The number of children living in the context of relative poverty in western industrialized countries is increasing, while at the same time a little amount of research is conducted about the impact of relative poverty on the child’s participation and development; focused on the socio-emotional development. This systematic literature review therefore investigates the impact of environmental factors, focused mainly on structural factors, in poverty settings in western industrialized countries on children´s peer relations. The focus will be laid on children´s participation in peer relations in school activities.  Current literature published from 2012 or more recent was searched and results found were linked to theories. The findings of the articles covered several environmental aspects regarding the impact of poverty on the child and its peer relations. The results, in relation to theories, show the interwoven influences of several factors and environments. They indicate the big influence poverty has on several aspects of the child´s life. Both in this systematic literature review researched hypotheses – that the poverty setting influences the child´s development negatively and that the child shows difficulties to develop and participate in positive peer relations - can be confirmed. Future research should aim at generating knowledge about the impact of relative poverty on the child´s development and perceptions of holistic wellbeing. This is necessary to enhance the understanding of the impact of relative poverty on the child´s participation.

The purpose of this study was to test whether the influence of after school activities upon school commitment and academic achievement among a sample of 146 African American adolescents was mediated by affiliation with prosocial peers. The study also examined whether risky peer affiliation mediated the effects of negative school experiences upon school commitment and academic achievement. Participants were recruited from middle schools within the greater metropolitan area of a mid-sized Mid-Atlantic city and a surrounding rural community. Participants completed a questionnaire with several measures. Academic achievement was measured by a one-item self report school of grades. School commitment was measured by the Commitment to School Measure. Prosocial peers was measured by the Teacher Checklist of Social Behavior. Risky peers was measured by the Peer Problem Behavior Scale. Participation in after school activities was measured by the Neighborhood Involvement Scale. Negative school experiences was measured by an item from the School Transition Stress Scale. An abbreviated version of Silverberg’s Parental Monitoring Scale was used to measure parental monitoring, a covariate. Hierarchical linear regression was used to test for direct and mediation relationships. Participation in after school activities predicted prosocial peer affiliation and was positively correlated with academic achievement and commitment to school. Prosocial peer affiliation predicted both academic achievement and school commitment. However, there was not a direct effect of after school activities upon academic achievement or school commitment. Negative school experiences predicted risky peer affiliation and was negatively correlated with academic achievement. However, there were no direct effects of negative school experiences upon academic achievement. Secondary analyses found that high levels of parental monitoring was predictive of low levels of risky peers, but did not predict prosocial peers. Findings showed some support for peer cluster theory although mediation hypotheses were not supported. One program implication is for program developers to consider cultivation of prosocial peer affiliations as a strategy to increase a possible wide range of positive individual youth outcomes, including attitudes toward school, positive student-teacher relationships and reduced problem behaviors. Further research is needed to identify factors that help explain how participation in after school activities can increase the likelihood of positive and prosocial peer affiliations.

[pt] Este trabalho analisa os textos produzidos por um grupo de crianças, ao longo de um ano letivo, numa atividade de escrita livre - os cadernos de texto. Partindo dos assuntos de maior incidência e da forma como são abordados, procura traçar um perfil contextual deste grupo - crianças entre 9 e 11 anos, cursando, à época da investigação, a 4a série do Ensino Fundamental I de uma escola particular da zona sul do Rio de Janeiro - além de investigar sua relação com a tarefa e as implicações desta para a prática pedagógica cotidiana. Como apoio às reflexões, utiliza, principalmente, as contribuições teóricas de Erik Erikson - para delimitar os aspectos do desenvolvimento emocional das crianças - e de Sara Pain - para iluminar a articulação desta com a dimensão cognitiva. Quanto à metodologia, trata-se de um estudo empírico desenvolvido a partir da análise dos textos cedidos pelos autores, complementada por dados colhidos em questionários com os autores e seus pais e relatos da professora ao longo do desenvolvimento da atividade. Como conclusões, enuncia os traços mais marcantes do grupo de crianças estudado e, ainda que não esgote o tema, tece uma reflexão sobre a necessidade de se conjugar, de forma consistente, experiência e embasamento teórico na prática educativa. / [en] This paper provides an analysis of texts produced by children between 9 and 11 years of age, throughout one school year, as a free writing activity. Starting from the most frequent subjects and the way they are approached by the children, the text provides a contextual profile of this group of students attending 5th grade of a private school in an affluent area of Rio de Janeiro, and investigates their relationship with the task proposed, as well as the corresponding implications with teachers day- to-day practice. The investigations are based mainly on the theoretical contributions of Erik Erikson for clarification of emotional aspects of child development, and of Sara Pain for insights into the relationship between this and cognitive dimensions. As to the methodology used, it is an empirical study based on the analysis of the texts provided by the authors, complemented by data collected in the form of questionnaires answered by the writers themselves and by their parents, as well as descriptions provided by their teacher throughout the development of the activity. The author concludes with descriptions of the most remarkable traces of this group of children and reflections on the need to consistently address both experience and theoretical knowledge when it comes to educational practice.

O presente estudo, realizado em escolas de Primeiro Grau do município de são Paulo, teve por objetivo investigar os motivos pelos quais os escolares assistem à televisão, suas preferências, tempo dispendido em assistir a seus programas, horário de maior audiência, quem costuma ligar o televisor nos programas a que o escolar assiste, liberdade e orientação dada pelos pais para assistir a estes programas e opinião do escolar sobre o caráter educativo dos programas. O trabalho compara também o tempo dispendido com a televisão e o tempo gasto em outras atividades. Os dados consideram as variáveis idade, sexo do escolar, bem como o nível sócio-econômico da família. Recomendações àqueles que pretendem utilizar a televisão como método de Educação em Saúde são apresentadas. / This paper reports a research carried out in Schools in São Paulo City with the objective to provide data on the factors motivating students to watch television programs, amount of time spent watching television, favorite programs and watching time. The study provides information on who usually turns the television on, permission and orientation given by parents to children concerning television programs and students\' opinion on their educational value. It compares time spent with television and other activities. Consideration was given to age and sex of children involved, as well as to the socioeconomic status of the family. The author makes recommendations to those who intend to utilize television as a method of Health Education.

O presente estudo, realizado em escolas de Primeiro Grau do município de são Paulo, teve por objetivo investigar os motivos pelos quais os escolares assistem à televisão, suas preferências, tempo dispendido em assistir a seus programas, horário de maior audiência, quem costuma ligar o televisor nos programas a que o escolar assiste, liberdade e orientação dada pelos pais para assistir a estes programas e opinião do escolar sobre o caráter educativo dos programas. O trabalho compara também o tempo dispendido com a televisão e o tempo gasto em outras atividades. Os dados consideram as variáveis idade, sexo do escolar, bem como o nível sócio-econômico da família. Recomendações àqueles que pretendem utilizar a televisão como método de Educação em Saúde são apresentadas. / This paper reports a research carried out in Schools in São Paulo City with the objective to provide data on the factors motivating students to watch television programs, amount of time spent watching television, favorite programs and watching time. The study provides information on who usually turns the television on, permission and orientation given by parents to children concerning television programs and students\' opinion on their educational value. It compares time spent with television and other activities. Consideration was given to age and sex of children involved, as well as to the socioeconomic status of the family. The author makes recommendations to those who intend to utilize television as a method of Health Education.

The purpose of my study was to find out how staff in after-school activities thinks they work with norms and values, we may call this values education, and how this in turn may influence children's norms and values. By extension, how children are socialized with each other and develop socially. In my research, I have interviewed five of the after-school activities staff who work with children aged 6-9 years at a school in the neighbourhood Rinkeby-Kista in northwestern Stockholm.The results show that after-school activity according to the staff can play a very important and sometimes crucial role in children's social development. Staff believes that if they do not learn the social rules by participating in playing and games in early childhood, when growing up they are outside and cannot participate. By their pedagogical approaches, in terms of values and norms, the adults in after-school activities can help children to become socialized into a community of solidarity and eventually as adults become responsible citizens able to function and participate in society.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 334-340). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 334-340). Also available on the Internet.

Ainda que as crianças façam parte da escola e esta se destine principalmente a elas, suas opiniões acerca dessa instituição raramente são escutadas. Com base na perspectiva histórico-cultural do desenvolvimento humano, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as concepções das crianças acerca da escola de educação infantil. A amostra foi composta por 5 díades de crianças de 5 anos de idade, que frequentavam o último ano de educação infantil. Cenas e consignas previamente organizadas em 3 sessões de brincar foram utilizadas para eliciar episódios compatíveis com os objetivos do estudo. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados mostraram que para as crianças a escola de educação infantil é, principalmente, um lugar para brincar, no qual são realizadas atividades específicas, em um espaço físico típico. Esses resultados indicam a importância de se pensar que espaços e oportunidades para brincadeiras estão sendo disponibilizados nas escolas de educação infantil. / Although children are part of the school which is addressed mainly to them, their opinions concerning this institution are rarely heard. Based on the cultural historical perspective of human development, this investigation aimed to comprehend how children conceptualize the preschool. Five 5-year-old dyads enrolled in the last year of the preschool compounded the sample. Scenes and instructions previously organized along three play sessions were used to elicit episodes compatibles with the aims of the study. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that for the children the school is mainly a place to play and in which specific activities are carried out in a particular physical space. These results open the discussion on the spaces and the opportunities preschools are actually providing for children.

The aim of the work is to accomplish the social-pedagogical research in the area of skiing and snowboarding among children and adolescents in South Bohemia. The first part concentrates on history and equipment of both winter sports. The practical part in the beginning of this work is focused on the selection of appropriate research methods to ensure the reliability of the investigation. This is followed by a selection of a representative of the population who support the validity of the survey and data collection. The focus of the work is based on evaluation of the data obtained, since it can be used in schools when planning winter courses. Analysis and interpretation of the findings of the research not only reveals the real interest in the sport, but is expected to be used in the planning of school activities.