This dissertation shows that ideas of science and religion are not transhistorical by presenting a longue durée study of conceptions of science and religion in the Ottoman Empire. I demonstrate that the idea of science(s) was subject to a tectonic change over the course of a few centuries, namely between the early modern and modern period. Even within a specific epoch, conception of science and religion were in no way monolithic, as evidenced by the diversity of approaches to these categories in the early modern period. To point out continuity and change in the ideas of science and religion, I study classifications of sciences in the early modern Ottoman Empire, by comparing two works; one by Yahya Nev‘î and the other by Saçaklızâde Muhammed el-Mar‘aşî. Nev‘î wrote from the context of the court in Istanbul, while Saçaklızâde represented the madrasa environment in an Anatolian province, thus providing a contrast in their orders of knowledge. In addition, the dissertation includes a study of the concept of "jihat al-waḥda" (aspect of unity) of science, as discussed by commentators from the early modern period. After first providing a textual genealogy, I argue that this concept reveals the dominant paradigm of scientific thinking during this period. The last two chapters of the dissertation deal with modern Ottoman history. The third chapter analyzes Ahmed Cevdet Pasha's (d. 1895) translation of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah into the Ottoman Turkish in order to show the shift in the conception of science in the mid-nineteenth century. I demonstrate both continuity and a break between the thought of Ibn Khaldun and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha. In the fourth chapter, I draw upon archival documents, a scientific journal, and a correspondence between two intellectuals namely Fatma Aliye and Ahmed Midhat, to point out that science, religion, and politics were separated as a consequence of state regulations over publications and civil societies together with other institutional reforms and educational policies. The dissertation raises questions about the historiography of science in the modern period, which takes the modern idea of science for granted and projects it back on to the earlier periods. Noting the anachronistic and presentist approach to the early modern period, the dissertation calls for a new kind of historiography that not only goes beyond our modern biases but learns from past experiences by seriously engaging them.

Orientador: Suely Kofes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T04:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_CarolinaCantarino_D.pdf: 1843354 bytes, checksum: 031f4fba100c91c59658e4cf7d56f968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A proposta dessa tese é pensar a ciência e a arte em suas criações de políticas que se efetuam por entre corpos, tempos e sujeitos. A ciência será discutida através do modo como ela mobiliza e é mobilizada numa política de identidades, tomando-se como horizonte o tema da raça e do racismo no Brasil, e as estratégias adotadas no jogo de forças que colocam esse tema sob disputa. Nela, uma identidade negra, arquitetada através de evidências científicas, será acionada na denúncia e combate às desigualdades. A reação virá na figura de um Homo brasilis que torna a miscigenação, através de mapeamentos genéticos, a natureza da sociedade brasileira à qual somente os cientistas teriam acesso. Uma estratégia de despolitização da disputa. O pressuposto será o de que, a despeito dessas controvérsias, todos estão a se emaranhar enquanto linhas de um dispositivo pele-rosto-DNA marcado pela cientificidade, identificação e por uma política da representação que toma o corpo como realidade orgânica e visível a ser usado como parâmetro de julgamento e testemunho da autenticidade das identidades. Será possível operar uma resistência política desde dentro do dispositivo? Saíremos dele, então, para, com a arte, montar um outro jogo. O conceito de "romance histórico" criado pela literatura de Toni Morrison será explorado, em suas propostas de tensão entre o real e a ficção que problematizam a representação e a noção de autenticidade e testemunho. Por sua vez, as canções e o universo da música serão levados à sério como resistência política que abre mão da identificação. A literatura e a música serão convocadas para rachar os conceitos de representação, história, verdade, política, identidade e diferença, esvaziando-os dos sentidos que o dispositivo pele-rosto-DNA insiste em lhes fixar. Ciência e Arte serão tomadas enquanto duas políticas distintas e reunidas, nas condições criadas por essa tese, para pensar, de modo mais geral, a relação entre a linguagem e a vida / Abstract: This dissertation concerns the ways that science and art are responsible for the creation of politics that have an effect on bodies, times and subjects. Science is discussed in so much as it mobilizes and is mobilized in a politics of identity, taking as a point of departure the topic of race and racism in Brazil; and the strategies adopted by the forces of power responsible for putting these topics under dispute. Within science, a black identity, is constructed with scientific evidence, which is then used in an effort to denounce and combat inequality. A reaction will come on the configuration of a Homo brasilis which becomes miscegenated, by way of genetically mapping the nature of Brazilian society and giving only scientists access. This strategy is also used to depoliticize the debate. This work proposes that in spite of these controversies, everyone is becoming entangled along lines of a skin-face- DNA apparatus which is being determined by scientific theories, identities and by a politics of representation, which assume that the body is an organic and visible reality that should be used as the parameter of judgment and the means for certifying the authenticity of identities. Is it possible to operate a political resistance from within skin-face-DNA apparatus? Moving away from a scientific perspective, this work will use art as yet another force. The concept of "historical romance," such as that used in the literature of Toni Morrison, will be explored because it proposes a tension between that which is real and that which is fiction, allowing us to problematize the representation and the notion of authenticity and certification. Furthermore, song and the universe of music will be taken into consideration as a form of political resistance that cut identification. Literature and music will be evoked as a way of breaking open the concepts of representation, history, truth, politics, identity and difference, emptying them of the fixed meanings that the skin-face-DNA apparatus tries to prescribe them with. In order to think in a more general way about the relationship between language and life, this thesis creates conditions in which science and art will be seen as two forms of politics that are both distinct and connected / Doutorado / Ciências Sociais, Antropologia da Ciência e Antropologia Afro-Brasileira / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

This thesis examines science's role in the construction of Britain's new Houses of Parliament between 1834 and 1860. Architecturally the Gothic Palace embodies Victorian notions of the medieval and romanticized perceptions of English history. Yet in the mid-nineteenth century, the building not only reflected, but was involved in, the very latest scientific knowledge. This included chemistry, optics, geology, horology, and architecture as a science itself. Science was chosen, performed, trusted, displayed, contested, and debated through the physical space of government. Parliament was a place where science was done. Not only was knowledge imported to guide architectural construction, but it was actively produced within the walls of Britain's new legislature. I argue that this attention to science was not coincidental. Rather, it was a crucial demonstration of the changing relationship between science and politics. Science was increasingly asserted to be a powerful form of knowledge, and to an institution struggling to secure authority in the uncertainty of reformed British politics, it appeared a valuable resource for credibility. Contextualizing the use of science at Parliament in the political instability of the 1830s and 1840s emphasizes how the use of new knowledge was a potent practice of constructing political authority.

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T10:50:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castelfranchi_Juri_D.pdf: 9602971 bytes, checksum: 13cac92fe760bc5a6961fb3cd0b2246c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho são analisadas as práticas e o discurso da tecnociência contemporânea, definida não apenas como fusão entre ciência e tecnologia mas como acontecimento que funciona no interior de uma específica economia de poder e que é caracterizado pela interação e a retroalimentação mútua do capitalismo, da ciência e da tecnologia. São mapeados movimentos e rupturas no funcionamento da tecnociência, examinando a fonte dos financiamentos para a pesquisa, o ethos dos cientistas, as fomlas de apropriação do conhecimento e as políticas de C&T à luz dos conceitos foucaultianos de govemamentalidade e dispositivo. O discurso tecnocientífico atual é analisado a partir do monitoramento de documentos oficiais e declarações públicas de cientistas-empreendedores, policy-makers, ONGs etc. O cruzamento de tais elementos mostra que ciências, técnicas e capitalismo funcionam entrelaçados. Em alguns casos, impulsionando-se mutuamente: cada parte se apoia nos sucessos, na autoridade, nos efeitos de verdade e na potência das outras. Noutros casos, há dissonâncias e atritos. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a tecnociência atual é, ao mesmo tempo, piramidal e reticular, inexorável e modulável. De um lado, retrata si mesma como fundamentada num saber a-político, neutral, objetivo, universal, que "cai" na sociedade quando aplicado, divulgado, transformado em objeto técnico e em mercadoria. A tecnociência aparece como o bonde que não podemos perder, cuja marcha é automática e cuja regulação deve ser deixada com os especialistas. Por outro lado, no neoliberalismo a tecnociência precisa receber inúmerosfeedbacks, escutar as demandas do mercado e as preocupações do cidadão. Conclui se que a tecnociência atual é um dispositivo qe geometria variável modulado por parâmetros que nem sempre podem ser estabelecidos' nG, il1terior de uma tecnocracia. Funciona ativando mecanismos de despolitização e de inv.isibilização dos conflitos; e constitui-se como implacável politicamente através de repetidas performances voltadas para a mobilização da população e a afirmação de inevitabilidade. No entanto, sua configuração atual é um acontecimento apoiado em terrenos (epistêmicos, econômicos e sociais) movediços / Abstract: ln this work practices and discourse of contemporary technoscience are analyzed. Technoscience is defined not only as the merging between science and technology, but as an event, functioning inside a certain economy of power and characterized by the interaction and reciprocal feedback of capitalism, science and technology. Movements and ruptures in technoscience are mapped by means of the examination of the sources of funding for research, the ethos of scientists, the forms of appropriation of knowledge and S&T policies, using concepts by Michel Foucault, such as govemmentality and apparatus (dispositif). The contemporary technoscientific discourse is analyzed by monitoring official documents and public declarations by entrepreneurs-scientists, policy-makers, NGOs, etc. By crossing such elements, it is shown that sciences, techniques and capitalism function today inside an entanglement. ln some cases, they boost each other: every part is supported by the successes, the authority, the truth effects of the other ones. In other cases, dissonance and friction exist. The results of this research show that contemporary technoscience is, at the same time, pyramidal and reticular; it may seem inexorable, but it may also be modulated. Technoscience depicts itself as grounded on an a-political, neutral, objective, universal knowledge, "falling" down into society when applied, popularized and transformed in a technical object or a product. Its progress is told to be semi-automatic, and its regulation should be left with the experts. On the other side, in neoliberalism, technoscience needs also to receive feedback, to listen to the demands of the market and to the worries of the citizens. It can be concluded that contemporary technoscience is a dispositlf of.variable geometry, modulates by parameters that cannot be always established by a technocracy. It functions by acting mechanisms of depolitization and invisibilization of conflict; it constitutes itself as politically implacable by means of continuous performances of inevitability and mobilization of population. However, its configuration is an event grounded on shifting epistemic, economic and social lands / Doutorado / Sociologia da Cultura / Doutor em Sociologia

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T01:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_Marcelo_D.pdf: 18137235 bytes, checksum: d2ccf296709649c706ae95e568a4a4e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A tese central deste trabalho é que a aceitação pública despertada pelo Projeto Genoma Humano só se explica pelo uso político e retórico de um determinismo genético crescentemente irreconciliável com os resultados empíricos da pesquisa genômica atual. A complexidade verificada no genoma humano e em suas interações com o meio desautoriza a manutenção de uma noção simples e unidirecional de causalidade, contrariamente ao pressuposto na idéia de gene como único portador de informação, esteio da doutrina do determinismo genético. Um complexo de metáforas informacionais e/ou lingüísticas continuo vivo nos textos publicados por biólogos moleculares na literatura científica, notadamente nos artigos veiculados nos periódicos de alto impacto Nature e Science de 15 e 16 fevereiro de 2001, respectivamente. Tais metáforas inspiram um tipo de discurso ambíguo que modula nuances variadas de retórica determinista, conforme se dirija aos próprios pares ou ao público leigo" O campo da genômica ainda está longe de rejeitar a conjunção problemática das noções de gene pré-formacionista e de gene como recurso desenvo/vimenta/ na base da metáfora do gene como informação. Essa fusão inspirada pela terminologia cibernética propicia uma versão asséptica de gene, distanciada da natureza, puramente sintática, móvel e virtual o bastante para circular desimpedida nos circuitos de produção de valor como recurso genético passível de garimpagem e de patenteamento. Críticos dã tecnociência devem desafiar o campo da genômica a reformular drasticamente as metáforas que dão suporte a seu programa hegemônico de pesquisa / Abstract: The central thesis of this work is that the public support generated for the Human Genome Project and the hype surrounding it can be explained only by the political and rhetorical uses of genetic determinism, a notion which increasingly cannot be reconciled with the empirical results of on-going genomic research. The complexity that has been uncovered in the human genome and in its interactions with the environment implies that a simple and unidirectional notion of causality cannot be maintained, contrary to a presupposition of the idea of the gene as the sole carrier of iliformation, an idea that contributes to sustain the doctrine of genetic determinism. A complex of informational and/or linguistic metaphors lives on in the texts published by molecular biologists in the scientific press, most notably in the issues published February 15thand 16thof 2001 ofthe high impact journals Nature and Science, respectively. These metaphors generate an ambiguous type of discourse that modulates various nuances of deterministic rhetoric, depending on whether it addresses peers or the lay publico The field of genomics is still a long way ITom rejecting the questionable conflation of the notions of gene as preformation and gene as developmental resource which underpins the metaphor of gene as information. This conflation inspired by cybernetics terminology enables an aseptic version of the gene, separated ITom nature, portable and virtual enough to flow unimpeded through the channels ofvalue production as genetic resource suitable for mining and patenting. Critics of technoscience should challenge the field of genomics to drastically reshape the metaphors which have supported its hegemonic research agenda / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais