This thesis is an exploration into the creation and perpetuation of sociological knowledge. There are three main areas of discussion: sociology as a cultural system, a presentation of some of the concepts of Alfred Schutz, and intellectual discourse as an example of sociological knowledge. The first section explores Clifford Geertz's concept of cultural systems as applied to the sociological enterprise. This includes a discussion of such related concepts as Thomas Kuhn's ideas of paradigms, and Fredrik Barth's notions of boundary creation and maintenance. The discipline of sociology is seen as constructing knowledge within a loose, but integrated, framework. The boundaries of this knowledge system are found in the everyday practices involved in the discipline. The second section is a presentation of some of Alfred Schutz's ideas. This includes concepts such as typification, intersubjectivity, subjective interpretation of meaning, and multiple realities. The third section takes a look at secondary source material that deals with the works of Schutz. These articles are viewed as examples of the intellectual discourse constructed by and used in the discipline of sociology. They are also seen as examples of the concepts presented in Chapter II. Thus the sociological enterprise is seen as a socially constructed reality that is produced and maintained by the members of the cultural system of sociology. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

by Wan-chaw Shae. / Bibliography: leaves 74-81 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong

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Le but de la recherche est d'abord de présenter un aperçu de la théorisation d'Alfred Schütz concernant la science du social. Ce regard s'effectue selon trois angles principaux : la conscience subjective, l'intersubjectivité et les structures du monde de la vie. La démarche tente en premier lieu de cerner les aspects centraux chez Schütz concernant ces trois thématiques générales. Ensuite, la recherche présente certaines influences majeures de l'auteur en rapport avec les concepts développés. Ces influences théoriques consistent entre autres dans le pragmatisme de James, le vitalisme de Bergson, la psychologie de la forme et, surtout, la phénoménologie husserlienne. Pour ce qui est de Husserl, au-delà de l'importance qu'il a eue sur l'œuvre entière de Schütz, il est primordial de présenter en quoi Schütz rompt avec la méthode transcendantale du père de la phénoménologie et quelles sont les raisons qui le poussent à demeurer au niveau proprement empirique pour théoriser le social. Le premier chapitre traite de la conscience subjective. Il sera donc question principalement des processus de typification, du concept d'action sociale, du contexte motivationnel, de la structure temporelle de la conscience, de la réduction phénoménologique et du principe d'aperception. Nous terminerons le chapitre en présentant une limite de l'approche de l'auteur qui semble trop mettre d'emphase sur la sédimentation sociale, en oblitérant la capacité du sujet à « échapper » au déterminisme biographique. Le second chapitre aborde le sujet de l'intersubjectivité. Après avoir présenté les conditions de possibilité de l'interaction sociale chez Schütz, et avoir établi la distinction que l'auteur effectue entre l'interaction indirecte (typique) et la relation du face-à-face, nous démontrerons que la théorisation schützienne permet de fonder une sociologie compréhensive de manière épistémologiquement juste. Cette démonstration se fera à partir d'auteurs inspirés par la démarche de Schütz ou proche de celle-ci (Berger, Luckmann, Turner, Mead, etc.) Par la suite, nous nous concentrerons sur le problème particulier de la constitution originaire de l'alter ego, où l'auteur semble aborder le problème de manière simplement liminaire. Un retour à Husserl à partir de son concept d'empathie sera entrepris. Nous complèterons ensuite avec quelques existentialistes (Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Scheler, etc.), considérant que Schütz s'en remet à l'apriorisme pour expliquer la constitution du phénomène de l'intersubjectivité, sans toutefois développer quant aux implications que cette approche contient (principalement la « nature » de la subjectivité minimale) – ce que les existentialistes abordent plus spécifiquement. Nous terminons en traitant du monde social en général et des structures du monde de la vie en particulier. Les thématiques abordées seront principalement les concepts schütziens de provinces finies de signification, de systèmes de pertinence et de réalité souveraine. Nous retrouverons par la suite le concept-clef de Bergson d'attention à la vie. Ce dernier principe mènera ensuite à une critique importante de Cox, qui considère que c'est justement par l'entremise de cet apport théorique du philosophe français que Schütz a développé une socio-phénoménologie empreinte d'un réalisme ontologique. Nous terminerons en retournant à Husserl au sujet de la sphère anté-prédicative, pour finalement conclure en ouvrant sur la possibilité de traiter de certaines problématiques transcendantales à travers une sociologie d'inspiration phénoménologique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Alfred Schütz, conscience, typification, action sociale, intersubjectivité, phénoménologie, transcendantal.

Weber's contribution to the study of social action has been a major influence upon the development of modern sociology but aspects of his approach have been obscured by the process of translation, commentary and evaluation - and in this respect the work of Parsons and to a lesser extent Schutz has been significant. Hence this study aims (a) to clarify the nature of Webens Theory of Action and (b) to determine its contemporary value in comparison with the extension of his ideas by Parsons and Schutz. We examine the interpretation, advanced particularly by Parsons, that Weber's approach to the study of action changed as he became increasingly concerned with the nature of sociological inquiry, and, thereby, moved beyond the problems of historical method. On the basis of a detailed examination of Weber's theoretical and methodological arguments we reject the idea of a break in his thinking about historical and sociological research and this has important implications for some accepted views-on Weber's conception of objectivity, ideal type concepts and understanding. Parsons set out to extend Weber from the perspective of a natural science of society, but his claim to identify a convergence between Durkheim, Pareto and Weber into the Voluntaristic Theory of Action is rejected and the criticisms, which his development of some aspects of Weberts approach have experienced, are sufficient to cast doubts upon the-validity of his General Theory. Schutz formulated a phenomenological critique of Weber's categories of interpretive sociology and sought to establish a philosophically more secure basis for the study of action but, we suggest, his assumptions about the everyday world, allied to his evaluation of Weber's approach, led him to propose an impracticable methodology. Finally, we argue that the contemporary relevance of Weber's Theory of Action can be seen from the way many of the problems involved in the study of action, some of which were identified by the development of the phenomenological perspective, can be solved by recourse to his approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-13T13:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-29. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-13T13:32:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000856020.pdf: 1215854 bytes, checksum: d579d4ea896e14d93ef501c593d1b53a (MD5) / A presente pesquisa busca problematizar/refletir, como são vividas as relações de gênero no ambiente escolar a partir dos significados e sentidos que os homens atribuem a sua vivência pedagógica na Educação Infantil, no trabalho com meninos e meninas entre zero a cinco anos. A presença do sexo masculino gera questionamentos por parte da comunidade escolar e das famílias, principalmente no que se refere aos cuidados corporais de higiene na relação corpo do adulto/corpo da criança. Estudos apontam que faz parte do imaginário social associar a profissão da docência às mulheres, principalmente no ensino dos anos iniciais, já que essas possuiriam biologicamente características necessárias ao exercício do magistério como a doçura e a delicadeza nos cuidados de meninos e meninas, ou seja, a vocação, muito próxima da função materna. Essa concepção naturalizada, que alia os cuidados infantis às mulheres, deriva da divisão sexual do trabalho, que separa atividades específicas para homens e mulheres vinculando o conceito de gênero ao sexo. Elegemos a metodologia qualitativa fenomenológica como forma de compreender os motivos para e os motivos porque das vivências dos homens no contexto escolar infantil em meio as relações de gênero. A pesquisa contou com a colaboração de quatro homens. Os relatos foram analisados por meio de quatro momentos: releitura das histórias de vida de cada sujeito; releituras para aprofundar a percepção do todo; identificação das unidades de significados convergentes e divergentes e elaboração das categorias e compreensão e interpretação do fenômeno pela perspectiva de Alfred Schutz. Como resultado, observamos que no cotidiano escolar a sexualidade masculina é questionada frente a escolha profissional, além da necessidade em provar sua capacidade... / This research focuses on disclosing/reflecting how gender relations are lived in the school environment through the meanings and purposes that male teachers attribute to their pedagogical experiences in elementary education, working with boys and girls between zero and five years old. The presence of male teachers is questioned by scholars and families, mainly in terms of body care and hygiene concerning adult bodies and infant bodies. Studies have shown society considers teaching to be a female occupation, especially in early elementary grades due to their so-called biological vocation that favors the development of the occupation. Among other characteristics, sweetness and tenderness in the care of boys and girls can be compared to a maternal role. This conception that links infant care to women, derives from the sexual division of labor that divides specific activities into male and female by linking the concept of gender to sex. Four men collaborated with the survey. We have approached the social phenomenological qualitative methodology searching for the best way to comprehend the reasons for and reasons why men go through certain experiences in the social world. The comments have been analyzed through four different moments: rereading of each individual's life experience; rereading in order to deepen the perception of the whole; identification of the units of converging and diverging meanings, and comprehension as well as interpretation of the phenomenon through Alfred Schutz's perspective. As a result, we observe that in everyday school life male sexuality is coped with career choice.Besides, it has the necessity to prove their professional efficiency in face of educacional challenges and the care of boys and girls ranging between 0 to 5 ...

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This dissertation offers a novel quantitative method for assessing an actor's subjective temporal orientation. Our method involves the use of supervised machine learning techniques in concert with natural language processing tools and linguistic principles. We suggest our method may offer a clandestine technique for extracting aspects of an actor’s temporal orientations from right behind their back. This capacity occurs because of the unique ways time references are reflected in language syntax. This reflection does not simply occur in face-to-face spoken interactions, but also resides in recorded vocal transcripts and within textual documents articulated by speakers for a social audience (e.g., political speeches). . From a social theory point of view, we argue that our technique can help objectify some of the major links theorists have long made between the temporal features of mind, subjective meaning, and social processes. Temporal orientation has long been defined as a tripartite mental process. Edmund Husserl famously defined this process as involving retention (a mental focus on past), presentation (a mental focus on the present) or protention (a mental envisioning of the future). From a pure phenomenology perspective, Husserl’s innovation was to link this mental interlocking process with meaning-making. For Husserl, it was directly through an actor’s temporal orientation that meaning became variably constituted and the problem of subjectivity emerged. From a sociological point of view, it is primarily through Alfred Schutz’s formulation of social phenomenology that Husserl’s tripartite system was opened to accommodate the influence of the social in meaning-making. This opening has possessed a long-standing contradiction. For Schutz, endogenous social structure could affect where an actor temporally orients. The resulting implication is that social structure could have a direct effect on how actors assign specific meanings in social systems. Even more, social structure could facilitate shared temporal orientations among actors. However, Schutz also promoted the idea that different temporal orientations could explain how different meanings could be assigned to the same social object by disparate actors. This possibility served as the centerpiece of Schutz’s well-known methodological critique of Max Weber’s direct linkage between subjective meaning, motive, and empathetic based interpretations of social action. To carry out our efforts to quantify how the subjective processes of temporal orientation appear to be influenced by endogenous social processes, we employed our algorithm on three different text-based data sets. We suggest these datasets possess strong reflections of the social world. The first dataset entails a collection of matched twitter tweets that correspond to Trump’s reelection bid and Biden’s challenge during the 2020 period. In this dataset, our method illustrates how both candidates appear to have different temporal orientations despite being bounded by a similar social event. We suggest this finding may reflect the relationship between what Schütz called inner duration and the influence of external stocks of knowledge (i.e., external structures.) The second dataset corresponds to a recorded conversational transcript of the Cuban missile crisis, taken from President Kennedy’s Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm) on the 6th of October in 1962. Using our algorithm, we offer objective measures of homogenous temporal orientations of committee members that are consistent with meso-group conformity. We suggest that our method may offer a novel way of measuring group conformity in general. The third dataset consists of the State of the Union Corpora (SOU). In this dataset, we apply our algorithm to identify changes in temporal orientation occurring among a single President’s entire collection of SOU speeches. Furthermore, we compare the average temporal orientation of the Presidents in relation to various social categories, such as party affiliation and societal events. The scope of the Presidents inventoried for temporal orientation is restricted from Eisenhower to Biden.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2007-2008. / En tant qu'introduction à sa pensée philosophique, les Méditations Cartésiennes de Edmund Husserl constituent l'un de ses ouvrages les plus lus. Par ailleurs, la 5e Méditation Cartésienne resta pendant longtemps l'un des rares textes où Husserl nous présentait de façon systématique sa théorie de l'empathie (Einfiïhlung) et sa conception de l'intersubjectivité transcendantale, et fut à ce titre la cible de plusieurs critiques bien connues de nos jours. Toutefois, depuis la parution dans les années 1970 des volumes XIII, XIV et XV des Husserliana portant sur la question de l'intersubjectivité, notre compréhension de cet aspect de la pensée husserlienne s'est grandement améliorée. Ce mémoire de maîtrise constitue donc une relecture de la 5e Méditation Cartésienne à la lumière de ces connaissances élargies, en vue de mieux saisir son propos, et la confronter à neuf à certaines des critiques classiques (Schutz, Ricœur) formulées à son égard.

Orientador : Josue Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T01:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frey_LuciRibeiro_M.pdf: 6977637 bytes, checksum: d54cb3e02d1c1fc31f3d575c57081598 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como tema a transformação da percepção do estranho na teoria social contemporânea ao longo do século xx. As abordagens do estranho na atualidade evidenciam que a exclusão social, o preconceito e a intolerância são os problemas mais agudos enfrentados pelos estranhos no mundo contemporâneo. Através de um mapeamento das abordagens de autores como Georg Simmel, Alfred SChütz, Norbert Elias e Zygmunt Bauman este trabalho mostra as variações da percepção do estranho. Nas abordagens do início do século XX, o lugar do estranho poderia ser facilmente distinguido, ao passo que as abordagens no final do século XX atestam uma generalização da condição do estranho no mundo globalizado. Simultaneamente, se constatou que as reivindicações com relação ao lugar do estranho na sociedade se deslocaram cada vez mais da questão da igualdade de direitos, para a questão do reconhecimento e da valorização das diferenças em uma sociedade crescentemente multicultural / Abstract: The subject of this thesis is the transformation of the perception of the stranger in modem social theory during the 20th century. Current approaches about the stranger show that social exclusion, prejudice and intolerance are the main challenges for strangers in our contemporary world. By mapping approaches of authors like Georg Simmel, Alfred Schütz, Norbert Elias e Zygmunt Bauman the differences of the perception of the stranger could be demonstrated, reaching from approaches at the outset of the 20th century, in which the stranger occupied a place clearly separated from society, to approaches at the end of the 20th century, which recognize a certain generalisation of the condition of the stranger in our globalised world. Simultaneously, it could be observed that claims regarding the place of strangers in society have been more and more shifted from the question of equality of rights to the question of recognition and valuation of differences in an increasingly multicultural society / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Sociais