The use of written sources for teaching History. Analysis of textbooks for thethird and fourth years of high schoolCurrently, in addition to the usual contents, history textbooks now cite primary and secondary sources with suggested activities. This research analyzes these proposed activities in history textbooks for third- and fourth-year students. The objective is to evaluate the degree to which the activities proposed in the sourcespromote the development of critical thought in students.Students exercise critical thought when they engage in the activities suggested in the sources cited to compare different versions of the same historical events and then process this new information to develop their own response to a historical problem. This level of complexity is not achieved in most of the suggested activities given that sources tend to serve only to supplement information / Actualmente, observamos que los textos escolares del área de Historia incluyen, además de los contenidos, fuentes escritas primarias y secundarias. Esta investigación analiza las actividades con las fuentes presentadas por los textos escolares para tercero y cuarto de secundaria. El objetivo es evaluar en qué medida las actividades propuestas con las fuentes escritas fomentan el desarrollo del pensamiento críticoen los estudiantes.El pensamiento crítico se ejercita cuando las fuentes se usan para contrastar diversas visiones sobre un mismo tema y la información se emplea para construir una respuesta propia ante un problema histórico. Este nivel de complejidad no se alcanza en la mayoría de las actividades, puesto que las fuentes tienden a usarsecomo complemento de la información

TITLE: The use of the child songs lyrics in literary education at primary school SUMMARY: The subject of this dissertation are the texts of children's songs and composited poetry for children and their using in teaching literary education at primary school. The tagret to achieve was to develop a series of literary education lessons built on the principles of constructivist teaching methods using work with interactive text. Based on the assumption that work with the song leads students to a sensitive perception and understanding of texts, the recitation and the development of children's reading skills. Result of this work is a series of ten lesser-known songs with a specific practical methods of working with text in which the student actively participates. KEYWORDS: children song, literary education, primary school, lyrics

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-14T17:31:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cyl Miquelina Batista Carvalho Gedda.pdf: 599573 bytes, checksum: 0a26d4021ecaa4ac76c6e0acf6d77743 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T17:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cyl Miquelina Batista Carvalho Gedda.pdf: 599573 bytes, checksum: 0a26d4021ecaa4ac76c6e0acf6d77743 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / This work aims to talk about the teaching of literature in high school, with reference to the National Curriculum Guide for this stage of basic education, the National Curricular Parameters for High School (PCNEM), the National Curricular Parameters (PCN+) and Guide lines National Curriculum for High School and two of the text books selected by the National Text book program (PNLD), namely: texts: Reading and writing, (2008), Infante Ulisses, and New words (2005), by authors: Emilia Amaral, Mauro Ferreira, Ricardo Leite and Severino Antonio. In studying these text books give emphasis to Romanticism, understood as representative period style. This sample, this being used to observe as is the dialogue between what is provided n the official documents and the book selected by the PNLD. Our assumption is that these books are much more prevalent in order to explore the historical facts of an era that influenced particular artistic movement, so the study of literature, the study of literature as artistic production, as creative force of imagination as symbolic manifestation verbalized. / Este trabalho tem como finalidade dialogar sobre o ensino da literatura, no Ensino Médio, tendo como referência as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para essa etapa da educação básica, os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (PCNEM), os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN+), as Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio e dois dos livros didáticos selecionados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD), sendo eles: Textos: leituras e escritas, (2008), de Ulisses Infante, e Novas Palavras, (2005), dos autores Emília Amaral, Mauro Ferreira, Ricardo Leite e Severino Antônio. Ao estudarmos esses livros didáticos, selecionamos o Romantismo literário, entendido como estilo de época representativo, no material didático escolhido. Essa amostra é utilizada para observamos como se dá o diálogo entre o que fica disposto nos documentos oficiais e no livro selecionado pelo PNLD. O nosso pressuposto é o de que esses livros têm muito mais o objetivo predominante de explorar os fatos históricos de uma época que influenciaram determinado movimento artístico, do que estudar a literatura como produção artística, como força criativa da imaginação, como manifestação simbólica verbalizada.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli Freitas Mendes.pdf: 1669364 bytes, checksum: e27a1d24f8916ad9b0f01939438c6fa9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / Evaluation of text in elementary school has been accomplished, in most cases, taking grammar and/or textual aspects into account. Under this perspective, a text is considered good since it meets grammar and/or textual order requirements. I understand, however, following Possenti (2009a) that, to consider a school text as a good one, it is necessary to evaluate it in its discursive aspects, that is why I take authorship in school texts, a case of study in this dissertation. In order to do that, I analyze argumentative texts written by 6th grade elementary school students, adopting (GINZBURG, 1989)'s signs paradigms as a theoretical-methodological procedure, an investigative procedure primarily qualitative and interpretative. The question guiding the work is: is there, in school argumentative texts written by ES 6th grade students, signs of singularity that indicate a movement of authorship? To answer it, my statement relies on the new authorship concept proposed by Possenti (2009a) to evaluate school texts, which allows to observe discursive aspects in those texts. According to the researcher, authorship in school texts must be thought along with singularity and style notion, by means of textual signs it is possible to detect it. Under this perspective, grammar correction and textual organization are not indication of authorship, its marks come from discourse order. It is also considered giving voice to other enunciators, keeping distance from one's own text, avoiding monotony as attitudes of an author. It is “how” it is said and not “what” is said that indicate authorship. In order to carry out the analyses, I turn to De Lemos' (2002) ideas about language acquisition, since 6th grade ES students are in a unique moment of written language acquisition. The author takes a theoretical positioning that opposes the notion of cognitive development in the interpretation of language acquisition process. For De Lemos (2002), changes that occur in children speech/writing cannot be considered as a result of increasing development or as a knowledge construction. Changes that occur in children speech/writing would be changes of children's position in relation to the speech/writing of another, in relation to the language and, consequently, in relation to the child's own speech/writing.Incorporation of arguments is frequent in the analyzed texts. What has been understood as a simple copy or repetition is the evidence of the position taken by the student-subject in his relationship with language – he, sometimes, is spoken by the other. However, in other texts, even repeating, the enunciator subject becomes singular, becomes author, evidencing himself in his relationship with language – performing strategies to show the work of the “self”. In the corpus analyzed by me,the uniqueness of the self enunciator manifests itself in several ways: it is assumed as a "self" child in relation to the proposed questioning, creating a facing/denial about the "politically correct speech"; it emerges as it shows itself divided, exposing the conflict experienced; self defining when attempting to define the other; it marks its singularity explaining its opinion in a narrative text and not in an argumentative school text. / A avaliação do texto escolar no ensino fundamental tem sido feita, no mais das vezes, observando-se aspectos gramaticais e/ ou textuais. Nessa perspectiva, um texto é considerado bom se atende a exigências de ordem gramatical e/ou textual. Entendo, no entanto, acompanhando Possenti (2009a), que para se considerar como bom um texto escolar é preciso avaliá-lo em seus aspectos discursivos, por isso tomo como objeto de estudo, nesta dissertação, a autoria em textos escolares.Para isso, analiso textos de opinião escolares escritos por alunos de 6º ano do ensino fundamental, adotando como procedimento teórico-metodológico o paradigma indiciário (GINZBURG, 1989), procedimento investigatório predominantemente qualitativo e interpretativo. Norteia o trabalho a pergunta: há, em textos de opinião escolares escritos por alunos de 6º ano do EF, marcas de singularidade que indiciem movimento de autoria? Para respondê-la, fundamentome na nova noção de autoria proposta por Possenti (2009a) para avaliar textos escolares, que permite observar aspectos discursivos nesses textos. Segundo o pesquisador, a autoria em textos escolares deve ser pensada em conjunto com noções de singularidade e estilo, por meio de indícios textuais é possível detectá-la. Nessa perspectiva, a correção gramatical e a organização textual não são indicativos de autoria, as marcas desta são da ordem do discurso. Considera-se também que dar voz a outros enunciadores, manter distância em relação ao próprio texto, evitar a mesmice são atitudes de um autor. É o “como” se diz e não o “o que” se diz que indicia a autoria. Para empreender as análises, recorro também às idéias de De Lemos (2002) sobre aquisição de linguagem, uma vez que alunos de 6º ano do EF se encontram em um momento singular de aquisição da linguagem escrita. A autora assume um posicionamento teórico que se contrapõe à noção de desenvolvimento cognitivo na interpretação do processo de aquisição da linguagem. Para De Lemos (2002), as mudanças que ocorrem na fala/escrita da criança não podem ser entendidas como resultado de um crescente desenvolvimento ou como construção de conhecimento. As mudanças que ocorrem na fala/escrita da criança seriam mudanças de posição da criança em relação à fala/escrita do Outro, à língua e, consequentemente, em relação à própria fala/escrita da criança. A incorporação de argumentos é forte presença nos textos analisados. O que tem sido entendido como simples cópia ou repetição é evidência da posição ocupada pelo sujeito-aluno em sua relação com a linguagem – ele, por vezes, é falado pelo Outro. Porém, em outros textos, mesmo incorporando discursos, o sujeito enunciador se faz singular, se faz autor, marcando-se em sua relação com a linguagem, realizando manobras a fim de mostrar o trabalho do “eu”. No corpus por mim analisado, a singularidade do eu enunciador manifesta-se de diversas formas: assume-se como um “eu” criança frente ao questionamento proposto, criando um efeito de enfrentamento/ negação em relação ao “discurso politicamente correto”; emerge ao mostrar-se dividido, expondo o conflito que vivencia; autodefine-se ao tentar definir o outro; marca sua singularidade explicitando sua opinião em um texto narrativo e não em um texto de opinião escolar.

Orientador: Roxane Helena Rodrigues Rojo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T10:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_MarlyAparecida_M.pdf: 6123004 bytes, checksum: 7620e5cdb899b78ba84761f609860fa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir os modos/formas de se apresentar a leitura como objeto de ensino e aprendizagem em determinados livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa de Ensino Médio presentes nas escolas públicas brasileiras. Esses livros didáticos foram analisados e aprovados pelo programa Nacional do Livro Didático para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM/2006). Fundamentamos nossas análises nos pressupostos da teoria dos gêneros do discurso e de compreensão ativa responsiva postulados por Bakhtin e seu Círculo para compreender a natureza dos textos selecionados para compor os livros didáticos de nosso corpus, atentando para o favorecimento de formação de um leitor crítico e responsivo. Nossas análises centraram-se nos textos em seus respectivos gêneros discursivos e nas propostas de atividades de leitura elaboradas pelos autores desses livros didáticos a partir desses textos. Nosso olhar, dessa forma, procurou orientar-se pela configuração dos respectivos projetos didático-autorais para leitura dos livros didáticos que circulam no Ensino Médio público brasileiro. / Abstract: The present work aims at discussing how reading is taken as a learning and teaching object by some Portuguese Language school textbooks, used in Brazilian Public High School Portuguese classes. These selected school textbooks have been analyzed and approved by the National Program of Textbooks for High Schools (PNLEM/2006). The analysis, which reveals a qualitative and quantitative nature, was carried out with three Portuguese Language school textbooks for the first to third grades of middle school. We adopted, in our analysis, some theoretical conceptions related to the bakhtinian theory of speech genres and the idea of active responsive understanding postulated by Bakhtin and his Circle. Our analysis focused on the reading activities and corresponding speech genres presented by the named school books. The main concern was to figure out the didactic and authorial reading projects, centering on the possibilities of constructing a reflexive and critical reader by the mediation role of these texts as well as of the reading skills proposed by the analyzed schools textbooks. / Mestrado / Lingua Materna / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Students in upper secondary school write in a number of different genres, and do this in school contexts as well as in their spare time. The study presented here is an overview of this activity and the genres concerned. The theoretical framework of the study is that of genre theory whereby genre is understood as a socially situated concept. The study is based on 2 000 texts gathered from students on different study programmes all over Sweden in the school year of 1996-97. The texts were written in different situations. The most important distinction made here is between test texts (i.e. texts from national tests) and self-chosen texts, which may come from schoolwriting or spare-time writing. The texts are categorized according to genre. This text inventory shows a repertoire of 33 different genres in the text material. A small number of genres, such as story, book-review and expository essay dominate the school writing. The test genres differ from this pattern in that they clearly imitate texts with a genuine communicative intent. The most frequent genres are studied further and each of them is demonstrated by an interpretative reading. This reading shows that the genres differ considerably with respect to genre character and stability of text structure. A quantitative study of text length and variation in vocabulary further shows that texts written by two categories of students, those on vocationally oriented programmes and those on programmes preparing for higher education, differ significantly. Reference cohesion is studied in a smaller sample of the texts. This lexico-semantic mechanism of cohesion proves to exhibit an interrelation with variation in vocabulary as well as with text type. One particular cohesive tie, inference, shows different patterns in texts written by the two categories of students mentioned above.

L'institutionnalisation de Zola, comportant à la fois la consécration d'une image officielle et la labellisation d'un corpus textuel, doit être envisagée à travers des manuels scolaires, histoires littéraires, études critiques et générations de lecteurs, en tant que réconciliation des métadiscours et conciliation des horizons d'attente. Linéarités, stratifications, constellations sémantiques et formelles sont des visions différentes d'un même objet de lecture, à savoir le texte naturaliste. Une entité qui parcourt sans cesse, par le biais du paratexte - documents critiques, sons et images - prolongation de la lecture jusque dans la périphérie de l'espace textuel, un chemin à double sens. De l'univocité sémantique longuement promue sur le plan scolaire à travers une critique de l'intentionnalité au trop plein de « déstructuration » menant parfois à un non sens ; puis de l'approche structuraliste comme réaction contre l'historicité atrophiant les sens et claustrant la spontanéité du lecteur à l'approche thématique libérant les fantasmes de la lecture dans un monde de symboles, le texte zolien cherche à joindre son lecteur. Ainsi, tout au long de notre étude, nous sommes allée à sa rencontre. Nous n'avons fait qu'observer, noter et constater. À présent, nous laissons entièrement aux lecteurs le soin de conclure … et de recevoir. / The process institutionalising Zola, implying both a recognition of an official image and the labelling of a textual corpus should be considered, by examining school text books, history of literature books, essays and other critical studies, and readers' generations as reconciliation of metadiscourses and conciliation among several « horizons of expectation ». Semantic and formal linearities, stratifications, constellations are all different sides of the same reading object, i.e. the naturalistic text. This entity travels incessantly along a doubleway road through the paratext, an extension of the reading experience up to the peripherical text area : critical documents, sounds and images. From the semantic univocity, which was longly promoted at school level thanks to an intention-focused criticism, up to an overdestructuration sometimes leading to nonsense ; then, from the structural approach reacting against that historicity which atrophies sense and confines spontaneous reading up to a thematic approach liberating a whole world of symbols, Zola's text tends to reach its reader. Thus, we have tried to join his text all throughout this analysis. Indeed, we have simply observed, noted and attested. From now on, we assume that it belongs to readers to get to a conclusion and… to receive.