Much of the literature on the transition of young people from school was undertaken at a time when employment opportunities for young people were quantitively and qualititavely different from the 1980's. This thesis uses data collected in a longitudinal study in order to examine the youth transition in the 1980's. The young people whose experiences are studied, follow various post-sixteen routes. Not all the young people in this study have direct personal experience of unemployment, yet high levels of youth unemployment in a local labour market are shown to have far reaching consequences. On an empirical level, this thesis makes a number of contributions to sociological and social-psychological knowledge of the transitional period. It examines the relationship between schooling and the local labour market, paying particular attention to the development of occupational aspirations. It looks at the development of work attitudes and shows how young people may develop "image maintenance" strategies in order to maintain their aspirations in the face of adversity. On a theoretical level, the thesis enhances sociological understanding by using an experiencial dimension to bridge the gap between the structural approaches which are often neglectful of the effects of human action and interpretive approaches which are sometimes guilty of neglecting the very real constraints on action. In doing so, it goes some way towards bringing together theoretical traditions which have long been seen as irreconcilable.

After research it was discovered that financial functions have backlash in after schoolwork. Negative attitude of parents influenced children’s activities. It’s possible to optimise after school process, evaluate all inner and outer influence and its possibilities in society. Part of the students refuses to take part in after schoolwork because they aren’t interested in suggested activities.

No description available.

The transition from education to the labour market is a constant theme for sociological investigation, but the study of occupational choice itself has occupied a peripheral place in the theory and research literature for the past two decades. Of particular concern here, neither extant theories of occupational choice nor the contemporary youth studies literature offer satisfactory accounts of the patterns of girls' aspirations and the social processes in which these are embedded. It is argued here that occupational choice processes are a critical switch in the social reproduction of gender relations. Specifically situated subjects construct a transitions biography from a range of legitimated and concretely available alternatives. The possibilities are specified through the terms of gender discourse which, in describing the confluence of circumstances and understandings, represents the social space in which girls are positioned and position themselves across time. A model of the modalities of gender relations is developed and explored through a study of primarily working class girls aged 11-14 and 14-16 between 1983-1986 who were attending three inner London comprehensives. The data were collected by cross-sectional survey (N = 169) and interview (N=61) and by longitudinal interview (N=37). These girls see occupational structure in highly gendered and partial terms, corresponding to the specific social worlds they inhabit. Over time, perspectives and aspirations focus increasingly on female-typed jobs. Within this, their expectations reflect what is judged realistically available. Such processes of gendered closure are modified by educational achievement and by schooling milieu in relation with family and cultural context. Subject specialisation fixes the course of these processes, since options are generally chosen with current aspiration/ expectation in mind. In sum, gendered transitions across the secondary schooling years are shaped not only institutionally but also socially and culturally by girls' personal attempts to resolve the contradictory puzzle of production/reproduction relations under modern patri3 archy and in the light of the resources at their disposal. Most trajectories inevitably prefigure accommodative arrangements and do not threaten social reproduction processes, but this does not imply non-critical and automatic consent. The potential for critical consciousness is fostered by various cross-pressures in the specific configurations of girls' lives, but the partial insights they open up are held in check both ideologically and through social-educational selection/ allocation.

The problem for this study is to determine whether or not teaching children to check arithmetic problems contributes to accuracy (1) in problem solving, (2) in forming the habit of checking, and (3) in several other phases of school work.

The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the homemaking responsibilities some fourth-grade children assume affect the way in which they perform their school responsibilities.

Esta tese investiga o efeito do território periférico sobre o trabalho escolar em duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. Tendo como referencial metodológico a análise relacional (APPLE, 2006) e a etnografia crítica (CARSPECKEN, 2011), foi realizada uma pesquisa de orientação etnográfica, abarcando em seus procedimentos metodológicos: observações nas escolas e entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores e equipes diretivas. O trabalho escolar realizado na periferia urbana de Porto Alegre, nos casos estudados, consiste, primeiramente, na tentativa de (trans)formar o habitus (BOURDIEU; PASSERON, 2010) dos alunos empobrecidos no habitus escolar, especialmente nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. O escasso capital cultural (BOURDIEU; PASSERON, 2010), visto através da lógica do déficit, dos estudantes que chegam aos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental, é apontado pelos docentes como empecilho para a aprendizagem dos conteúdos escolares, justificando uma prática pedagógica baseada na ética contextualista (VAN ZANTEN, 2001). Igualmente, a origem social dos estudantes adolescentes, a cultura juvenil da periferia e a sua socialização em comunidades com presença do tráfico de drogas, são apresentadas como obstáculos para os estudos. O trabalho escolar é marcado fortemente pela descontinuidade. As representações sociais dos professores sobre seus alunos combinam, simultaneamente, a compreensão sobre a população empobrecida enquanto vítima e culpada de sua situação. Entretanto, indiferentemente dessa visão, os alunos e suas comunidades são apresentados pelos docentes como deficitários de um trabalho escolar que atenda suas especificidades. Outro aspecto destacado no trabalho escolar nas periferias urbanas, como uma “presença ausente” (APPLE, 2003), são as discussões sobre raça/etnia. Outrossim, o senso comum escolar está carregado do mito da omissão parental e da recusa em assumir responsabilidades pela educação dos estudantes no que os docentes chamam de transferência para a escola de um trabalho que deveria ser familiar. O senso comum escolar contém também uma forte tendência a generalizar as situações de famílias que vivem em condições de extrema dificuldade, característica de determinadas configurações familiares (LAHIRE, 2008), para descreverem o conjunto das famílias que a escola atende, ignorando sua heterogeneidade. O processo de desescolarização da escola e gestão da pobreza (ALGEBAILE, 2004; PEREGRINO, 2006), juntamente com o efeito do território sobre a organização escolar, sobre o senso comum escolar e sobre as propostas pedagógicas institucionais, configuram o trabalho escolar nas instituições de ensino que compõem esse estudo. O efeito do território periférico nas duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, sem o respaldo de uma proposta pedagógica com pressupostos densos sobre as relações entre educação e pobreza, parece estar apontando para a centralidade da gestão da pobreza no trabalho escolar, reconfigurando, cada vez mais, essas escolas municipais como “escolas pobres para os pobres”. / This dissertation investigates the peripheral neighborhood effect on the school work in schools from Porto Alegre’s Municipal Education Department. Using as methodology the relational analysis (APPLE, 2006) and the critical ethnography, (CARSPECKEN, 2011), a research of ethnographic orientation was made, using as methodological procedures: observations on schools and semi-structured interviews with teachers and the administrative staff. The school work on the urban periphery of Porto Alegre, in the case studies, consists, primarily, on the try of changing/creating the habitus (BORDIEU; PASSERON, 2010) of the impoverished students in the school habitus, especially on the first years of Elementary School. The scarce cultural capital (BOURDIEU; PASSERON, 2010), seen through the deficit logic, of the students who reached the last years of the Elementary School, is indicated by the teachers as an obstacle to learning the school contents, justifying a pedagogical practice based on the contextualized ethic (VAN ZANTEN, 2001). In the same way, the social origin of the teenage students, the juvenile culture from the periphery and the socialization in communities with the presence of drug traffic, are presented as obstacles to the study. The school work is strongly marked by a lack of continuity. The social representation of the teachers over their students combine, simultaneously, the understanding of the impoverished population as victims and guilty of their own situation. However, indifferently to this view, the students and their communities are presented by their teachers as lacking a school work that answers to the specificities. Another aspect highlighted in the school work on the urban peripheries, as an “absent presence” (APPLE, 2003), are the discussions about race/ethnicity. Likewise, the school common sense is charged of the omission parental myth and of the refuse of assuming responsibility for the education of the students on what the teachers call of a transfer to the school of a work that should come from the family. The school common sense also has a strong tendency to generalize the situation of families that live in conditions of extreme difficulty, characteristic of specific family configurations (LAHIRE, 2008), to describe the set of families that the school attends, ignoring the heterogeneity. The process of descholarization of the schools and the managing of the poverty (ALGEBAILE, 2004; PEREGRINO, 2006), together with the neighborhood effect on the school organization, on the school common sense and on the pedagogical institutional proposals, configure the school work on the teaching institutions that compose this study. The peripheral neighborhood effect on both schools from Porto Alegre Municipal Education Department, without the backing of a pedagogical proposal with dense assumptions on the relations between education and poverty, seems to be pointing to a centralization of the poverty management on the school work, reconfiguring, more and more, these municipal schools as “poor schools for the poor”.

<p>I chose the diagnosis Asperger’s syndrome as subject for my graduation paper, because I believe it is relevant to my education. As a future pedagogue I may very well come in contact with children and adolescents diagnosed with different syndromes and I want to be prepared. The purpose of my paper is to investigate pedagogues’ views on how to facilitate school work for children diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome.</p><p>In order to find out how school pedagogues work I chose interviews as method for my research. Initially, my idea was to interview five teachers, but during the course of my work my opinion and my choices have changed. My final interview subjects were: three teachers, one assistant and one special pedagogue. These five persons share purpose and goals but use different methods. Their approach, I believe, contains a high level of aspiration towards creating a pleasant school environment where children and adolescents diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome can develop. To cumulate background facts on Asperger’s syndrome and its symptoms, I have used literature and electronic resources.</p><p>Upon completing my research it became evident that all subjects interviewed agree that these students need a structured and tranquil environment. To assist a student during the day one can place a schedule on the blackboard that is used by either the entire group or place an individual schedule at the student’s seat. The interview subjects also stressed the fact that as pedagogues it is important to implement flexibility in one’s teaching as well as in one’s planning of classes. It is also important that these children and adolescents are met in a way that matches their abilities and knowledge.</p><p> </p> / <p>Jag valde att skriva mitt examensarbete om diagnosen Aspergers syndrom. Anledningen är att jag anser ämnet relevant för den utbildning jag läser. Som blivande pedagog vill jag vara förberedd då jag kan möta barn och ungdomar med olika former av diagnoser. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka pedagogernas syn på hur man kan underlätta skoldagen för elever med Aspergers syndrom.</p><p>För att få reda på hur pedagoger ute i skolorna arbetar valde jag intervju som metod för min undersökning. Min tanke var från början att intervjua fem lärare men under arbetets gång ändrades min uppfattning och mina val. De val jag slutligen gjorde var att intervjua; tre lärare, en assistent samt en specialpedagog. Dessa fem personer arbetar mot samma mål och med samma syfte men på olika sätt. Deras arbetssätt anser jag är en hög strävan mot att barn och ungdomar med Aspergers syndrom skall trivas samt att det skall finnas möjlighet för utveckling i skolan.  För att få bakgrundsfakta om diagnosen Aspergers syndrom samt information om vilka symptom som kan finnas hos barnen har jag använt mig av litteratur samt elektroniska källor.</p><p>Resultatet efter att ha genomfört min undersökning visar att alla intervjupersoner är eniga om att elever med Aspergers syndrom behöver en strukturerad och lugn miljö. För att hjälpa eleven under dagen kan man använda sig av schema på tavlan som hela gruppen följer eller ett enskilt schema som kan placeras vid elevens plats. Intervjupersonerna tar även upp att det som pedagog gäller att vara flexibel i sin undervisning samt i sin planering av lektionerna. Det är även viktigt att dessa barn och ungdomar bemöts efter deras förmåga och kunskap.</p>

I chose the diagnosis Asperger’s syndrome as subject for my graduation paper, because I believe it is relevant to my education. As a future pedagogue I may very well come in contact with children and adolescents diagnosed with different syndromes and I want to be prepared. The purpose of my paper is to investigate pedagogues’ views on how to facilitate school work for children diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome. In order to find out how school pedagogues work I chose interviews as method for my research. Initially, my idea was to interview five teachers, but during the course of my work my opinion and my choices have changed. My final interview subjects were: three teachers, one assistant and one special pedagogue. These five persons share purpose and goals but use different methods. Their approach, I believe, contains a high level of aspiration towards creating a pleasant school environment where children and adolescents diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome can develop. To cumulate background facts on Asperger’s syndrome and its symptoms, I have used literature and electronic resources. Upon completing my research it became evident that all subjects interviewed agree that these students need a structured and tranquil environment. To assist a student during the day one can place a schedule on the blackboard that is used by either the entire group or place an individual schedule at the student’s seat. The interview subjects also stressed the fact that as pedagogues it is important to implement flexibility in one’s teaching as well as in one’s planning of classes. It is also important that these children and adolescents are met in a way that matches their abilities and knowledge. / Jag valde att skriva mitt examensarbete om diagnosen Aspergers syndrom. Anledningen är att jag anser ämnet relevant för den utbildning jag läser. Som blivande pedagog vill jag vara förberedd då jag kan möta barn och ungdomar med olika former av diagnoser. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka pedagogernas syn på hur man kan underlätta skoldagen för elever med Aspergers syndrom. För att få reda på hur pedagoger ute i skolorna arbetar valde jag intervju som metod för min undersökning. Min tanke var från början att intervjua fem lärare men under arbetets gång ändrades min uppfattning och mina val. De val jag slutligen gjorde var att intervjua; tre lärare, en assistent samt en specialpedagog. Dessa fem personer arbetar mot samma mål och med samma syfte men på olika sätt. Deras arbetssätt anser jag är en hög strävan mot att barn och ungdomar med Aspergers syndrom skall trivas samt att det skall finnas möjlighet för utveckling i skolan.  För att få bakgrundsfakta om diagnosen Aspergers syndrom samt information om vilka symptom som kan finnas hos barnen har jag använt mig av litteratur samt elektroniska källor. Resultatet efter att ha genomfört min undersökning visar att alla intervjupersoner är eniga om att elever med Aspergers syndrom behöver en strukturerad och lugn miljö. För att hjälpa eleven under dagen kan man använda sig av schema på tavlan som hela gruppen följer eller ett enskilt schema som kan placeras vid elevens plats. Intervjupersonerna tar även upp att det som pedagog gäller att vara flexibel i sin undervisning samt i sin planering av lektionerna. Det är även viktigt att dessa barn och ungdomar bemöts efter deras förmåga och kunskap.

Abstract This study investigated perceptions of school work culture of instructional staff members (administrators and faculty) in public charter and public non-charter elementary schools in a large urban metropolitan county of Central Florida by assessing differences in perceptions of administrators and faculty related to school work culture, perceptions between school administrators and faculty, and the interaction between type of school. The School Work Culture Profile (SWCP), a paper-and-pencil survey, was designed in 1988 by Snyder to obtain a measure of a school's work culture. The SWCP uses a Likert scale to assess the overall perception and four sub-domains of planning, development, program development, school assessment, and staff development. One hundred sixty-one teachers and administrators from public charter and public non-charter elementary schools participated. Results of ANOVA tests indicated differences by job category: administrators scored significantly higher than faculty on the overall perception and three sub-domains of school work culture: planning development, program development, and school assessment. There was no difference on the staff development sub-domain. Administrators and faculty members do perceive certain aspects of school work culture differently. Program Development, Planning Development, and School Assessment are administrative functions, whereas Staff Development may be perceived to be more of a personal function. There was no difference between perceptions of instructional staff by type of school (public charter and public non-charter). In addition, there was no interaction between job category and school type. The perceptions of administrators and faculty members of both types of schools do not appear to be dependent upon whether or not they work in charter or non-charter public schools. Public charter and public non-charter school instructional staff responded to SWCP sub-domains similarly; therefore, the type of school the respondents worked in, albeit public charter or public non-charter, did not impact their perceptions. Differences existed in perceptions between school administrators and faculty members, regardless of type of school, with the exception of the sub-domain of staff development. The mean perception for administrators in both types of schools was higher in the other three domains. No interaction occurred between type of school and type of job category for any sub-domain or the overall perception. The conclusions from this study included (a) schools are equal regardless of the type of school, (b) the culture of administrators and faculty members remains the same regardless of the type of school, (c) the perceptions of administrators and faculty members are not determined by the type of school in which they work--administrators and faculty members do perceive certain aspects of school work culture differently. Implications derived from the study include (a) efforts to mainstream and encourage cross-institutional (public charter schools and public non-charter schools) collaboration might be helpful to improve the educational conditions for all students, (b) efforts need to be focused on increasing the collaborative conversations and involvement that connect the individuals in a school setting as related to planning development, program development, school assessment, and the overall perception of school work culture as well as developing inclusionary practices that increase faculty members' input in meeting schools' stated goals, (c) placing emphasis on the charter school movement as an alternative for the innovative ideas needed to address the state of the national education system could be increased in colleges of education and educational leadership programs, and (d) program development, planning development, and school assessment are administrative functions, whereas staff development may be perceived to be more of a personal function.