The purpose of this thesis is finding out whether offering an Online STPS Graduate Program with a tuition fee is feasible or not. Firstly, definition and brief history of distance education is given. Secondly, distance education applications in the world and in Turkey are studied. The main part of the thesis is the cost analysis made about the online delivery of STPS Graduate Program. The cost items of offering an online course are determined and then specific cost values are assigned to these items. By determining the cost items and related cost values, course development cost is calculated. In the course development cost calculation, fixed and variable costs are seperated. Fixed cost are the set-up costs that do not depend on any variable. Variable costs on the other hand are the costs that change with the number of students attending to the online course. A specific price value ( 100$ ) is assigned as the tuition fee for one credit hour of an online course. At the end of the cost analysis, the number of students required to meet the total cost of an online course is calculated. In addition, a questionnaire made on STPS students by STPS department is used in the thesis. The results of the questionnaire and the cost analysis are combined in order to analyze the feasibility of offering an online STPS Graduate Program.

From 1960-4 the British government embarked on two large-scale space research programmes to develop satellite launchers. After first being cancelled as a military project in 1960, the Blue Streak missile was converted into the first stage of a British-led European collaborative project to build a three stage satellite launcher (through the European Launcher Development Organisation - ELDO). Born out of the Black Knight warhead re-entry testing vehicle, the independent Black Arrow project aimed to launch small satellites for scientific experimentation. With European collaborations, American scientific knowledge, and an Australian testing site, decisions affecting British space research had wide reaching diplomatic as well as domestic consequences. However, by 1973, both of these programmes had been cancelled. By examining the complex formation of British policy on these two space research projects, I will identify the alliances of actors involved focusing on understanding the role of civil servants, and the domestic, economic, and foreign policy priorities which directed their policy-making. This thesis seeks to address two contradictions raised by British policy on space research, and historical analysis of this period. Firstly, if we accept that Britain was not in decline in this period, the how can the history of two projects which is dominated by their cancellation be explained? Secondly, how British governments could reconcile their policy towards ELDO (threatening to withdraw almost yearly from 1966-73) with their stated aim to accede to the European Communities and their repeated rhetoric that the increased potential for scientific and technological collaboration was a key benefit of British accession? In order to address these contradictions I focus on decisions and decision-makers within government. By tracking policy arguments and options to their very beginnings I show throughout this thesis the way in which individuals frame, shape and direct policy. This thesis provides new insights into the foreign and domestic policy priorities of the four governments in this period by tracking the balance of priorities in policy making in two major space research projects. Close examination of ELDO and Black Arrow highlights that their cancellation is not a symbol of British decline, but instead represent active choices by decision-makers to engage in new areas of research. This supports the work of historians challenging the idea that Britain was in decline in this period, and suggests that cancelled projects should be re-examined.

Submitted by Lucas Seneme Ruy null (lucasseneme@gmail.com) on 2017-08-01T04:57:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação biblioteca.pdf: 1065928 bytes, checksum: aa40c8654fa43e1f5334d5ab63bc1e62 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-03T17:10:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ruy_ls_me_arafcl.pdf: 1065928 bytes, checksum: aa40c8654fa43e1f5334d5ab63bc1e62 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-03T17:10:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ruy_ls_me_arafcl.pdf: 1065928 bytes, checksum: aa40c8654fa43e1f5334d5ab63bc1e62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As inovações ambientais são a base para direcionar todas as atividades rumo à economia verde, que é considerado o novo paradigma técnico-econômico, sendo capaz de transformar toda a base de conhecimentos pré-estabelecida e, consequentemente, incentivar a tomada de decisão dos agentes em prol deste tipo de inovação, benéfica tanto economicamente quanto ambientalmente. O mercado é importante para este direcionamento, mas pode ser ineficiente ou vagaroso demais nesta transição de base científica, o que justifica a intervenção de outros agentes da sociedade, entre eles, o Estado. O Estado consegue estimular as inovações ambientais realizando uma abordagem integrada entre políticas de ciência e tecnologia e políticas ambientais. Para isso, é necessário estímulos aos setores mais limpos e punir (ou estimular inovações ambientais) dentro de atividades poluentes. O objetivo do trabalho é averiguar se há esta sinergia entre estas políticas no Brasil em comparação com países selecionados da Europa, que apresentaram bom desempenho em relação a geração e difusão de inovações ambientais. Os resultados constataram que há um grande distanciamento do Brasil frente a Europa em relação as políticas de ciência e tecnologia e ambientais voltadas a inovações ambientais, bem como a baixa utilização de estímulos econômicos, impactando diretamente no desempenho das inovações ambientais brasileiras. / Environmental innovations are the basis for directing all economic activities towards green economy, which is considered to be a new techno-economic paradigm and capable of transforming the entire pre-established knowledge base and therefore, encouraging the agents decision making to be in favor of these innovations, which are, at the same time, beneficial both economically and environmentally. Market is fundamental for this direction; however, it might be inefficient or slow in this transition of scientific basis, which justifies the intervention of other society agents, among them, the State. The State is able to promote environmental innovations by creating an integrated approach between science and technology policies and environmental policies. In order to achieve this purpose, it is necessary to encourage the cleaner sectors and discourage polluting activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate how synergistic are the science and technology policies and environmental policies in Brazil in comparison to those in Europe, which presented a good performance regarding generation and diffusion of environmental innovations. Results showed that there is a great distance from Brazil and Europe when considering science and technology policies and environmental policies directed to environmental innovations. Moreover, Brazil has a poor use of economic instruments, which reflects directly on Brazilian environmental innovations performance.

Os parques tecnológicos surgiram como uma tentativa de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento em aumentar o padrão de competitividade por meio do suporte a inovação tecnológica em ambientes desenhados especificamente para isto. No Brasil, os parques tecnológicos foram uma resposta tardia, dos anos 2000, a um movimento que já ocorria em diversos países do mundo há algumas décadas. O desenvolvimento de novos parques tecnológicos a partir dos anos 2000 nos faz levantar a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: qual o atual cenário de parques tecnológicos brasileiros? Quais possuem atributos que lhe trazem potencial para desenvolvimento em global? Qual o papel do governo no suporte ao surgimento e desenvolvimento de parques tecnológicos? A partir da montagem de um quadro conceitual e da análise de cada instituição que terceiros chamam de parque tecnológico no Brasil, pudemos identificar o grau de novidade que tais instituições possuem no Brasil, bem como alguns parques que, sob a luz de nosso quadro conceitual, possuem atributos que podem lhes permitir galgar elevado grau de desenvolvimento. O estudo também nos mostra que políticas públicas federais de fomento aos parques tecnológicos foram e são essenciais para o desenvolvimento dessas instituições no país. Apresento, a partir de meticuloso estudo qualitativo, o atual cenário de parques tecnológicos no Brasil, estudos aprofundados sobre os parques mais avançados, e alguns dos desafios para o governo no que tange ao desenvolvimento de política pública com maior especificidade segundo o tipo de parque tecnológico e seu grau de desenvolvimento. / Technology parks have emerged as an attempt to developed and developing countries improve their competitiveness standard through supporting technological innovation in environments designed specifically for this reason. In Brazil, technology parks are a late response (emerged on 2000s) for a movement which started in other countries in the second half of XX century. The development of new technology parks since early in 2000s are the inspiration for our main research questions: What is the current scenario of technology parks in Brazil? Which technology parks have attributes which bring them potential for their development in global level? What is the role of government in supporting the emergence and the development of technology parks in Brazil? From the assembly of a conceptual framework and from the analysis of each institution that third parties call technology parks in Brazil, we identify the degree of novelty that such institutions have in Brazil, as well as some parks that, under our conceptual framework, have the attributes that can enable them to climb high levels of development. Our study also shows that federal policies to promote technology parks were and are essential for their advance in Brazil. We bring, from a meticulous qualitative study, the current scenario of technology parks in Brazil, and case studies of the most advanced technology parks, shedding light on some of the challenges to the government regarding the development of a public policy with greater focus on the kind of technology park, according to each degree of development.

Orientador: Sergio Luiz Monteir Salles Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T19:24:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ritz_MariaRitadeCassia.pdf: 1578562 bytes, checksum: 4739481739af578643801fbde5d20798 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O trabalho analisa os Institutos Privados Sem Fins Lucrativos de P&D no Brasil do segmento das TICs sob a ótica de sua importância no sistema nacional de inovação. Apesar de não ter a intenção de esgotar o entendimento sobre este ator, lança luz na forma como ele se organiza e como responde às dificuldades encontradas para garantir sua existência. Este é um ator relativamente novo, pelo menos neste setor, surgindo efetivamente a partir da década de 90, inserido num ambiente de reestruturação do papel do Estado e de globalização dos mercados. Para entendê-lo é necessário compreender a motivação de sua existência, como está organizado e que tipo de bem produz. Para tanto, um estudo de casos, compreendendo cinco instituições representativas, foi empreendido, com objetivo de buscar elementos que fundamentasse o entendimento do setor. São elas: C.E.S.A.R - Centro de Estudos e Sistemas Avançados do Recife, CITS - Centro Internacional de Tecnologia de Software, Instituto de Pesquisas Eldorado, FITec - Fundação para Inovações Tecnológicas e o Genius Instituto de Tecnologia. A tese está organizada em cinco capítulos, sendo que o primeiro discute a questão da organização da P&D no segmento privado sem fins lucrativos à luz das seguintes vertentes: das externalidades produzidas pelo financiamento público da P&D sob o finaciamento privado e também nas implicações resultantes dos modelos abertos e menos hierarquizados que estas organizações estão adotando. No segundo capítulo faz-se um resgate da discussão do sistema nacional de inovação brasileiro considerando o aparato político, legal e jurídico que dá respaldo às demandas do segmemto. No terceiro, apresentam-se algumas experiências de instituições nacionais e internacionais tendo em vista os processos de reorganização pelo qual passaram e no quarto apresentam-se as instituições participantes da pesquisa, qualificando suas trajetórias do ponto de vista organizacional, tais como, origem e administração de seus recursos (humanos e financeiros), rede de relacionamentos estabelecida com os diferentes atores do sistema, competências agregadas e externalidades produzidas pelo segmento. Por fim, no quinto e último procede-se às conclusões, no qual ressalta-se a importância deste ator para o sistema nacional de inovação no que tange à sua abrangência e importância e também apresentam-se algumas considerações que julga-se tenham alcance nacional, tendo em vista que as dificuldades e avanços das instituições são muito semelhantes. / Abstract: The thesis analyses the private non-profit Institutes of R&D in Brazil in the ICT sector from the perspective of their importance in innovation national system. Despite not having the intention of depleting the understanding on this player, emphasizes how its organized and how it faces the difficulties in order to ensure its existence. This is a relatively new player, effectively emerging from 90's, occurring in state's role restructuring environment and markets globalization. In order to understand this context it's necessary to comprehend its existence motivation, how it's organized and what kind of goods it originates. Therefore, a case, including five representative institutions, was undertaken aiming this sector understanding. These are: CESAR - Center for Advanced Studies and Systems of Recife, CITS - International Centre for Software Technology, Institute of Research Eldorado, FITec - Foundation for Innovation and Technology Genius Institute of Technology. The work is organized in five chapters, on which the first discusses the question of R&D organization in the private non-profit segment considering the following components: externalities produced by public funding for R&D through private funding and also impacts from open models and less hierarchical structure adopted by these organizations. The second chapter relates to the discussion of Brazilian national innovation system considering its political apparatus and legal, which supports this sector demands. In the third, its presented some national and international institutions experience regarding the processes reorganization by which it has been through and the fourth the participating institutions of this thesis are presented, describing their trajectories within an organizational perspective, such as origin and its resources administration (human and financial), relationship networks established among system's different players, competencies and externalities produced by the sector. Therefore, the fifth and the last chapter proceeds the conclusions, which emphasizes this actor's importance for the national innovation system regarding to their scope and importance and also presents some proposals which could have national reach, considering that the difficulties and advances in this sector are very similar. / Tese (doutoado) - Universidade / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

abstract: While artificial intelligence (AI) has seen enormous technical progress in recent years, less progress has occurred in understanding the governance issues raised by AI. In this dissertation, I make four contributions to the study and practice of AI governance. First, I connect AI to the literature and practices of responsible research and innovation (RRI) and explore their applicability to AI governance. I focus in particular on AI’s status as a general purpose technology (GPT), and suggest some of the distinctive challenges for RRI in this context such as the critical importance of publication norms in AI and the need for coordination. Second, I provide an assessment of existing AI governance efforts from an RRI perspective, synthesizing for the first time a wide range of literatures on AI governance and highlighting several limitations of extant efforts. This assessment helps identify areas for methodological exploration. Third, I explore, through several short case studies, the value of three different RRI-inspired methods for making AI governance more anticipatory and reflexive: expert elicitation, scenario planning, and formal modeling. In each case, I explain why these particular methods were deployed, what they produced, and what lessons can be learned for improving the governance of AI in the future. I find that RRI-inspired methods have substantial potential in the context of AI, and early utility to the GPT-oriented perspective on what RRI in AI entails. Finally, I describe several areas for future work that would put RRI in AI on a sounder footing. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2019

Nas últimas décadas um grande esforço governamental tem sido feito na adoção de políticas públicas e arranjos institucionais com o objetivo ampliar o índice de inovação tecnológica do País. No entanto, os estudos que dão suporte e influenciam a formulação de políticas públicas nem sempre levam em consideração elementos históricos, sociais, culturais que também condicionam este setor. Nesta pesquisa, a C&T é considerada um campo social com regras próprias, dentro do qual atores (indivíduos e instituições) estabelecem relações de poder e jogos de interesses que permeiam e condicionam a produção científica e tecnológica. A análise do campo científico é baseada no modelo estruturalista de Pierre Bourdieu e em alguns conceitos da Teoria Ator-Rede de Bruno Latour. O estudo de caso analisou a história e os desenvolvimentos da Divisão de Processamento de Imagens (DPI), do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). O foco de análise voltou-se para à combinação dos condicionantes macro-políticos com os elementos micro-sociológicos que atuam e orientam as práticas científicas e tecnológicas. Apesar de os elementos estruturais determinarem as ações dos sujeitos, o estudo de caso mostrou como é possível tal equação se inverter, ou seja, atores e instituições modificarem a estrutura, de um ponto de vista do construtivismo, mesmo que de forma limitada. A análise procurou trazer uma contribuição aos estudos de políticas de ciência e tecnologia a partir da perspectiva das ciências humanas, diferente da visão econômica que domina a área. / In the last decades, a great governmental effort has been made to adopt public policies and institutional arrangements to increase the national index of technological innovation. However, the studies that support as well as influence the formulation of public policies not always take into consideration historical, social and cultural elements that condition this specific area. In this research, S&T is considered a social field with its own rules, in which actors (individuals and institutions) establish power relations and interest games that permeate and condition technological and scientific production. Scientific field analysis is based on Pierre Bourdieu structural model and on some concepts of Actor-Net Theory from Bruno Latour. The case study has examined the history and the developments of Image Processing Department (DPI) of National Institute of Space Research (INPE). The analysis focus has been applied to the combination of macro political conditionings and micro sociological elements s that act over and direct technological and scientific practices. Although the structural elements determine individual or institutional actions, the case study has demonstrated how it is possible to invert that equation, that is, actors and institutions can change the structure, from a constructivist point of view, even if in a limited way. The analysis has intended to offer a contribution to scientific and technological policies from a human science perspective, different from the economic view which dominates this area.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yaeko Uehara.pdf: 949233 bytes, checksum: b086c6531163f7bb1f28bcf66eeba9fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to analyze the articulation and the relationship of public policies to encourage the scientific production in Brazil and the patent system in the period from the creation of the National Alcohol Program in 1980 until 2005. In this work there are two distinct periods: the intervention of the State, by means of centralized economic planning, and the period of deregulation, regulated by market laws. In this sense, this thesis focuses on the role of government as regulator and then enabling a policy of developing a local and exclusive renewable energy generation and the mutual relations between the different interests of social groups involved in this process. Also covers the history of science, technology and technical process of producing ethanol from sugarcane. Finally makes a mapping of patents granted to sugar cane and ethanol, as well as the final protections of the cultiving of sugarcane in the related period. The starting point was the assumption that the mapping of intellectual property granted in the period to sugarcane and ethanol in Brazil allows delineating the complex network interfaces of the various groups and institutions and their participation in development and consolidation of national science and technology. For this work the main government documents produced during the period, legislation and incentive mechanisms were analyzed. Simultaneously the records relating to patents from the database of the National Institute of Industrial Property were collected. From basic bibliography new developments concerning the relationship of science policy with patents and plant variety protection have been outlined / O objetivo desta tese é analisar a articulação e a relação das políticas públicas de incentivo, a produção científica no Brasil e o sistema de patentes, no período que vai da criação do Programa Nacional do Álcool em 1980 até 2005. A abordagem deste trabalho contempla dois períodos diferenciados: o de intervenção do Estado, por meio do planejamento econômico centralizado, e o período de desregulamentação, regulado pelas leis de mercado. Neste sentido, estuda o papel do governo enquanto regulador e posteriormente indutor de uma política de desenvolvimento autóctone na geração de energia renovável e as mútuas relações entre os diversos interesses dos grupos sociais envolvidos. Também aborda a história da ciência, tecnologia e técnica no processo de produção do álcool combustível a partir da cana de açúcar. E, finalmente faz um mapeamento das patentes de invenção concedidas para cana-de-açúcar e etanol, bem como as proteções definitivas de cultivares da cana, no período. Partiu-se da hipótese de que o mapeamento da propriedade intelectual concedida no período para a cana-de-açúcar e o etanol no Brasil permite delinear a complexa rede de interfaces dos diversos grupos e instituições e sua participação no processo de desenvolvimento e consolidação de uma ciência e tecnologia nacional. Para esta tese foram, inicialmente, analisados os principais documentos governamentais produzidos no período, legislação e os mecanismos de incentivos. Simultaneamente foi realizada a coleta de registros constantes do banco de dados do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial referente a patentes de invenções. A partir de bibliografia básica foram sendo delineados novos desdobramentos sobre o vínculo de políticas científicas com patentes e a proteção de cultivares

abstract: Each of the three essays in this dissertation examine an aspect of health or health care in society. Areas explored within this dissertation include health care as a public value, proscriptive genomic policies, and socio-technical futures of the human lifespan. The first essay explores different forms of health care systems and attempts to understand who believes access to health care is a public value. Using a survey of more than 2,000 U.S. citizens, this study presents statistically significant empirical evidence regarding values and other attributes that predict the probability of individuals within age-based cohorts identifying access to health care as a public value. In the second essay, a menu of policy recommendations for federal regulators is proposed in order to address the lack of uniformity in current state laws concerning genetic information. The policy recommendations consider genetic information as property, privacy protections for re-identifying de-identified genomic information, the establishment of guidelines for law enforcement agencies to access nonforensic databases in criminal investigations, and anti-piracy protections for individuals and their genetic information. The third and final essay explores the socio-technical artifacts of the current health care system for documenting both life and death to understand the potential for altering the future of insurance, the health care delivery system, and individual health outcomes. Through the development of a complex scenario, this essay explores the long-term socio-technical futures of implementing a technology that continuously collects and stores genetic, environmental, and social information from life to death of individual participants. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2019

ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the design and implementation of Malaysia's national Information Technology (IT) policy with a focus on the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) project. Qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews, document analysis and literature analysis, were used to build an understanding of the development of the MSC. The analysis adopts a holistic approach that draws upon the multidisciplinary perspectives of complex adaptive systems in order to understand how social, economic, political and institutional forces interact in a changing environment. This research contributes a policy framework called Goal-Policy-Implementation-Outcome (GPIO), which is used to understand, describe and assess the MSC policy design and methods. It is one of the first public studies of the MSC and one of very few complex systems analyses of a socio-economic system in a developing country. It has been argued that many countries around the world are competing rapidly to produce 'visionary' reports and policy statements on the future of their nations and societies in the 'Information Age'. This is due to the belief that IT can play critical role in stimulating the socio-economic growth of the countries. In Malaysia, the government embarked on an ambitious program to establish the MSC as an attempt to achieve Vision 2020, a national vision and Malaysia's statement of national goals that articulates the country's objective for developed-nation status, while moving towards the creation of an information-rich society by the year 2020. Despite the importance of national IT policies and the major commitment of resources to implement them, there are few critical studies of the positive and negative impacts of 'post-industrial' or 'information society' policy, particularly in the developing countries like Malaysia. This study seeks in part to fill this gap by providing a critical assessment of a Malaysian national IT policy. This research argues that IT policy for national development must be viewed holistically, taking into consideration innovations needed in the social, economic, political and institutional spheres, rather than taking limited view of IT as an economic growth engine. This is a paradigm shift that represents a movement from the traditional worldview (TWV), that was based on the Cartesian/Newtonian paradigm into new ways of thinking and action that is labelled here as the emerging worldview (EMV). The EMV is grounded in complexity theory, an interdisciplinary endeavour that draws upon ideas from a number of fields and seeks to understand and model systems with many interacting parts. This approach can help policy makers and analysts to understand, assess and develop a more balanced and comprehensive policy for the evolution of new technology such as IT and to tackle the complexity of socio-economic change of a dynamic real world setting. The data collection method is from in-depth, open-ended interviews and document analysis. This qualitative exploratory approach was chosen to understand and capture the points of view of other people without specifically limiting the lines of inquiry through questionnaires etc. This research was influenced by multiple theoretical frameworks, because taking one framework alone in analysing the complex issues involved in ICT would not provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay of the socio-technical and techno-economic paradigms. This resulted in the contribution of a policy framework called Goal-Policy-Implementation-Outcome (GPIO), which is used to understand, describe and assess the MSC policy design and method. This research found that the MSC policy plan and process were not working as intended to achieve the goals of Vision 2020. The strategy of clustering businesses in one physical location to establish synergy did not work as anticipated because: (1) Cyberjaya was not yet fully ready with all the necessary people, infrastructure and community since many basic amenities have yet to be competed; (2) The distance of Cyberjaya to key cities were perceived to be too far; (3) Operational costs in Cyberjaya were perceived as high; (4) The Cyberjaya ecosystem lacks attractive incentives; and (5) Most of the current and potential MSC firms, customers and suppliers were already located outside Cyberjaya with existing networks of people and facilities in other locations. (6) The current environment of the MSC was also found not to be conducive to facilitating a self-organizing system due to the lack of a wide consultative and participatory process. Consequently, drastic changes to the organizational structure and behaviour are needed before success can happen. It was found that the key challenges and barriers to the transformation process in and through the MSC lie in the nature of the existing mindset, the operational practice, culture and power structural arrangements within and among the policy, people and institutions of the MSC. Discussion on the MSC tends to be centred on the technological and commercial without recognizing that technological change relies on concomitant social and political shifts. By succumbing to technology driven views and 'information society' rhetoric, policy makers are allowing real economic and social choices to be smothered. This dissertation argues that instead of presenting technology as something which is external to the society, with a dynamics of its own, and to which society must learn to adapt, effective debate about new technology must acknowledge the related political choices, power relationships and value judgments about the shape and direction of the society using the technology. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop policies to ensure that the economic benefits and social engineering associated with Malaysia’s knowledge economy are managed through participatory and partnership methods at all levels of the country. This research has shown that complex systems analysis can lay the groundwork for a new approach that more accurately represents societal choices and outcomes than past approaches. Few researchers have undertaken complex systems analyses of social systems, with still fewer examining the context of a national public IT policy in a developing country like Malaysia. Further, there are very few thorough public studies done of the MSC itself, with most studies on the MSC either being done in confidence and/or being conducted by foreign consultants appointed by the government or by the Multimedia Development Corporation (MDC). As such, public accessibility to critical studies on the MSC or public documents on them is rarely available. This research, if not the first, is one of the first attempts made to provide a thorough constructive critical study on the MSC policy project since its official launch in 1996. It is also, if not the first, one of the first attempts made to apply the emerging paradigm or the new science of complexity in a real world national policy case study, specifically the MSC policy project. Moreover, there is a huge lacking of research done on behalf of 'marginalized communities'. This research is not carried out on behalf of private enterprise or national governments but rather it is done on behalf of its citizens.