The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which multicultural science education, including indigenous knowledge representations, had been infused within the content of high school biology textbooks. The study evaluated the textbook as an instructional tool and framework for multicultural science education instruction by comparing the mainstream content to indigenous knowledge perspectives portrayed in the student and teacher editions of 34 textbooks adopted in Florida within the last four adoption cycles occurring from 1990 to 2006. The investigation involved a content analysis framed from a mixed methods approach. Emphasis was placed, in consideration of the research questions and practicality of interpreting text with the potential for multiple meanings, within qualitative methods. The investigation incorporated five strategies to assess the extent of multicultural content: 1) calculation of frequency of indigenous representations through the use of a tally; 2) assessment of content in the teacher editions by coding the degree of incorporation of multicultural content; 3) development of an archaeology of statements to determine the ways in which indigenous representations were incorporated into the content; 4) use of the Evaluation Coefficient Analysis (ECO) to determine extent of multicultural terminologies within content; and 5) analysis of visuals and illustrations to gauge percentages of depictions of minority groups. Results indicated no solid trend in an increase of inclusion of multicultural content over the last four adoption cycles. Efforts at most reduced the inclusion of indigenous representations and other multicultural content to the level of the teacher edition distributed among the teacher-interleafed pages or as annotations in the margins. Degree of support of multicultural content to the specific goals and objectives remained limited across all four of the adoption cycles represented in the study. Emphasis on standardized testing appeared in the six textbooks representing the most recent adoption cycle. Recommendations included increased efforts to identify quality of content by including input from scholars in the field of multicultural education as well as indigenous peoples in the creation of textbook content. Recommendations also included further clarification of the definition of science within multicultural science education frameworks, indigenous knowledge as compared to Western science and pseudoscience, and scientific literacy as a central focus to a multicultural science education meant to address the needs of an increasingly diverse student population and prime-age workforce.

<p>The purpose of this study was to understand how urban entrepreneurship exposure programs can enable minoritized students to leverage their cultural capital and create an environment that affirms their inherent strengths and cultural identity. More specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: (1) how, and in what ways, do minoritized youth (ages 14-18) leverage their cultural capital in entrepreneurial experiences and (2) how, and in what ways, can entrepreneurial experiences create an environment that affirms minoritized youth’s (ages 14-18) inherent strengths and cultural identity? To answer these questions, a qualitative descriptive approach was used and the lenses of the <i>Community Cultural Wealth Framework</i> were leveraged to conceptualize the findings. Purposeful sampling was employed to recruit participants for this investigation. Observations of the program implementation and in-depth semi-structured interviews with two high school-aged minoritized students and one program administrator at an urban entrepreneurship exposure program in a large Midwestern city were conducted. The findings from this study suggest that cultural capital is worthy of considerable attention as it is leveraged by minoritized youth and may contribute to affirming their cultural identity and inherent strengths. Therefore, the results obtained from this study can assist entrepreneurship exposure programs in the development and enhancement of programs specifically geared toward addressing the needs of this minoritized population segment. For example, recommendations include employing Critical Race Theory in research studies, utilizing counter-storytelling for the experiences of minoritized youth, and investigating culturally sustaining innovations created by minoritized youth. The results of this study, are important as it has significant implications for developing better methods to train and nurture talents of youth in becoming confident in their cultural identities and necessitating success in becoming entrepreneurially-minded which in turn may help to further diversify, fortify the STEM workforce, and break systemic barriers. As such, this study can contribute and supplement existing literature on minoritized youth in STEM educational contexts, specifically in entrepreneurship focused STEM learning environments. </p>

ANA-buljongen är utvecklad för att kunna anrika både aeroba och anaeroba bakterier vid inkubering i aerob miljö. Odlingsbuljongen innehåller antioxidanter som skyddar anaeroberna mot reaktiva syreradikaler, vilket främjar anaerob anrikning. Syftet med arbetet var att utvärdera om ANA-buljongen kan ersätta de två befintliga odlingsbuljongerna som idag används vid anrikning av bakterier på avdelningen för klinisk mikrobiologi, Kronoberg Blekingesjukhuset. Elva bakteriearter och fyra blandfloror användes i utvärderingen av ANA-buljongen. En mikroliter (µl) inokulat som innehöll ca 100 colony forming units tillsattes till ANA-buljong samt aeroba buljongen Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) eller den anaerobbuljongen Fastidious Anaerobe Broth (FAB). Prov från buljongerna odlades ut efter två, fyra och sju dygns inkubering. Tillväxtsgrad vid olika inkubationstider jämfördes mellan ANA-buljongen och BHI-buljongen/FAB. ANA-buljongen utvärderades även för odling av kliniska prov. De kliniska proven odlades ut på agarplattor samt inokulerades till ANA-, BHI-buljong och FAB. Vid utodling från buljongerna jämfördes fynden från BHI-buljongen och FAB med fynden från ANA-buljongen. Tillväxten verkade vara snabbare i ANA-buljongen jämfört med BHI-buljong och FAB. Vissa arter, exempelvis Cutibacterium acnes, uppvisade en betydligt snabbare tillväxt i ANA-buljongen. Vissa bakteriearter tillväxte men överlevde inte längre inkubationstider och kunde efter dessa inte detekteras. Anrikningen av blandfloror i ANA-buljongen resulterade i överväxt av en art vilken konkurrerade ut de övriga arterna. Detta fenomen uppstod inte i FAB. Att ersätta de två kliniska buljongerna med ANA-buljongen hade varit fördelaktigt både praktiskt, ekonomiskt och ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Eftersom ANA-buljongen enbart visade sig användbar vid odling av renkulturer men inte vid odling av blandfloror är den inte optimal för klinisk diagnostik. Men den skulle eventuellt kunna nyttjas vid ortopediska Kamme-Lindberg-odlingar då det oftast är fråga om renkulturer. / ANA-broth is developed to enrich both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria by incubation in an aerobic environment. The broth contains antioxidants that protect anaerobic bacteria from reactive oxygen species and make it possible for anaerobic bacteria to grow in an oxygenated environment. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ANA-broth and see if the broth could replace the two broths that are being used clinically today.  Eleven bacterial species and four mixed floras were used to evaluate the ANA-broth. One microliter (µl) inoculum with about 100 colony forming units was used to inoculate ANA-broth, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and Fastidious Anaerobe Broth (FAB), respectively. Samples from the broths were then used to inoculate agar plates after two, four and seven days of incubation, to evaluate the difference in enrichment effectiveness at different incubation times in relation to the clinically used broths. The ANA-broth was also evaluated by using clinical samples from patients. The findings from the ANA-broth were compared with the findings from the BHI-broth and FAB. The growth in the ANA-broth was quicker compared to the BHI-broth and FAB. Some bacterial species grew but became non-viable in the ANA-broth after a longer period of incubation. Bacterial species within mixed floras were not able to grow in coexistence in the ANA-broth. One bacterial species took over and competed out the residual bacteria. This phenomenon did not occur in FAB. If the ANA-broth could replace the broths now used clinically then that would be advantageous both in terms of practicality, economy and from a sustainability perspective. Though, the ANA-broth is not optimal for clinical use considering that only one bacterial species within a mixed flora was able to grow. As the broth has greater potential for cultures containing only one bacterial species it could possibly be suited for orthopaedic Kamme-Lindberg cultivation.

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In drug analysis, different kinds of immunoassays are often used as an initial screening for urine samples. The positive screening results are then followed by a confirmatory test, which consists of mass spectrometry methods to detect the drugs. The confirmatory tests are considered to be more resistant to manipulation than the screening tests. If the tested person wants to obtain a false negative result in the drug analysis, there are a lot of different manipulation strategies available today. Manipulation of urine with oxidants before the drug analysis, oxidizes the drugs, and obtains negative results. The aim of this study was to investigate how the results of the drug analysis with the screening test; cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) and the confirmatory test; liquid chromatography- high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), were affected when the urine was manipulated with oxidants before the analysis.  Four different oxidants (pyridinium chlorochromate, hypochlorite, sodium nitrite and povidone iodine) in three different concentrations, were investigated and evaluated on 37 different drugs with LC-HRMS. The most effective oxidant and the most adulterated drugs were then further investigated with LC-HRMS, CEDIA and with urine adulteration test strips. The results of the drug analysis were affected by the oxidants with both the CEDIA, and LC-HRMS analysis. All samples containing pyridinium chlorochromate and hypochlorite obtained negative results with CEDIA. With LC-HRMS, the tested samples containing 1 % hypochlorite effectively lowered the drug concentrations under the cut-off. Adulteration tests can be used to identify urine samples, manipulated with oxidants.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka normalvärden för nervus peroneus communis (NPC) gällande latens, amplitud och nervledningshastighet samt undersöka om några signifikanta skillnader finns mellan höger respektive vänster NPC hos friska frivilliga deltagare mellan 20 och 40 år. Datainsamlingen utfördes på 25 deltagare på studentkliniken på Hälsohögskolan i Jönköping och maskinen Nicolet EDX® och programmet Synergy användes. Datainsamlingen skedde på tre stimuleringspunkter 1); 80 mm proximalt om musculus extensor digitorum brevis, 2); proximalt om caput fibulae och 3); 100–150 mm ovanför caput fibulae. Resultatet visade medelvärdet latens 4,49 ms, amplitud 10,5 mV och nervledningshastighet 58 ms gällande stimuleringspunkt 1. Latens 10,02 ms, amplitud 10,15 mV och nervledningshastighet 58 m/s för stimuleringspunkt 2. Latens 12,57 ms, amplitud 8,7 mV och nervledningshastighet 58,7 m/s för stimuleringspunkt 3. Icke-parametriska testet Mann-Whitney U Test visade en signifikant skillnad i latensen för stimuleringspunkt 1 gällande höger och vänster NPC p=0,04. Inga övriga variabler visade signifikant skillnad. Korrelationstest visade ett samband mellan längd och latens för stimuleringspunkt 1 och 2 p=0,011 respektive p=0,002. Ingen annan signifikant samband sågs mellan övriga variabler och längd. / The aim of the study was to investigate the normal value for the common peroneal nerve (NPC) in terms of latency, amplitude and nerve conduction velocity and investigate whether there are any significant differences between right and left NPC in healthy volunteers between 20 and 40 years of age. The data collection was performed on 25 participants at the student clinic at the School of Health and Welfare in Jönköping. The machine Nicolet EDX® and the program Synergy were used. Data collection took place at three stimulation points 1); 80mm proximal to the musculus (m.) extensor digitorium brevis, 2); proximal to the capute fibulae and 3); 100-150mm above the caput fibulae. The result showed the mean latency 4,49 ms, amplitude 10,5 mV and nerve conduction velocity 58 ms for stimulation point 1. Latency 10,02 ms, amplitude 10,15 mV and nerve conduction velocity 58 m/s for stimulation point 2. Latency 12,57 ms, amplitude 8,7 mV and nerve conduction velocity 58,7 m/s for stimulation point 3. The non-parametric test Mann-Whitney U Test showed a significant difference in latency for stimulation point 1 regarding right and left NPC p=0,04. No other variables showed a significant difference. Correlation test showed a relationship between length and latency for stimulation point 1 and 2, p=0,011 respectively p=0,002. No other significant correlation was seen between the other variables and height.

Introduction: Analysis of urine from dogs and cats are an important method for diagnosingkidney and urinary tract diseases. Earlier studies have suggested that urine needs to be acidifiedbefore analysis of calcium and phosphorus to obtain a more reliable result. The acidification ismeant to dissolve urinary crystals which could affect the analysis. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if acidification of dog and cat urinary samples isnecessary for reliable analysis of calcium and phosphorus. The study also aimed to investigate ifacidification is possible after the freezing of urine, and also evaluate the stability of acidifiedurine and supernatant in -80 °C freezer. Material and method: Forty-four urinary samples, of which 38 were from dogs and 6 from cats,were collected. Each sample was divided into three aliquots; one aliquot was acidified directly,one aliquot was acidified after storage in the freezer, and the last aliquot was centrifuged and thesupernatant was collected. Calcium and phosphorus were analyzed with an automatic chemistryinstrument in all aliquots before and after storage in -80 °C. The presence of urinary crystals wasinvestigated through a microscope. Results and conclusion: The calcium and phosphorus concentration were not higher in acidifiedurine, so acidification does not seem to be required for analysis of calcium and phosphorus indog and cat urine. Acidification after storage of urine in the freezer gave similar results asacidification of fresh urine. Both supernatant and acidified urine were stable in -80 °C for at least 3 days.

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