This study aims to give an overview of school segregation in Stockholm and its development during the period 2000 to 2010. Further, it aims to examine the effects of school segregation on student achievement. The first part of the study uses register data to measure segregation in schools from 2000 to 2010, the second part utilizes the Stockholm School Survey 2010 for measuring student demographics and school achievement. The examination of school segregation in Stockholm reveal a substantial segregation between schools, on both levels of non-native background and parental education. The trends have been stable for segregation on non-native background and decreased slightly for parental education from 2000 to 2010, however, they both remain at relatively high levels. Multilevel analysis show that student school achievement is negatively impacted by increased concentration of students with disadvantaged characteristics, i.e. higher levels of students with non-native background and lower levels of parental education. The results also indicate that non-native students are more negatively affected by these effects. Further, the analysis tests for threshold effects of segregation, but no such effects can be identified and it seems to be more or less linear, higher degree of segregation leads to stronger effects. It is concluded that differences between schools have an unequal and unfair effect on student school achievement.

Ce mémoire contient un article ayant été soumis à la Revue de Psychoéducation. Cet article a été rédigé avec comme co-auteur Michel Janosz / Les difficultés scolaires ont des conséquences importantes, tant au plan personnel que sociétal. De plus, les adolescents d’origine haïtienne semblent particulièrement à risque de vivre des difficultés scolaires. Pourtant, très peu d’études canadiennes se sont intéressées au vécu scolaire des élèves de cette communauté. Cependant, des études menées auprès d’autres groupes minoritaires ont fait état de l’importance de l’influence des amis et des parents en ce qui a trait au rendement scolaire de l’adolescent. Par conséquent, l’objectif général de ce mémoire est d’examiner les pratiques parentales en lien avec l’école comme modératrices de la relation entre le désengagement scolaire des amis et le rendement scolaire chez les élèves haïtiens fréquentant une école en milieu défavorisé. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons dressé un portrait statistique de l’immigration au Québec et discuté de certains aspects du vécu scolaire des élèves issus de l’immigration. Ces données nous indiquent que les difficultés scolaires que peuvent éprouver ces élèves constituent un phénomène complexe impliquant de nombreux facteurs. Le second chapitre expose en quoi les parents et les amis sont des acteurs cruciaux de la réussite scolaire de l’élève haïtien provenant d’un milieu défavorisé. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’effet modérateur des pratiques parentales sur la relation entre le désengagement scolaire des amis et le rendement en français. Cela a permis de montrer que le désengagement des amis et certaines pratiques parentales en lien avec l’école permettent de prédire le rendement en français. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons abordé le rôle du psychoéducateur appelé à intervenir auprès d’élèves haïtiens. Force est de constater qu’il existe un grand nombre d’interventions pouvant être mises en œuvre tant auprès des amis, des parents, que des enseignants, afin de favoriser le succès scolaire des élèves haïtiens. Les résultats de ce mémoire ont mis en lumière l’importance de la prise en compte du désengagement scolaire des amis et des pratiques parentales dans l’étude des difficultés scolaires chez les élèves haïtiens issus de milieux défavorisés. Toutefois, d’autres études seront nécessaires afin de comprendre les mécanismes régissant les interactions entre ces acteurs. Ces études devront inclure des échantillons plus vastes et compter des jeunes de tous les statuts socioéconomiques et de toutes les régions du Québec. De plus, elles devront faire appel à plusieurs informateurs et considérer des facteurs intrinsèques à l’élève, comme par exemple sa motivation scolaire ou son estime de soi. Mots clés : Rendement scolaire, pratiques parentales, désengagement scolaire des amis, adolescents haïtiens, pauvreté. / School underachievement has important consequences, both individual and societal. Haitian adolescents seem particularly at risk of experiencing such academic difficulties. Yet, very few Canadian studies have focused on the academic experience of students in this community. Studies conducted with other minority groups have however reported the important influence of friends and parents in regard to these adolescents’ achievement. The objective of this paper is to examine how school-related parenting practices moderate the relationship between peers’ disengagement in school and academic performance among economically disadvantaged Haitian adolescents. In the first chapter, we have made a statistical portrait of immigration in Quebec and discussed different aspects related to achievement among immigrant students. These data indicate that the academic difficulties that some of these students experience are complex and involve many factors. The second chapter explains how parents and friends are key actors in the academic success of Haitian students coming from disadvantaged background. We then assessed the moderating effect of school-related parenting practices on the relationship between peers’ disengagement in school and adolescents’ achievement in literacy. Results reveal that parental practices and peers’ disengagement toward school contribute directly (positively or negatively) to adolescents’ academic experience. In the third chapter, we finally discussed the role of the psychoeducator who intervene with Haitian students. It appears that there are many interventions that can be implemented with friends, parents, and teachers to promote the academic success of these students. Our results highlighted the importance of considering peers’ disengagement from school and parenting practices in the study of academic difficulties among Haitian students coming from disadvantaged backgrounds. Further studies are however needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the contribution of these actors on adolescents’ achievement. These studies ought to include larger samples of participants coming from all regions of Quebec and all socio-economical backgrounds. In addition, these studies ought to rely on several informants and consider factors intrinsic to the student, such as his academic motivation or self-esteem. Key words: School achievement; Parental practices; Peers’ disengagement from school; Haitian adolescents; Poverty.

Alguns estudos apontam como fatores do atual estágio do ensino em Moçambique o elevado rácio aluno/professor, a fraca preparação do professor, as precárias condições de trabalho e o desajustamento da estrutura e dos conteúdos do currículo. Contudo, esses fatores não estão isolados, uma vez que as metodologias aplicadas pelos professores em sala de aula também têm sido uma das causas do fraco aproveitamento dos alunos no ensino básico em Moçambique, de acordo com a sondagem feita em 2015 pelo Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (INDE). Para legitimar esse fato, autores como Ausubel (1980, 2003), Moreira (2006) e Sousa (2000) propõem a diversificação de estratégias, bem como a participação ativa e responsável do aluno na sua aprendizagem. Adotando, desse modo, a aprendizagem por descoberta descrita por Sousa (2000) como aquela em que “o conteúdo principal não é dado, mas deve ser “descoberto” pelo aluno antes que possa ser incorporado significativamente na sua estrutura cognitiva”. Nas escolas moçambicanas, tais procedimentos não são visíveis, já que os alunos são sujeitados a uma rotina incômoda, a qual acaba por gerar consequente falta de motivação e conteúdos-chave como escrita e cálculo em sala de aula. Diante de tais fatos, levantou-se a seguinte questão: Que contribuição pode trazer o uso do objeto de aprendizagem N'SAMAT para auxiliar na melhoria do aproveitamento dos alunos da 2a classe do ensino básico na aprendizagem de Aritmética em Moçambique? Como uma das alternativas para tais situações, as teses propõem o uso de objeto de aprendizagem N'SAMAT, em aula, para auxiliar na melhoria do aproveitamento dos alunos da 2a classe do ensino básico na aprendizagem de Aritmética em Moçambique. Em conjunto, propõem-se a adoção de novos recursos, uma vez que por si só as tecnologias não resolvem o respectivo problema. Segundo Moreira (2006) substituir o quadro de giz por quadros coloridos e animadas exposições em PowerPoint dá no mesmo, portanto o que realmente importa é a diversificação das estratégias pedagógicas. Para concretização da tese, foi adotado um plano quase-experimental, associado a uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, em que foi feito um estudo inicial junto aos gestores e professores e a posteriori uma avaliação do experimento com os alunos, na qual foram submetidos a um pré-teste e a um pós-teste. O pré-teste consistiu na resolução de um exame de matemática no primeiro momento, já no segundo momento os alunos tiveram uma intervenção com auxílio do objeto de aprendizagem N´SAMAT e culminou com a resolução do pós-teste. Dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a metodologia aplicada contribuiu de forma significativa para o aproveitamento dos alunos na disciplina de matemática, especificamente, em conteúdos ligados à aritmética. / Some studies point to factors such as the current stage of education in Mozambique, the high pupil / teacher ratio, poor teacher preparation, precarious working conditions and maladjustment of the curriculum structure and contents. But these factors are not isolated, since the methodologies applied by teachers in the classroom have also been one of the causes of low achievement of students in basic education in Mozambique, according to the survey conducted in 2015 by the National Institute for Development Education. To legitimize this fact, authors such as Ausubel (1980, 2003), Moreira (2006) and Sousa (2000) propose the diversification of strategies and the active and responsible participation of students in their learning, adopting learning by discovery described by Sousa as one in which "the main content is not given, but must be" discovered "by the student before it can be incorporated significantly into his cognitive structure." In Mozambican schools, such procedures are not visible, subjecting the student to a daily routine and consequent lack of motivation and key content such as writing and calculating in the classroom. Faced with the facts, the following question was raised: What contribution can the use of the N'SAMAT learning object bring to the achievement of 2nd grade students in Arithmetic learning in Mozambique? As an alternative to such a situation, theses propose the use of the N'SAMAT learning object in class to improve the use of 2nd grade students in Arithmetic learning in Mozambique. Moreira (2006) says that replacing the chalkboard with colorful pictures and animated PowerPoint presentations gives the same. What is important is the diversification of pedagogical strategies. To accomplish this, a quasi-experimental plan was adopted, associated with a quantitative research, where an initial study was carried out among the managers and teachers and the subsequent evaluation of the experiment with the students, in which they were submitted to a pre- test and post-test. The pre-test consisted in the resolution of a math test in the first moment, in the second moment the students had an intervention with the aid of the object of learning NSAMAT and culminated with the resolution of the post-test. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the applied methodology contributes significantly to the students' achievement in mathematics, specifically in content related to arithmetic.

Cette recherche explore les conditions d’émergence et d’exercice de la réussite scolaire chez des jeunes relevant de la Protection de l’enfance, au travers d’une approche conjuguant positionnement et dynamique sociaux et relationnels et mobilisation individuelle. Elle a été réalisée, à partir de 2009, sur deux circonscriptions d’action sociale du département de l’Ain et alimentée par deux phases de travail de terrain. La première, quantitative, a été réalisée par questionnaire auprès des adultes (accueillants, travailleurs sociaux référents, enseignants) en charge des 229 jeunes confiés de ces deux zones et a consisté en un recueil de données relatif à leur parcours de placement, leur scolarité, leurs spécificités, leurs liens avec leur famille d’origine. La seconde, qualitative, a pris la forme d’entretiens auprès de ceux que l’exploitation des questionnaires avait permis d’identifier comme étant en réussite scolaire (N=83). Ont ainsi été recueillis 39 entretiens d’adolescents, auxquels ont été adjoints 7 apports d’adultes, « ex-enfants de la Ddass ». Le contenu de ces entretiens a été traité par la méthode Chartier (codage des unités d’informations), complétée d’un travail littéral approfondi autour des stratégies mises en œuvre. Les résultats des analyses quantitatives confirment les soubassements traditionnels de l’adaptation scolaire et, en particulier, l’impact socio-culturel du milieu familial. Ils mettent, de plus, en évidence les ressources que ces jeunes déploient spécifiquement, dans leur parcours inattendu, ainsi que les ancrages et étayages qu’ils expérimentent. Les entretiens permettent d’affiner ces deux atouts. Apparaissent ainsi particulièrement discriminants au regard de la réussite scolaire la personnalité du jeune, marquée par une profonde détermination, une grande maturité, une aptitude à positiver son vécu et à envisager l’avenir avec confiance, le rôle de relations de proximité, entretenues avec un certain nombre de personnes marquantes, la capacité à se distancier d’événements ou de personnes susceptibles d’entraver la progression. Ces traits dessinent des processus et des expériences de résilience, où les fragilités ne sont pas absentes - leurs motivations sont diverses, leurs résultats ne sont pas tous excellents, leur passé ressurgit régulièrement - mais où l’école et le savoir apparaissent comme espaces de perspectives et comme médiateurs à l’expression et à la réalisation de leur reconstruction. / This research explores the emerging conditions and the successful scholastic results of those covered by the Protection for Children, through an approach grouping social and relational position and dynamics, and individual mobilisation. It took place in two sectors of the social action in the Ain department and concerned two phases of field work. The first one, quantitative, was achieved with a questionnaire for adults (the welcoming committee, social workers and teachers) in charge of the 229 youths in these 2 zones and consisted of a recording of facts relevant to their experience of placement, scholarity, specifications and their possible links or ties with their birth family. The second one, qualitative, resulted from meetings with those who appeared to be in academic achievement through the questionnaires (N=83). Thus, we were able to record interviews with 39 adolescents combined with those of 7 adults, themselves "ex-children of the Ddass". The contents of these meetings were analysed using the Chartier Method (a code of information units), in addition to an extensive amount of literal work about the used strategies. The results of the quantitative analysis confirm the traditional foundations of scholastic adaptation and, in particular, the socio-cultural impact of the family. In addition, it brings out the resources which the adolescents specifically use in their unexpected course as well as the anchorages and supports they may experience. These meetings allow us to define both these opportunities. Moreover, this shows in a particularly specific way the personality of the adolescent with successful scholastic results, shown by a strong determination, an increased maturity, an aptitude for positive thinking about his/her life, with a confident outlook to the future, the role of the close environment, looked after by a certain number of influential figures and the ability to distant himself/herself from events or people likely to hinder his/her progress. These specific features shape and form processes and experiences of resilience, where certain weaknesses are present - their motivations are varied, not all results are excellent as their past regularly reappears in their lives - but which above all bring into play learning and knowledge as sources of perspectives and as mediators to express and realise their reconstruction.

<p>Various aspects of elementary school children's behavior problems were investigated in four studies. In Study I, teachers’ perceived low control over the classroom situation and a custodial teacher orientation were associated with teachers' (n = 86) preferences for authoritarian strategies (e.g., firm commands) in handling externalizing child behavior problems. Further, perceived high control and a humanistic teacher orientation were associated with non-authoritarian strategies (e.g., reasoning with students). In Study II, the aim was to investigate prospectively teacher-child interactions and teacher-child perceptions of the relationship between children with externalizing (n=26) and internalizing (n=25) behavior problems and unproblematic children (n=44) in the first grade. Children with behavior problems had a higher frequency of negative teacher relationships than unproblematic children. Observed conflictual children-teacher interactions contributed to negative teacher relationships independent of problem status. The moderating effects of social competence were small. In Study III, the principal aim was to investigate whether the children’s social competence, relationships with teachers and behavior with peers functioned as protective or exacerbating factors regarding the adaptation of children with behavior problems. Children with externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, in comparison with unproblematic children, were lower in social competence, school achievement and peer acceptance in sixth grade. There were moderating and independent effects of social competence and teacher and peer relationships on outcomes, but these were mainly restricted to those children with internalizing problems. The primary aim of Study IV was to investigate the social and school adjustment of six-grade children experiencing feelings of loneliness and low peer acceptance. Totally, 808 children participated, and 323 of these children had been followed from grade 1 to grade 6. The results indicated that loneliness was most strongly predicted by early internalizing problems, whereas poor acceptance was predicted by early externalizing problems and poor social competence. Associations between loneliness and low peer acceptance and other adjustment difficulties were also observed. In conclusion, children with behavior problems risk negative relationships as well as other adjustment problems. Early interventions are important in strengthening the protective factors.</p>

Various aspects of elementary school children's behavior problems were investigated in four studies. In Study I, teachers’ perceived low control over the classroom situation and a custodial teacher orientation were associated with teachers' (n = 86) preferences for authoritarian strategies (e.g., firm commands) in handling externalizing child behavior problems. Further, perceived high control and a humanistic teacher orientation were associated with non-authoritarian strategies (e.g., reasoning with students). In Study II, the aim was to investigate prospectively teacher-child interactions and teacher-child perceptions of the relationship between children with externalizing (n=26) and internalizing (n=25) behavior problems and unproblematic children (n=44) in the first grade. Children with behavior problems had a higher frequency of negative teacher relationships than unproblematic children. Observed conflictual children-teacher interactions contributed to negative teacher relationships independent of problem status. The moderating effects of social competence were small. In Study III, the principal aim was to investigate whether the children’s social competence, relationships with teachers and behavior with peers functioned as protective or exacerbating factors regarding the adaptation of children with behavior problems. Children with externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, in comparison with unproblematic children, were lower in social competence, school achievement and peer acceptance in sixth grade. There were moderating and independent effects of social competence and teacher and peer relationships on outcomes, but these were mainly restricted to those children with internalizing problems. The primary aim of Study IV was to investigate the social and school adjustment of six-grade children experiencing feelings of loneliness and low peer acceptance. Totally, 808 children participated, and 323 of these children had been followed from grade 1 to grade 6. The results indicated that loneliness was most strongly predicted by early internalizing problems, whereas poor acceptance was predicted by early externalizing problems and poor social competence. Associations between loneliness and low peer acceptance and other adjustment difficulties were also observed. In conclusion, children with behavior problems risk negative relationships as well as other adjustment problems. Early interventions are important in strengthening the protective factors.

Nous avons examiné la nature du lien, additif ou interactif, entre les capacités attentionnelles et les habiletés de motricité fine et leur influence sur les habiletés d’écriture ultérieures. Les mesures de l’échantillon (n=439) de l’étude montréalaise sur le préscolaire en milieu défavorisé (MLEPS) à la maternelle incluent des questionnaires aux enseignants, des évaluations sur la connaissance des nombres et du vocabulaire réceptif des élèves et caractéristiques familiales rapportées par les parents. En 3ème année, les mesures proviennent de questionnaires aux enseignants. Selon les résultats des régressions multiples de notre modèle, un élève qui avait de bonnes capacités d’attention ou de motricité fine à la maternelle, avait plus de chances d’avoir de bonnes habiletés d’écriture en 3ème année. L’interaction entre l’attention et la motricité fine était aussi significative, ce qui signifie que les capacités d’attention, avec l’influence des habiletés de motricité fine, prédisent davantage les habiletés d’écriture ultérieure. Il est pertinent de mesurer la réussite scolaire en écriture puisque les élèves à l’école peuvent investir de 31 à 60% de leur temps à réaliser des tâches motrices et 85% de celles-ci incluraient un crayon et du papier (McHale & Cermak, 1992). L’écriture serait aussi importante que les mathématiques et la lecture pour la réussite scolaire (Cutler & Graham, 2008). En identifiant les éléments clés de la réussite en écriture, nous pourrons mieux intervenir et soutenir les élèves, et ainsi, nous pourrions augmenter leurs chances de vivre des expériences positives à l’école, d’obtenir un diplôme et d’ intégrer le marché du travail. / Studies on school readiness aim to identify key elements that positively influence later school achievement. In this study, we examined direct and indirect links between attention skills and fine motor skills on later writing skills with a data set from the Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Preschool Study (MLPS). Kindergarten measures include teacher ratings of attention and fine motor skills, direct assessments of number knowledge and receptive vocabulary, and parentreported family characteristics. By then end of 3rd grade, teachers also rated children’s writing skills. In our model, attention skills and fine motor skills predicted writing achievement by the end of 3rd grade. Our multiple regression results indicated that higher level of kindergarten attention or fine motor skills were associated with greater chances of belonging to better writing skills in 3rd grade. The interaction between attention skills and fine motor skills was also significant which means that attention skills are more predictive with the influence of fine motor skills. Measuring writing achievement is pertinent because at school, more than 31% to 60% of school time involved motor tasks and 85% of these included paper and pencil activites (McHale & Cermak, 1992).Writing is as much important as maths and reading for school achievement (Cutler & Graham, 2008) Identifying key elements of later writing achievement will help to adapt interventions that will occur early in childhood. We need to increase chances for children to have good and positive experiences at school, and eventually, graduate and join the labor market.

Les difficultés scolaires ont des conséquences importantes, tant au plan personnel que sociétal. De plus, les adolescents d’origine haïtienne semblent particulièrement à risque de vivre des difficultés scolaires. Pourtant, très peu d’études canadiennes se sont intéressées au vécu scolaire des élèves de cette communauté. Cependant, des études menées auprès d’autres groupes minoritaires ont fait état de l’importance de l’influence des amis et des parents en ce qui a trait au rendement scolaire de l’adolescent. Par conséquent, l’objectif général de ce mémoire est d’examiner les pratiques parentales en lien avec l’école comme modératrices de la relation entre le désengagement scolaire des amis et le rendement scolaire chez les élèves haïtiens fréquentant une école en milieu défavorisé. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons dressé un portrait statistique de l’immigration au Québec et discuté de certains aspects du vécu scolaire des élèves issus de l’immigration. Ces données nous indiquent que les difficultés scolaires que peuvent éprouver ces élèves constituent un phénomène complexe impliquant de nombreux facteurs. Le second chapitre expose en quoi les parents et les amis sont des acteurs cruciaux de la réussite scolaire de l’élève haïtien provenant d’un milieu défavorisé. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’effet modérateur des pratiques parentales sur la relation entre le désengagement scolaire des amis et le rendement en français. Cela a permis de montrer que le désengagement des amis et certaines pratiques parentales en lien avec l’école permettent de prédire le rendement en français. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons abordé le rôle du psychoéducateur appelé à intervenir auprès d’élèves haïtiens. Force est de constater qu’il existe un grand nombre d’interventions pouvant être mises en œuvre tant auprès des amis, des parents, que des enseignants, afin de favoriser le succès scolaire des élèves haïtiens. Les résultats de ce mémoire ont mis en lumière l’importance de la prise en compte du désengagement scolaire des amis et des pratiques parentales dans l’étude des difficultés scolaires chez les élèves haïtiens issus de milieux défavorisés. Toutefois, d’autres études seront nécessaires afin de comprendre les mécanismes régissant les interactions entre ces acteurs. Ces études devront inclure des échantillons plus vastes et compter des jeunes de tous les statuts socioéconomiques et de toutes les régions du Québec. De plus, elles devront faire appel à plusieurs informateurs et considérer des facteurs intrinsèques à l’élève, comme par exemple sa motivation scolaire ou son estime de soi. Mots clés : Rendement scolaire, pratiques parentales, désengagement scolaire des amis, adolescents haïtiens, pauvreté. / School underachievement has important consequences, both individual and societal. Haitian adolescents seem particularly at risk of experiencing such academic difficulties. Yet, very few Canadian studies have focused on the academic experience of students in this community. Studies conducted with other minority groups have however reported the important influence of friends and parents in regard to these adolescents’ achievement. The objective of this paper is to examine how school-related parenting practices moderate the relationship between peers’ disengagement in school and academic performance among economically disadvantaged Haitian adolescents. In the first chapter, we have made a statistical portrait of immigration in Quebec and discussed different aspects related to achievement among immigrant students. These data indicate that the academic difficulties that some of these students experience are complex and involve many factors. The second chapter explains how parents and friends are key actors in the academic success of Haitian students coming from disadvantaged background. We then assessed the moderating effect of school-related parenting practices on the relationship between peers’ disengagement in school and adolescents’ achievement in literacy. Results reveal that parental practices and peers’ disengagement toward school contribute directly (positively or negatively) to adolescents’ academic experience. In the third chapter, we finally discussed the role of the psychoeducator who intervene with Haitian students. It appears that there are many interventions that can be implemented with friends, parents, and teachers to promote the academic success of these students. Our results highlighted the importance of considering peers’ disengagement from school and parenting practices in the study of academic difficulties among Haitian students coming from disadvantaged backgrounds. Further studies are however needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the contribution of these actors on adolescents’ achievement. These studies ought to include larger samples of participants coming from all regions of Quebec and all socio-economical backgrounds. In addition, these studies ought to rely on several informants and consider factors intrinsic to the student, such as his academic motivation or self-esteem. Key words: School achievement; Parental practices; Peers’ disengagement from school; Haitian adolescents; Poverty. / Ce mémoire contient un article ayant été soumis à la Revue de Psychoéducation. Cet article a été rédigé avec comme co-auteur Michel Janosz

Alguns estudos apontam como fatores do atual estágio do ensino em Moçambique o elevado rácio aluno/professor, a fraca preparação do professor, as precárias condições de trabalho e o desajustamento da estrutura e dos conteúdos do currículo. Contudo, esses fatores não estão isolados, uma vez que as metodologias aplicadas pelos professores em sala de aula também têm sido uma das causas do fraco aproveitamento dos alunos no ensino básico em Moçambique, de acordo com a sondagem feita em 2015 pelo Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (INDE). Para legitimar esse fato, autores como Ausubel (1980, 2003), Moreira (2006) e Sousa (2000) propõem a diversificação de estratégias, bem como a participação ativa e responsável do aluno na sua aprendizagem. Adotando, desse modo, a aprendizagem por descoberta descrita por Sousa (2000) como aquela em que “o conteúdo principal não é dado, mas deve ser “descoberto” pelo aluno antes que possa ser incorporado significativamente na sua estrutura cognitiva”. Nas escolas moçambicanas, tais procedimentos não são visíveis, já que os alunos são sujeitados a uma rotina incômoda, a qual acaba por gerar consequente falta de motivação e conteúdos-chave como escrita e cálculo em sala de aula. Diante de tais fatos, levantou-se a seguinte questão: Que contribuição pode trazer o uso do objeto de aprendizagem N'SAMAT para auxiliar na melhoria do aproveitamento dos alunos da 2a classe do ensino básico na aprendizagem de Aritmética em Moçambique? Como uma das alternativas para tais situações, as teses propõem o uso de objeto de aprendizagem N'SAMAT, em aula, para auxiliar na melhoria do aproveitamento dos alunos da 2a classe do ensino básico na aprendizagem de Aritmética em Moçambique. Em conjunto, propõem-se a adoção de novos recursos, uma vez que por si só as tecnologias não resolvem o respectivo problema. Segundo Moreira (2006) substituir o quadro de giz por quadros coloridos e animadas exposições em PowerPoint dá no mesmo, portanto o que realmente importa é a diversificação das estratégias pedagógicas. Para concretização da tese, foi adotado um plano quase-experimental, associado a uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, em que foi feito um estudo inicial junto aos gestores e professores e a posteriori uma avaliação do experimento com os alunos, na qual foram submetidos a um pré-teste e a um pós-teste. O pré-teste consistiu na resolução de um exame de matemática no primeiro momento, já no segundo momento os alunos tiveram uma intervenção com auxílio do objeto de aprendizagem N´SAMAT e culminou com a resolução do pós-teste. Dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a metodologia aplicada contribuiu de forma significativa para o aproveitamento dos alunos na disciplina de matemática, especificamente, em conteúdos ligados à aritmética. / Some studies point to factors such as the current stage of education in Mozambique, the high pupil / teacher ratio, poor teacher preparation, precarious working conditions and maladjustment of the curriculum structure and contents. But these factors are not isolated, since the methodologies applied by teachers in the classroom have also been one of the causes of low achievement of students in basic education in Mozambique, according to the survey conducted in 2015 by the National Institute for Development Education. To legitimize this fact, authors such as Ausubel (1980, 2003), Moreira (2006) and Sousa (2000) propose the diversification of strategies and the active and responsible participation of students in their learning, adopting learning by discovery described by Sousa as one in which "the main content is not given, but must be" discovered "by the student before it can be incorporated significantly into his cognitive structure." In Mozambican schools, such procedures are not visible, subjecting the student to a daily routine and consequent lack of motivation and key content such as writing and calculating in the classroom. Faced with the facts, the following question was raised: What contribution can the use of the N'SAMAT learning object bring to the achievement of 2nd grade students in Arithmetic learning in Mozambique? As an alternative to such a situation, theses propose the use of the N'SAMAT learning object in class to improve the use of 2nd grade students in Arithmetic learning in Mozambique. Moreira (2006) says that replacing the chalkboard with colorful pictures and animated PowerPoint presentations gives the same. What is important is the diversification of pedagogical strategies. To accomplish this, a quasi-experimental plan was adopted, associated with a quantitative research, where an initial study was carried out among the managers and teachers and the subsequent evaluation of the experiment with the students, in which they were submitted to a pre- test and post-test. The pre-test consisted in the resolution of a math test in the first moment, in the second moment the students had an intervention with the aid of the object of learning NSAMAT and culminated with the resolution of the post-test. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the applied methodology contributes significantly to the students' achievement in mathematics, specifically in content related to arithmetic.

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