The rise of English Protestantism produced a curious phenomenon in early modern England: the silencing of pipe organs in cathedrals and parish churches across the land. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this ecclesiastical instrument figuratively embodied and literally gave voice to the Roman Catholic Church. Because this ancient technology was perceived to be emblematic of much that was despised in Catholic ritual, it came under assault by the Anglicans, the Puritans, the Monarchy, the Parliament, Oliver Cromwell's army, and even the militant rabble-rouser in the street. My dissertation shows that it was the symbolic role played by the organ that bore the responsibility for this violence. My hypothesis is further enhanced by an investigation of the events immediately following the Commonwealth Era, when the Restoration of the Monarchy resulted in the restoration of the pipe organ. In this detailed case study, I examine the role of the organ as a stable technology in the unstable society of early modern England. During the time that the ecclesiastical organ personified the Roman Catholic Church, it was persecuted. As soon as the balance of power shifted, this symbolism was no longer significant and the King of Instruments was restored to its long-accustomed place in the service of worship in English society. My analysis of the multifaceted relationship that existed between this well-established, essentially transparent technology and the diverse social structures that attempted to annihilate it shows the significance of using the concept of technology as symbol as an appropriate analytical category for interpreting the history of the organ in early modern England. / Ph. D.

Among the figures of the Scientific Revolution, Galileo was the most influential in moving science away from Aristotle’s concept of scientific explanation to what became Modern science. My primary goal in this thesis is to explicate Galileo’s concept of scientific explanation, as well as the metaphysical and methodological underpinnings relied upon by Galileo, and to investigate where these depart from Aristotle as well as the Aristotelians of Galileo’s time. Galileo’s most revolutionary scientific achievement was to advance a new, more practical aim for scientific inquiry: he changed the focus of scientific investigations to the measuring, modeling, and predicting of phenomena. In order to increase the reliability of his hypotheses Galileo rejected those aspects of Aristotle’s account of scientific explanation that could not be rigorously empirically justified. The result was that empirical science no longer searched for the essential attributes of bodies or for Aristotle’s causes such as the “final” cause. The identified contributions and innovations promulgated by Galileo are significant because they dictated changes that became formative to contemporary models of scientific explanation. I argue that analyses such as the one given in this dissertation can provide a framework for better understanding twentieth-century criticisms that argue that Aristotle’s concept of scientific explanation contained elements that are indispensable to genuine scientific explanations but that are missing from standard contemporary accounts such as Hempel’s covering law models. Finally, I conclude that my analysis of Galileo’s contributions to scientific explanation suggests that contemporary claims that covering law models should be more receptive to Aristotle’s ideas of causation and essence are misguided. / text

Yhis article addresses the issue about the differences between the old regulatory bodies and the current Civil Codes. t he author analyzes from the Medieval Period until the present to evidence the change and evolution that made the thinkers to apply the geometric method to Law and how to configure the rules in the Civil Law. Furthermore, it recognizes and analyzes the contributions of e uropean writers and thinkers that promoted the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, especially the work of the lawyer Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. / El presente artículo aborda la temática sobre las diferencias entre los cuerpos normativos antiguos y los Códigos Civiles actuales. El autor realiza un análisis desde la época Medieval hasta la actualidad para evidenciar el cambio y la evolución que hicieron los pensadores para aplicar el método geométrico al Derecho y la forma de configurar de las normas en el Civil Law. Asimismo, se reconoce y analiza los aportes de los escritores y pensadores europeos, que impulsaron la Revolución Científica del siglo XVII, en especial la obra del abogado Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-09T12:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luís Henrique São João Oliveira.pdf: 1510801 bytes, checksum: b262b2dceb3c580fff4d4039ab890cb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T12:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luís Henrique São João Oliveira.pdf: 1510801 bytes, checksum: b262b2dceb3c580fff4d4039ab890cb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation focuses on the idea of Scientific Revolution according to John Desmond Bernal (1901-1971), remarkable British scientist who started the studies about science based on Marxist concepts. The first chapter is about the existence of multiple possibilities for historical approaches about the Scientific Revolution, as well as the concepts Bernal came up with and how it is stablished within his own time, the 1950’s and 1960’s. The second chapter focuses on the production of Bernal’s theory, his view of science in a time when the discussions about which role should the State play in the society, and the social responsibilities of the institutions. It also discusses Bernal’s perspectives and role at that historical moment, from his defense of the Soviet Union as the ideal social model for the development of science and Marxism as a way to understand science itself. It is also about how his beliefs brought up a great debate with intellectuals and scientists of that time with many divergent political beliefs concerning the role science should play, and from which standpoint it should be put into practice. The third chapter is about the concept of Scientific Revolution found in Science in History and how it is connected to the ideas of production according to Marx’s theory. The first part of this chapter analyses the importance Bernal gives to Marx’s idea of production to develop his own studies about history of science. The second part addresses the way Bernal tried to bring a new meaning to the Scientific Revolution, as a special moment in which the natural sciences are no longer determined just by social production, but also seen as a fundamental productive power to make social changes possible / Esta dissertação aborda a ideia de Revolução Cientifica no pensamento de John Desmond Bernal (1901-1971), destacado cientista britânico que desenvolveu estudos em história da ciência baseado em concepções marxistas. O primeiro capítulo mostra a existência de múltiplas possibilidades de abordagens historiográficas sobre a Revolução Cientifica, bem como a concepção que Bernal elaborou e como ela está estabelecida dentro das visões de sua época, os anos 1950 e 1960. O segundo capítulo focaliza a produção teórica de Bernal, sua visão sobre ciência num período em que as discussões sobre o papel que o Estado deveria cumprir na sociedade, bem como as responsabilidades sociais das instituições estavam na ordem do dia. Trata, também, de suas perspectivas e seu papel naquele momento histórico, desde a defesa de Bernal da União Soviética enquanto modelo social ideal para o desenvolvimento da ciência e o marxismo enquanto o método para compreender o fazer científico. Ainda, como suas posturas geraram um forte debate com intelectuais e cientistas de sua época com diversas posições políticas diferentes em relação ao papel que a ciência deveria cumprir e a partir de que princípios deveria ser estudada e posta em prática. O terceiro capítulo trata em maior detalhe sobre a concepção de Revolução Científica expressa na obra Ciência na História e suas relações com a ideia de produção na teoria de Marx. A primeira parte deste capítulo analisa a importância dada por Bernal à ideia de produção em Marx para desenvolver a seus estudos sobre história da ciência. A segunda parte aborda a tentativa de Bernal de trazer um novo significado à Revolução Científica, como um momento especial no qual as ciências naturais passam a não ser apenas determinadas pelos modos de produção social, mas passam a ser uma força produtiva fundamental que possibilitaria mudanças no campo social

The aim of this thesis is to defend a reading of Descartes' theory of sensory perception in which, against a widespread interpretation, the mind is not a passive receiver of inputs from the environment, but an active decoder of neural information that contributes to the representational content of ideas. I call this the 'mental activity thesis' and, in the overall picture, I identify it as one of the philosophical implications of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution. Within Descartes' dualism, to offer a theory of sensory perception amounts to describing the interplay between the natural world, the brain, and the mind. Given his mechanistic, micro-corpuscular conception of matter, Descartes developed detailed physiological descriptions of the interaction between external objects and the brain. He envisaged it as an isomorphic relation in which the characteristics of objects are transmitted through the nerves to the brain as patterns of geometrically reduced properties. This process is often read as culminating with the mind being passively affected by a corporeal isomorph. Descartes' doctrine becomes elusive in its mental phase, but the passivity reading, so I contend, remains inadequate. I argue for the mental activity thesis through four claims. First, I subscribe the known view that Descartes is concerned about a version of the mind-body problem that is not equivalent to the problem of substance interaction. It is rather a problem of dissimilarity between mental representations and mechanistic explanations. The question is how the qualitative character of sensory experiences can arise from the quantitative notions of physical science. As a way of emphasising the weight that the problem of dissimilarity has for Descartes' philosophical decisions, I show that it motivates a metaphysically interesting distinction between types of causes for the case of brain-mind interaction. Second, I defend the position that, despite not holding a perfectly unambiguous doctrine, Descartes' introduction of natural signs is the closest that he got to formulating a full-fledged theory of sensory perception. The appeal to natural signs has been normally deemed as metaphorical in the literature. I argue that, on the contrary, it is possible to reconstruct a causal story for brain-mind interaction along the lines of a semantic model based on Descartes' identification of neural events with natural signs. A causal-semantic model emerges as a charitable, plausible reading that reveals the mind as an active interpreter. Third, in light of the mental activity thesis, I read Descartes' late appeal to the innateness of all ideas (notably in the Comments on a Certain Broadsheet) as a strategy to account for a type of representational content needed for sensory ideas that, while produced by the mind, is different from that of his paradigmatic innate ideas. I assist Descartes in exploring how the category of innateness captures mental activity within a causal-semantic theory. Fourth, in the course of this argumentation, and for further support, I address the role of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities in Descartes' theory. I tackle a pervasive objection stemming from his alleged association of the perception of primary qualities with the intellect. By reassessing Descartes' views on mental activity, this interpretation aims at a lucid description of sensory perception that goes beyond the rigid rationalism that is often credited to him.

This thesis explores changes in experimental reporting during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. In particular, I examine and compare some of the works of Count Lorenzo Magalotti, namely the Saggi di Naturali Esperienza or Essays on Natural Experiments and the Relazione d'Inghilterra. In 1667, as secretary of the Accademia del Cimento – the Tuscan experimental academy founded in 1657 – Magalotti (1637-1712) authored the Saggi, a collection of experimental reports. These reports included extensive written descriptions of experiments along with dozens of engravings depicting the instruments custom-made for the experiments. Magalotti also served as ambassador and agent of the Tuscan court and in the same year he traveled to England to offer a copy of the Saggi to King Charles II. While in England, Magalotti corresponded extensively with Prince Leopold and with the future grand duke, Cosimo III, reporting his observations of the English court: descriptions of political, military, and intellectual life at the court of Charles II. Magalotti’s account of his experience was compiled as Relazione d'Inghilterra in 1669. My work shows that the Saggi and the Relazione, although different in their content, emerged from the same historical context. I argue that the way information was conceived and organized, whether it originated from experimental practices (Saggi) or diplomatic actions (Relazione), changed over the course of the seventeenth century. Experimental reporting, like political reporting, became parceled into small, discrete units suited for high rates of information exchange.

This work concerns a theatrical text upon an historical moment known as 'The Galileo Case'. This relevant episode of the history of science played a very central role in the context of the development of the ideas concerning the birth of both, the Classical Physics and the Telescopic Astronomy. In order to elaborate the theatrical piece we proceed to a confrontation among several reference frames provided by diversified authors like Geymonat (1997), Reston Jr (1995), Koyré (2009), Drake (1981), Banfi (1949), Santillana (1960), Redondi (1990), Shea (1973), among others. Concerning the organization and construction of a dramatic theatrical text, properly said, we follow the seminal works due to Ball (2011). With respect to the Didactic Theatrical Piece we follow the seminal works due to Bertolt Brecht (1967; 1978), to Koudela (1992; 2007; 2010) and to Steinweg (1992). The works of these last three authors constituted the theoretical foundation in order to construct the theatrical activity, properly said. The students which constituted the control group were invited to read the theatrical piece and after this reading they were invited to answer a formulary with selected questions about the content of the piece. The corresponding collected answers were analyzed and categorized in the light of the following criteria: (i) the real contribution of the activity for the construction of students' knowledge; (ii) the real changes with respect to their a priori conception of the nature of science. Starting from the analysis of the obtained results we conclude that the adopted pedagogical practice was well successful to provide important changes concerning a better conception on the nature of science by the students. Besides this, we also conclude that the dramatic theatrical piece represents a good possibility to providing the overcoming of distorted conceptions on the nature of science and for the study of epistemological questions emerging from the theme. / Nesta dissertação, construímos um Texto Teatral que aborda o momento histórico conhecido como O Caso Galileu. Este episódio desempenhou papel importantíssimo no desenvolvimento das ideias relacionadas ao nascimento de ambas, à Física Clássica e à Astronomia Telescópica, e, deste modo, teve grande relevância para a História da Ciência. Foram incorporados e confrontados no processo de elaboração da parte escrita da peça intitulada "A Matuta e O Caso Galileu" quadros conceituais teóricos sobre a vida e a obra do filósofo florentino como aqueles propiciados por Geymonat (1997), Reston Jr (1995), Koyré (2009), Drake (1981), Banfi (1949), Santillana (1960), Redondi (1990), Shea (1973), entre outros. No que concerne à formatação de um Texto Teatral dramático nos orientamos pelo trabalho seminal de Ball (2011). A Peça Didática de Bertolt Brecht (1967; 1978) e os trabalhos de Koudela (1992; 2007; 2010) e de Steinweg (1992) constituíram-se na fundamentação teórica propriamente dita da atividade teatral a ser realizada. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário com os estudantes após discutirem o Texto Teatral, e suas respostas foram categorizadas e analisadas verificando-se a contribuição da atividade na construção de conhecimentos relacionados ao tema em questão, assim como às mudanças de algumas de suas visões sobre a natureza do empreendimento científico. A partir das análises dos dados, essa prática pedagógica proporcionou mudanças, ainda que parciais, nas visões deformadas dos estudantes/atuantes acerca da natureza da Ciência como também propiciou uma compreensão mais adequada dos mesmos acerca das questões epistemológicas suscitadas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It was in the context of agricultural production and dismantling of this appropriation, by capitalist enterprises that emerged in the United States of America, the cooperative extension. This model, is been known like the model, which served as the basis for the rural extension in Brazil and was subsequently replaced to the model innovative diffusion, proposed by Everett M. Rogers that became the hegemonic paradigm of diffusion and innovations to the scientific community of the rural extension. It is also represented by the courses and postgraduate programs in rural extension. A scientific community, like the Thomas Kuhn s thoughts (2007), is characterized as: a group of practitioners from the same scientific specialty that contain characteristics, like the: an education that was similar and that led them to share the same literature and certainly similar techniques that will guide their work. This scientific community develops a considerable number of surveys each year. So that is the key to become very important the reasons of this study of systematize the research and dissertations published in the Postgraduate Program in Rural Extension at the UFSM PPGExR, in the last 35 years ago, with this purposes: To investigate, from analysis of dissertations, specifically under the rural extension optics in PPGExR the existence of elements that may characterize periods of a scientific revolution according the Thomas Kuhn s thoughts (2007). For this, we used a qualitative research approach. The sampling procedure used was intentional, selecting those dissertations containing in his title some of the work s words: extensionist rural, extension or technical assistance and rural extension - ATER. Were prepared four conceptual maps identified in each of four different time periods, last in the PPGExR. The following concepts shown that: in the period number I, the hegemony paradigm of diffusion of innovations or the normal science, in period number II, the emergence of anomalies so that the dominant paradigm can t answer, in the period number III, the extraordinary science, in which know the anomalies consciousness characterizing the paradigmatic moment of crisis, the discoveries are being raised and new concepts are incorporated in period number IV, the new concepts are incorporated and breaking with the paradigm of innovation diffusion in the emergence of a new paradigm for the rural extension of course, is the scientific revolution happening in rural extension. So, it is concluded that the scientific community's rural extension, represented by PPGExR passed through a process of scientific revolution at the same way described by Thomas Kuhn (2007) where the diffusion of innovations paradigm was abandoned by the scientific community and an emerging paradigm is rising. Although still immature to indicate imperatively the existence and dominance of the new paradigm, which can be seen from this discussion, is that this new paradigm has an orientation from the Agro-ecology, based on dialogue and a liberating education and can be a paradigm of sustainability. / Foi em um contexto de desarticulação da produção agropecuária e da apropriação dessa por empresas capitalistas que surgiu a extensão rural cooperativa nos Estados Unidos da América. Esse modelo, chamado clássico, serviu de base à extensão rural no Brasil e foi, posteriormente, substituído pelo modelo difusionista-inovador, proposto Everett M. Rogers, e que tornou hegemônico o paradigma de difusão de inovações para a comunidade científica da extensão rural. Essa comunidade científica é, também, representada pelos cursos e programas de pós-graduação em extensão rural. Uma comunidade científica, segundo Thomas Kuhn (2007) caracteriza-se como: um grupo de praticantes de uma mesma especialidade científica sendo que possuem algumas características, quais sejam: uma educação que foi semelhante e que fez com que partilhassem da mesma literatura e certamente de semelhantes técnicas que irão balizar seu trabalho. Essa comunidade científica desenvolve um número considerável de pesquisas, anualmente, e é nesse sentido que se torna importante a proposta desse estudo em sistematizar os trabalhos das dissertações de mestrado publicadas no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Extensão Rural PPGExR da UFSM, em um período temporal de 35 anos, com o objetivo de: investigar, a partir de análise das dissertações produzidas, especificamente sobre a temática de extensão rural, no PPGExR a existência de elementos que possam caracterizar períodos de uma revolução científica, na concepção de Thomas Kuhn (2007). Para tanto, foi utilizada uma abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa. O procedimento amostral adotado foi o intencional, selecionando-se aquelas dissertações que continham, no título do trabalho, os termos: extensão rural, extensionista ou assistência técnica e extensão rural ATER. Foram elaborados quatro mapas conceituais identificados em cada um dos quatro diferentes períodos pelos quais o PPGExR passou. Os conceitos contidos neles demonstraram o seguinte: no período I, a hegemonia do paradigma de difusão de inovações, ou seja, a ciência normal; no período II, o surgimento de anomalias as quais o paradigma dominante não consegue responder; no período III, a ciência extraordinária, em que é tomada consciência das anomalias, caracterizando o momento de crise paradigmática, as descobertas passam a ser levantadas e novos conceitos passam a ser incorporados; no período IV, os novos conceitos estão incorporados e a ruptura com o paradigma de difusão de inovações diante da emergência de um novo paradigma para a extensão rural é claro, está acontecendo a revolução científica na extensão rural. Assim, conclui-se que a comunidade científica da extensão rural, representada pelo PPGExR passou por um processo de revolução científica no sentido apontado por Thomas Kuhn (2007), em que o paradigma de difusão de inovações foi abandonado por ela e um paradigma emergente está se apresentando a essa comunidade científica. Embora seja ainda imaturo indicar imperativamente a existência e a hegemonia do novo paradigma, o que se pode perceber, a partir da discussão aqui colocada, é que esse novo paradigma possui uma orientação a partir da Agroecologia, alicerçado no diálogo e uma educação libertadora e pode ser um paradigma de sustentabilidade.

A presente Tese compreende uma análise de três componentes estreitamente relacionados do pensamento de Pierre Duhem (1861-1916), a saber, a historiografia da ciência, a filosofia da história e o método histórico. Na primeira parte, examinamos as relações essenciais estabelecidas entre o método histórico e a filosofia da história duhemianas. Na segunda, nossa atenção volta-se para o estudo de alguns aspectos da historiografia de nosso autor que têm sido negligenciados pela literatura secundária, em especial, a sua concepção das revoluções científicas. Acreditamos ser possível compor uma interpretação sintética que harmonize, sem incoerências, as afirmações que conduzem os comentadores a vê-lo como um continuísta estrito e, por outro lado, algumas passagens esquecidas que tendem a reforçar uma interpretação descontinuísta. / The present Thesis encompasses an analysis of three closely related components of Pierre Duhems thought, namely, the historiography of science, the philosophy of history and the historical method. In the first part, we examine the essential relationships established between the Duhemian historical method and his philosophy of history. In the second part, our attention turns to the study of some aspects of Duhems historiography that have been neglected by the secondary literature, particularly, the Duhemian conception of scientific revolutions. We believe that it is possible to compose a synthetic interpretation that harmonizes, without inconsistencies, on the one hand, the assertions of the French historian that led the commentators to see him as a strict continuist and, on the other hand, some other forgotten passages that tend to reinforce a discontinuist interpretation.

A presente Tese compreende uma análise de três componentes estreitamente relacionados do pensamento de Pierre Duhem (1861-1916), a saber, a historiografia da ciência, a filosofia da história e o método histórico. Na primeira parte, examinamos as relações essenciais estabelecidas entre o método histórico e a filosofia da história duhemianas. Na segunda, nossa atenção volta-se para o estudo de alguns aspectos da historiografia de nosso autor que têm sido negligenciados pela literatura secundária, em especial, a sua concepção das revoluções científicas. Acreditamos ser possível compor uma interpretação sintética que harmonize, sem incoerências, as afirmações que conduzem os comentadores a vê-lo como um continuísta estrito e, por outro lado, algumas passagens esquecidas que tendem a reforçar uma interpretação descontinuísta. / The present Thesis encompasses an analysis of three closely related components of Pierre Duhems thought, namely, the historiography of science, the philosophy of history and the historical method. In the first part, we examine the essential relationships established between the Duhemian historical method and his philosophy of history. In the second part, our attention turns to the study of some aspects of Duhems historiography that have been neglected by the secondary literature, particularly, the Duhemian conception of scientific revolutions. We believe that it is possible to compose a synthetic interpretation that harmonizes, without inconsistencies, on the one hand, the assertions of the French historian that led the commentators to see him as a strict continuist and, on the other hand, some other forgotten passages that tend to reinforce a discontinuist interpretation.