in the enclosed CD (Appendix-I). Due acknowledgements have been made wherever the work described is based on the findings of other investigators. Any unintentional omission that might have happened due to oversight or mistake is regretted.

Aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften und möglicher Anwendungen werden Siliciumkomplexe mit O,N,O´-Ligandsystemen in der Literatur beschrieben. Jedoch fehlen bisher Untersuchungen zur Strukturaufklärung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zahlreiche Silicium-, Germanium- und Zinnkomplexe mit chiralen O,N,O´-Liganden synthetisiert und strukturanalytisch charakterisiert. Dazu wurden die Liganden durch Kondensationsreaktionen von enantiomerenreinen Aminosäuren mit aromatischen ortho-Hydroxyaldehyden bzw. Acetylaceton hergestellt. Die weitere Umsetzung der Liganden mit Elementhalogeniden der Gruppe 14 führte zu den angestrebten Komplexverbindungen. Alle hergestellten Verbindungen wurden umfassend charakterisiert (NMR-, UV/Vis-, IR-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse, Einkristallstrukturanalyse, Drehwert). Quantenchemische Berechnungen an einfachen Modellverbindungen sowie an hergestellten Silicium- und Zinnkomplexen führten zu einem grundlegenden Verständnis der Festkörper-NMR-Parameter dieser Verbindungsklasse.