Bacteria occupy a wide range of niches with many different types coexisting. They compete directly, with some capable of producing antibiotics that kill other members of the niche. Despite this, long term survival of these ecosystems is possible. Here, we consider a lattice-based three-component system with antibiotic producers, non-producers (or cheaters), and susceptible cells competing. In our system, there is a metabolic cost tied to production rate, resulting in a decrease in growth rate for the producers. Non-producers behave as cheaters that gain the benefit of an antibiotic without the cost of producing it themselves. The susceptible cells are a faster growing different species. The model behaves in a fashion similar to the game “rock-paper-scissors", because producers beat susceptible cells, non-producers beat producers, and susceptible cells beat non-producers. We consider two spatial lattice models, one in which there is a nearest neighbour interaction between cells, and one in which the long-range diffusion of the antibiotic is explicitly included. We consider the parameter space in which the three cell types can coexist (taking into account cost and production rate), and determine the regions in which production rate is too high or too low to allow coexistence. We determine that antibiotic producers will evolve to an optimal production rate and that low-rate producers can outcompete complete cheaters (non-producers). We finally illustrate that the introduction of a fourth “resistant” cell type allows the system to survive with four members for some parameters. In other cases, addition of the resistant cells causes the extinction of the producers, which eventually favours the susceptible cells. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / We looked at computational models of bacterial interaction involving producers, non-producers, and susceptible cell types that interacted in a manner similar to the game “rock-paper-scissors”. We determined that the system is stable for the long term for a given set of parameters, otherwise susceptible cells win as not enough antibiotic is being produced, or too much is being produced, significantly inhibiting the growth of producers. Moreover, we found that these systems can evolve, tending towards one production rate, in order to better allow the system to survive. Non-producers also evolve, tending to low production rates instead. These results have implications in understanding bacteria that cannot be cultured and perhaps aiding in the discovery of novel antibiotics.

Les gaz atomiques dégénérés représentent des systèmes modèles pour étudier la superfluidité. Ils offrent la possibilité d'explorer la physique en dimensions restreintes, profondémentdifférente par rapport au cas tridimensionnel. Nous disposons d'un gaz de Bose bidimensionnel dégénéré confiné dans un potentiel très anisotrope et dont on peut changer la géométrie dynamiquement. Une déformation contrôlée du piège permet d'exciter les modes collectifs du gaz. Nous avons fait d'abord une analyse en composantes principales du gaz, et nous avons montré que ces dernières coïncident avec les modes de Bogoliubov. Nous avons ensuite effectué une étude détaillée du mode ciseaux, dont nous nous servons pour sonder le caractère superfluide du gaz, en développant une nouvelle technique d'analyse, appelée "analyse de la moyenne locale". Enfin nous avons réalisé un piège en anneau, obtenu à l'intersection d'un piège en forme de bulle et du potentiel optique d'un faisceau qui présente un noeud d'intensité au centre, la "double nappe", et nous proposons différentes protocoles de mise en rotation des atomes dans l'anneau. / Degenerate atomic gases can be a versatile tool to study superfluidity. They also offer the possibility to explore the low-dimensions physics, which is deeply different from the three dimensional case. We prepare a degenerate Bose gas in a very anisotropic trap, dynamically adjustable. A controlled deformation of the trapping potential can excite the collective modes of the trapped cloud. First we perform a « principal components analysis » of the gas and we show that the principal components coincide with the Bogoliubov modes. We then restrain our analysis on the scissors mode, which we use to probe superfluidity of the sample, by introducing a new analysis technique, called « local average analysis ». Finally I will report on the realization of a ring trap, obtained by superposing a double sheet light beam to a bubble trap, and describe the different possibilities we planned to set atoms into rotation.

This thesis studies the strain response of mastic asphalt to arbitrary tension, arbitrary compression, alternating tension/compression, loading, zigzag loading and sinusoidal loading. In order to model the strain response to different loading histories, the scissors model is employed. Matlab modules are developed that are able to predict strain response not only for creep loading but also for other types of non constant stress loading such as zigzag loading and sinusoidal loading. In addition, another phenomological model, i.e. the viscoelastoplastic continuum damage model, is summarized and discussed in detail with respect to its applicability for the available data set.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar, através de medidas de Ressonância Fluorescente Nuclear (RFN) para o núcelo deformado de 153Eu, a intensidade integrada de ressonâncias localizadas de dipolo associadas a modos de movimento como o modo tesoura Ml (ressonâncias anãs). Foi utilizado o feixe de elétrons do acelerador Dynamitron da Universidade de Stuttgart (Eo = 4,3 MeV) e detetores de Ge(HP) e Ge(Li) de alta resolução para a obtenção de informações detalhadas acerca das energias de excitação, larguras de decaimento, probabilidades de transição e razões de ramificação. Os resultados obtidos para o 153Eu são comparados com os obtidos recentemente para seus vizinhos ímpares (161,163Dy, 155,157Gd e 159Tb) e com as previsões do Modelo de Bósons e Férmions Interagentes (MBFI). Enquanto os isótopos ímpares de Dy apresentam uma certa concentração de intensidade de dipolo ao redor de 3MeV, os isótopos ímpares de Gd apresentam uma extrema fragmentação de intensidade de dipolo (25 transições para o 155Gd e 90 transições para o 157Gd), na faixa de energia de 2-4 MeV. O núcleo de 153Eu quando comparado aos isótopos ímpares de Dy, Gd e Tb, apresenta uma pequena fragmentação, com baixa intensidade de dipolo. Em geral, a intensidade de dipolo total em núcleos ímpares é menor (por um fator 2-3), quando comparada com seus vizinhos pares. Esta diferença de intensidade entre os isótopos ímpares de Eu, Dy, Gd e Tb é inexplicável até agora. / The aim of this work was to perform Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) measurements for the 153Eu deformed nucleus associated to Ml scissors mode. Using the bremsstrahlung photon beam of the Stuttgart Dynamitron (endpoint energy 4.3 MeV) and high resolution Ge spectrometers, detailed information was obtained on excitation energies, decay widths, transition probabilities, and branching ratios. The results are compared to those observed recently for the neighboring odd nuclei 161,163Dy, 155,157Gd and 159Tb and with the Interacting Boson Fermion Model (IBFM). Whereas in the odd Dy isotopes the dipole strength is rather concentrated, both Gd isotopes show a strong fragmentation of the strength into about 25 (155Gd) and 90 transitions (157Gd) in the energy range 2-4 MeV. The nucleus 153Eu as compared to these odd Dy, Gd and Tb isotopes exhibits a small fragmentation with low strength. In general the observed total strength in the odd nuclei is reduced by a factor of 2-3 as compared to their neighboring even-even isotopes. The different fragmentation behavior of the dipole strengths in the odd Dy, Gd, Tb and Eu isotopes is unexplained up to now.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar, através de medidas de Ressonância Fluorescente Nuclear (RFN) para o núcelo deformado de 153Eu, a intensidade integrada de ressonâncias localizadas de dipolo associadas a modos de movimento como o modo tesoura Ml (ressonâncias anãs). Foi utilizado o feixe de elétrons do acelerador Dynamitron da Universidade de Stuttgart (Eo = 4,3 MeV) e detetores de Ge(HP) e Ge(Li) de alta resolução para a obtenção de informações detalhadas acerca das energias de excitação, larguras de decaimento, probabilidades de transição e razões de ramificação. Os resultados obtidos para o 153Eu são comparados com os obtidos recentemente para seus vizinhos ímpares (161,163Dy, 155,157Gd e 159Tb) e com as previsões do Modelo de Bósons e Férmions Interagentes (MBFI). Enquanto os isótopos ímpares de Dy apresentam uma certa concentração de intensidade de dipolo ao redor de 3MeV, os isótopos ímpares de Gd apresentam uma extrema fragmentação de intensidade de dipolo (25 transições para o 155Gd e 90 transições para o 157Gd), na faixa de energia de 2-4 MeV. O núcleo de 153Eu quando comparado aos isótopos ímpares de Dy, Gd e Tb, apresenta uma pequena fragmentação, com baixa intensidade de dipolo. Em geral, a intensidade de dipolo total em núcleos ímpares é menor (por um fator 2-3), quando comparada com seus vizinhos pares. Esta diferença de intensidade entre os isótopos ímpares de Eu, Dy, Gd e Tb é inexplicável até agora. / The aim of this work was to perform Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) measurements for the 153Eu deformed nucleus associated to Ml scissors mode. Using the bremsstrahlung photon beam of the Stuttgart Dynamitron (endpoint energy 4.3 MeV) and high resolution Ge spectrometers, detailed information was obtained on excitation energies, decay widths, transition probabilities, and branching ratios. The results are compared to those observed recently for the neighboring odd nuclei 161,163Dy, 155,157Gd and 159Tb and with the Interacting Boson Fermion Model (IBFM). Whereas in the odd Dy isotopes the dipole strength is rather concentrated, both Gd isotopes show a strong fragmentation of the strength into about 25 (155Gd) and 90 transitions (157Gd) in the energy range 2-4 MeV. The nucleus 153Eu as compared to these odd Dy, Gd and Tb isotopes exhibits a small fragmentation with low strength. In general the observed total strength in the odd nuclei is reduced by a factor of 2-3 as compared to their neighboring even-even isotopes. The different fragmentation behavior of the dipole strengths in the odd Dy, Gd, Tb and Eu isotopes is unexplained up to now.

Syftet med detta utvecklingsarbete var att utveckla en lärarahandledning som stöd i teknik riktat till pedagoger i förskolan. Den skullle ge barnen en möjlighet till att skapa ett intresse för teknik. Lärarhandledningen riktar sig till pedagoger som arbetar med barn i åldrarna 3-6 och innehåller frågor om tekniken i vardagen som kan ställas av två mjukbjörnar, Nelli och Nalle. Utifrån dessa frågor så framställdes konkreta bygg- och konstruktionsuppdrag till varje enskild fråga. I handledningen så beskrivs det på vilket sätt pedagogerna kan arbeta med frågorna. Handledningen har utvärderats av fyra förskollärare och fick mycket positiv respons. / The aim of this development work was to develop a teacher´s guide to assist in technology aimed at educators in preschool. It would give the kids an opportunity to create an interest in the technology. Teacher´s Guide is aimed at educators that works with children ages 3-6 and includes questions about the technology of every day life that can be aked of two softbears, Nelli and Nalle. From these questions then prepared an constuction and constuction tasks to each individual question. The Guide describes the way in which teahers can work with technology in every day life. The tutorial has been evalueted in four preschool theacher´s and got a very positive respons.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal presentar una colección de alta costura, el cual aborda el tema de estudio La danza de tijeras: ritual andino. La investigación ha desarrollado varios aspectos relacionados a la danza de tijeras, tales como el origen y sus características. Asimismo, se han descrito las características del mundo andino y su vinculación con los rituales de la danza de tijeras. Luego, se realizó la justificación, el desarrollo de los objetivos y el estado del arte. En este último, se ha entrevistado a investigadores y artistas para consolidar la información obtenida que a su vez han contribuido al desarrollo del trabajo en las definiciones y datos. Además, en base a la teorización del tema se ha diseñado un proceso visual con moodboards, el desarrollo de prototipos de estructuras y de antecedentes de diseño. Finalmente, inspirado en los moodboards se realizó un collage y los bocetos de la colección en la indumentaria con la descripción del usuario propuesto. Los resultados evidencian una relación entre los elementos que componen al danzante en el proceso creativo y la elaboración en cada indumento propuesto. / The main objective of this research work is to present a collection of haute couture, which it addresses the subject of study The dance of scissors: andean ritual. In the first place, the research has developed several aspects related to the scissors dance, such as the origin and its characteristics. Likewise, the characteristics of the Andean world and its link with the rituals of the scissor dance have been described. Then, the justification, the development of the objectives and the state of the art were carried out. In the latter, researchers and artists have been interviewed to consolidate the information obtained, which in turn have contributed to the development of the work on definitions and data. Moreover, based on the theorization of the subject, a visual process has been designed with moodboards, the development of prototypes of structures and of design backgrounds. Finally, inspired by the moodboards, a collage and sketches of the collection were made on the clothing with the description of the proposed user. The results show a relationship between the elements that make up the dancer in the creative process and the elaboration in each proposed outfit. / Trabajo de investigación

Evolutionary game theory originated from the application of mathematical game theory to biological studies. Well-known examples in evolutionary game theory are the prisoner's dilemma, predator-prey models, the rock-paper-scissors game, etc. Recently, such well-known models have attracted increased interest in population dynamics to understand the emergence of biodiversity and species coexistence. Meanwhile, it has been realized that techniques from statistical physics can aid us to gain novel insights into this interdisciplinary field. In our research, we mainly employ individual-based Monte Carlo simulations to study emerging spatio-temporal patterns, spatial correlations, and the influence of quenched spatial disorder in rock-paper-scissors systems either with or without conserved total population number. In balanced rock-paper-scissors systems far away from the ``corner'' of configuration space, it is shown that quenched spatial disorder in the reaction rates has only minor effects on the co-evolutionary dynamics. However, in model variants with strongly asymmetric rates (i.e., ``corner'' rock-paper-scissors systems), we find that spatial rate variability can greatly enhance the fitness of both minor species in``corner'' systems, a phenomenon already observed in two-species Lotka-Volterra predator-prey models. Moreover, we numerically study the influence of either pure hopping processes or exchange processes on the emergence of spiral patterns in spatial rock-paper-scissors systems without conservation law (i.e., May-Leonard model). We also observe distinct extinction features for small spatial May-Leonard systems when the mobility rate crosses the critical threshold which separates the active coexistence state from an inactive absorbing state. In addition, through Monte Carlo simulation on a heterogeneous interacting agents model, we investigate the universal scaling properties in financial markets such as the fat-tail distributions in return and trading volume, the volatility clustering, and the long-range correlation in volatility. It is demonstrated that the long-tail feature in trading volume distribution results in the fat-tail distribution of asset return, and furthermore it is shown that the long tail in trading volume distribution is caused by the heterogeneity in traders' sensitivities to market risk. / Ph. D.

Essa dissertação analisa a construção da história e da memória da Fábrica de Ferro de São João de Ipanema, na região de Sorocaba, a partir do referencial teórico de R.G. Collingwood, o qual formulou a conhecida história de cola e tesoura, com o intuito de questionar escritas da história ou práticas historiográficas em que seus autores apenas trabalham de maneira acrítica com relatos já produzidos, recortados de fontes disponíveis ao pesquisador e selecionados a partir de operações de lógica formal: informações recorrentes no mesmo sentido são colados no texto e as informações discordantes são selecionadas, descartando-se a supostamente errada ou inexata. Além disso, também se usou a distinção entre memória, memória coletiva, história e esquecimento, presentes, sobretudo, nos trabalhos de Maurice Halbwachs Paul Ricoeur, bem como as noções de progresso e da historia magistra vitae, que aparecem sobretudo nos relatos produzidos no século XX. Esta Fábrica, que foi uma dos primeiros empreendimentos industriais do Brasil, cuja origem remonta ao século XVI, despertou o interesse de várias personalidades, como Pedro Taques, Martim Francisco, José Bonifácio, Vergueiro, Varnhagen e Calógeras, entre outros que escreveram sobre esse estabelecimento por diversas razões, em especial, para sustentar-se o pioneirismo de Ipanema em face de outras fábricas existentes em Minas Gerais, destacando, ademais, a intriga entre o primeiro diretor, o sueco Carl Gustav Hedberg e seu sucessor, Frederico Luis Guilherme Varnhagen. No século XX, esses relatos buscavam analisar os malogros da siderurgia nacional até a década de 1970, na intenção de obterem-se lições do passado. / This dissertation examines the construction of history and memory of the Fabrica de Ferro de São João de Ipanema, in Sorocaba, from the RG Collingwoods approach, who created the wellknown concept of scissors-and-paste\" history, in order to criticize historical writings or historiographical practices in which their authors work uncritically with produced reports, getting them from available sources to the researcher and selected from formal logic operations: similar information remain in the text and conflicting information are selected, discarding the supposedly wrong or inaccurate ones. A distintion among memory, collective memory, history and forgetting was made, present mainly in the work of Maurice Halbwachs Paul Ricoeur, and the concepts of progress and history magistra vitae, which appear mainly in the reports produced in the 20th Century. This plant, which was one of the first industrial activities in Brazil, whose origin was in the 16th Century, was object of interest of several people, like Peter Taques, Martim Francisco, Jose Bonifacio, Vergueiro, Varnhagen and Calógeras, among others who wrote about Ipanema for various reasons, in particular, to stress the pioneering of Ipanema in the face of other plants in Minas Gerais, noting, moreover, the conspiracy between the first Ipanemas Director, the Swedish Carl Gustav Hedberg and his successor, the German Frederico Luis Guilherme Varnhagen. In the 20th Century, these reports sought to examine the failures of the national steel industry until the 1970s, in order to get to lessons of the past.

Essa dissertação analisa a construção da história e da memória da Fábrica de Ferro de São João de Ipanema, na região de Sorocaba, a partir do referencial teórico de R.G. Collingwood, o qual formulou a conhecida história de cola e tesoura, com o intuito de questionar escritas da história ou práticas historiográficas em que seus autores apenas trabalham de maneira acrítica com relatos já produzidos, recortados de fontes disponíveis ao pesquisador e selecionados a partir de operações de lógica formal: informações recorrentes no mesmo sentido são colados no texto e as informações discordantes são selecionadas, descartando-se a supostamente errada ou inexata. Além disso, também se usou a distinção entre memória, memória coletiva, história e esquecimento, presentes, sobretudo, nos trabalhos de Maurice Halbwachs Paul Ricoeur, bem como as noções de progresso e da historia magistra vitae, que aparecem sobretudo nos relatos produzidos no século XX. Esta Fábrica, que foi uma dos primeiros empreendimentos industriais do Brasil, cuja origem remonta ao século XVI, despertou o interesse de várias personalidades, como Pedro Taques, Martim Francisco, José Bonifácio, Vergueiro, Varnhagen e Calógeras, entre outros que escreveram sobre esse estabelecimento por diversas razões, em especial, para sustentar-se o pioneirismo de Ipanema em face de outras fábricas existentes em Minas Gerais, destacando, ademais, a intriga entre o primeiro diretor, o sueco Carl Gustav Hedberg e seu sucessor, Frederico Luis Guilherme Varnhagen. No século XX, esses relatos buscavam analisar os malogros da siderurgia nacional até a década de 1970, na intenção de obterem-se lições do passado. / This dissertation examines the construction of history and memory of the Fabrica de Ferro de São João de Ipanema, in Sorocaba, from the RG Collingwoods approach, who created the wellknown concept of scissors-and-paste\" history, in order to criticize historical writings or historiographical practices in which their authors work uncritically with produced reports, getting them from available sources to the researcher and selected from formal logic operations: similar information remain in the text and conflicting information are selected, discarding the supposedly wrong or inaccurate ones. A distintion among memory, collective memory, history and forgetting was made, present mainly in the work of Maurice Halbwachs Paul Ricoeur, and the concepts of progress and history magistra vitae, which appear mainly in the reports produced in the 20th Century. This plant, which was one of the first industrial activities in Brazil, whose origin was in the 16th Century, was object of interest of several people, like Peter Taques, Martim Francisco, Jose Bonifacio, Vergueiro, Varnhagen and Calógeras, among others who wrote about Ipanema for various reasons, in particular, to stress the pioneering of Ipanema in the face of other plants in Minas Gerais, noting, moreover, the conspiracy between the first Ipanemas Director, the Swedish Carl Gustav Hedberg and his successor, the German Frederico Luis Guilherme Varnhagen. In the 20th Century, these reports sought to examine the failures of the national steel industry until the 1970s, in order to get to lessons of the past.