Industrial-organisational (I-O) Psychology is known for specialising in the study of human behaviour in the workplace (Van Vuuren, 2010). It is clear that the problems associated with individuals in the workplace form the basis for the existence of I-O psychology. Veldsman (2001) stated that it is imperative to reflect upon the future of I-O psychology and that I-O psychology must be repositioned in future. Therefore, it is emphasised that additional roles should be elicited for I-O psychologists in South Africa (Barnard & Fourie, 2007). Moalusi (2001) has recognised the need for I-O psychologists to reposition themselves in future by focusing on significant workplace issues. Upon further investigation it should be noted that many factors that exert an influence upon workplace behaviour do not necessarily derive from the workplace. These factors, such as family responsibilities, cultural influences and traumatic events, suggest that the sphere of influence of the I-O psychologists stretches far beyond the physical borders of the workplace (Landy & Conte, 2004; Van Vuuren, 2010). According to Strümpfer (2007), it is the I-O psychologist who is concerned with the deep-rooted problems of individuals. The objective of the study was therefore to critically review the role I-O psychologists play as counsellors, and to determine whether counselling should form part of the I-O psychologist’ scope of practice. A qualitative research design was utilised in the study following a phenomenology strategy. Convenience and snowball sampling were used to identify (n=22) I-O psychologists across the Gauteng and North West provinces. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, where the participants were asked to reflect upon seven interview questions which were later transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis. Nine themes were extracted from the data, namely, the meaning of counselling, counselling situations that I-O psychologists face, counselling skills required by I-O psychologists, characteristics displayed by I-O psychologist during counselling, counsellor competencies required of I-O psychologists, post graduate counselling training received by I-O psychologists, additional counselling training received by I-O psychologists, recommendations made for future training of I-O psychology students and lastly the inclusion of counselling in the scope of practice From the results it was clear the I-O psychologists are familiar with the meaning of counselling and that they are faced with a diverse range of counselling situations requiring a unique set of skills and competencies. Participants had divergent experience and opinions with regard to the training received in preparation of their role as counsellor. In relation to their training participants made recommendations for the future training of I-O psychologists. Finally, participants mentioned that it would be in their best interest if counselling is formally included in the scope of practice of the I-O psychologists. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Industrial-organisational (I-O) Psychology is known for specialising in the study of human behaviour in the workplace (Van Vuuren, 2010). It is clear that the problems associated with individuals in the workplace form the basis for the existence of I-O psychology. Veldsman (2001) stated that it is imperative to reflect upon the future of I-O psychology and that I-O psychology must be repositioned in future. Therefore, it is emphasised that additional roles should be elicited for I-O psychologists in South Africa (Barnard & Fourie, 2007). Moalusi (2001) has recognised the need for I-O psychologists to reposition themselves in future by focusing on significant workplace issues. Upon further investigation it should be noted that many factors that exert an influence upon workplace behaviour do not necessarily derive from the workplace. These factors, such as family responsibilities, cultural influences and traumatic events, suggest that the sphere of influence of the I-O psychologists stretches far beyond the physical borders of the workplace (Landy & Conte, 2004; Van Vuuren, 2010). According to Strümpfer (2007), it is the I-O psychologist who is concerned with the deep-rooted problems of individuals. The objective of the study was therefore to critically review the role I-O psychologists play as counsellors, and to determine whether counselling should form part of the I-O psychologist’ scope of practice. A qualitative research design was utilised in the study following a phenomenology strategy. Convenience and snowball sampling were used to identify (n=22) I-O psychologists across the Gauteng and North West provinces. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, where the participants were asked to reflect upon seven interview questions which were later transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis. Nine themes were extracted from the data, namely, the meaning of counselling, counselling situations that I-O psychologists face, counselling skills required by I-O psychologists, characteristics displayed by I-O psychologist during counselling, counsellor competencies required of I-O psychologists, post graduate counselling training received by I-O psychologists, additional counselling training received by I-O psychologists, recommendations made for future training of I-O psychology students and lastly the inclusion of counselling in the scope of practice From the results it was clear the I-O psychologists are familiar with the meaning of counselling and that they are faced with a diverse range of counselling situations requiring a unique set of skills and competencies. Participants had divergent experience and opinions with regard to the training received in preparation of their role as counsellor. In relation to their training participants made recommendations for the future training of I-O psychologists. Finally, participants mentioned that it would be in their best interest if counselling is formally included in the scope of practice of the I-O psychologists. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Le système de santé actuel fait face à une augmentation du vieillissement et des maladies chroniques. Les professionnels de la santé doivent prodiguer des soins de plus en plus complexes. Il est ainsi nécessaire de disposer de personnel en quantité suffisante, utilisant toute l’étendue de leur pratique et opérant dans un environnement de travail favorable. Le but de cette étude est de décrire l’organisation des services (dotation, étendue de pratique et travail d’équipe) dans trois centres hospitaliers de réadaptation de la région de Montréal et d’examiner l’association entre l’organisation des services et la sécurité des patients. Un devis descriptif corrélationnel a été utilisé. En total, cinq unités de réadaptation ont participé à cette étude pour une période de 93 jours. L’unité d’analyse est le quart de travail pour un total de 1 395 quarts analysés. Cette étude originale indique que les unités de réadaptation examinées sont caractérisées par une dotation d’intensité modérée, un niveau relativement faible de soins manquants et une perception moyennement favorable du travail d’équipe. Une association directe et positive a été trouvée entre la sécurité des patients et l’intensité de la dotation, de la proportion d’infirmières bachelières et d’une façon inattendue, du personnel de la main d’œuvre indépendante. Par ailleurs, cette étude montre le rôle clé de la dotation en personnel (la quantité de ressources mesurée par le nombre d’heures de personnel par quart-patient et la composition de l’équipe mesurée par la prédominance d’infirmières bachelières par quart) dans la réduction du risque de survenue d’événements indésirables. / The current healthcare system is experiencing a growth of the aging population and the complexity of chronic diseases. Healthcare professionals must provide increasingly complex care. Therefore, it is necessary to have enough staff, using the full scope of their practice and operating in a favorable working environment. The aim of this study is to describe the organization of nursing services (staffing, scope of practice and teamwork) in three rehabilitation hospitals in the Montreal region and the association between the organization of services and patient safety. A correlational descriptive study was conducted. In total, five rehabilitation units participated in this study for a period of 93 days. The unit of analysis was the working shift for a total of 1 395 shifts analyzed. This original study indicates that the rehabilitation units examined are characterized by a moderate staffing intensity, a moderate favorable perception of teamwork score and a relatively low score of missed care. A positive and direct association was found between the staffing intensity, the proportion of nurses with bachelor’s degrees, and unexpectedly the proportion of agency staff and patient outcomes. It indicated the key role of the staffing (the quantity of resources measured by the staff hours per patient shift, and the team composition measured by the predominance of bachelor nurses per shift) in reducing the risk of occurrence of adverse events in rehabilitation.

Since the 1970s there has been a rising trend in South Africa for legal professionals to use the services of psychologists in legal proceedings. Psychologists have therefore increasingly started to appear as expert witnesses in court cases. Despite this, the field of forensic psychology in South Africa has yet to be defined and delineated. Currently there are no set guidelines or regulations regarding who is qualified to do forensic work, and no standards against which this work can be measured. Psychology in the courtroom has begun to receive a notorious reputation as a result of this. The Professional Board for Psychology (PBP) of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is investigating the creation of a new category of registration, that of Forensic Psychologist, partly in an effort to manage and address this problem. However, to date little, if any, research has been conducted on the scope of the work presented to the courts by psychologists appearing as expert witnesses. This research aimed to address this gap by analysing a sample of forensic psychological reports. The following aspects were investigated: <ul><li>Who (category or registration, length of registration, etc.) is doing sentencing reports;</li> <li>How (interviews, collateral information, psychometric tests, etc.) these reports are compiled; and</li> <li>Whether these reports measure up to professional expectations as well as adhere to the guidelines of the HPCSA.</li></ul> It is clear from the results of this research that some of the psychologists doing forensic assessments and writing reports do so in an idiosyncratic way. Besides the fact that no uniformity exists, forensic work is sometimes done by psychologists who are not qualified to do so in terms of their registration category and thus their scope of practice. The reports analysed did not always measure up to guidelines or professional standards from abroad (in lieu of local standards or guidelines for reports) and/or transgressions were made in terms of HPCSA policies and guidelines. This situation is understandable in the light of two shortfalls in this field, namely training and regulation. The following recommendations can be made on the basis of this study: <ul><li>That psychologists who are adequately trained and have the proven experience in forensic work, be accredited by the PBP;</li> <li>That guidelines and standards for forensic work be drawn up by the PBP; in addition, that more complete ethical guidelines than those contained in chapter 7 of the PBP’s Rules of Conduct Pertaining Specifically to Psychology also be drawn up;</li> <li>That adequate training at MA level in basic forensic issues be made compulsory, with the option of advanced training for those wishing to specialise in the field; and</li> <li>That lawyers be trained in basic concepts of psychology so as to allow for better selection of an appropriate psychologist to assist them and also to assure effective cross-examination regarding psychological issues in court.</li></ul> If these recommendations were implemented, they could aid in regulating the field, thus producing forensic work of a consistently high quality. This will hopefully help to narrow the gap between the expected and actual interaction between law and psychology. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

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Dans les dernières décennies, les taux de vaccination dans les différentes provinces canadiennes n’atteignent pas les objectifs fixés et stagnent. La pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en lumière la nécessité d’impliquer de nouveaux partenaires tels que les pharmaciens communautaires et de mieux rejoindre les « populations vulnérables ». Les pharmaciens québécois ont récemment acquis le droit de prescrire et d’injecter les différents vaccins du Programme québécois d’immunisation. La vaccination s’ajoute aux diverses responsabilités du pharmacien et les facilitateurs et les barrières qui influencent les pratiques vaccinales sont méconnus. L’objectif général de ce mémoire est de comprendre comment les pharmaciens communautaires québécois conçoivent et ciblent les « populations vulnérables » à travers leurs activités de vaccination. Nous avons d’abord réalisé une revue de littérature basée sur la méthodologie d’une étude de portée afin de décrire les populations visées par les diverses stratégies promotionnelles en pharmacie communautaire. Cette revue nous a permis de constater l’utilisation prédominante de critères biomédicaux et liés à l’âge pour cibler les clientèles vulnérables ainsi que la sous-utilisation de critères de vulnérabilité liés aux déterminants sociaux de la maladie. Par la suite, nous avons réalisé une série d’entretiens semi-structurés (n=14) auprès d’acteurs clé en vaccination afin de comprendre comment les pharmaciens collaborent avec le réseau public de la santé pour vacciner les « populations vulnérables ». Malgré un grand intérêt pour la vaccination, plusieurs obstacles au niveau de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, de la formation et de la connaissance des couvertures vaccinales locales ont été recensés. La pandémie de COVID-19 a accéléré l’émergence de collaborations entre le pharmacien et la santé publique. Toutefois, une meilleure intégration des pharmaciens dans les comités décisionnels et la clarification de leur rôle permettrait un meilleur alignement des pratiques en pharmacie avec les objectifs vaccinaux de la santé publique. / In recent decades, vaccination rates in the different Canadian provinces have not reached the established objectives and are stagnant. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to involve new partners such as community pharmacists and to better reach ‘‘vulnerable populations’’. Quebec pharmacists have recently acquired the right to prescribe and inject the vaccines of the Quebec Immunization Program (PQI), which brings a promising solution to increase vaccination coverage. Vaccination is added to the various responsibilities of the pharmacist and little is known about the facilitators and barriers that influence vaccination practices. The general objective of this thesis is to understand how Quebec community pharmacists view and target ‘‘vulnerable populations’’ through their vaccination activities. First, we conducted a scoping review that described the populations addressed in community pharmacy promotional strategies. This review showed a predominant use of biomedical and age-related criteria to target vulnerable clienteles as well as the under-use of vulnerability criteria related to the social determinants of the disease. We then conducted a series of qualitative interviews (n=14) to understand how pharmacists collaborate with the public health network in the vaccination of ‘‘vulnerable populations’’. Despite great interest in vaccination, several irritants in regard to the supply chain, training and knowledge of local vaccination coverage have been identified. The COVID-19 pandemic has thus accelerated the emergence of collaborations between pharmacists and public health. However, better integration of pharmacists in decision-making committees and clarification of their role would allow a better alignment of pharmacy practices with public health vaccination objectives.

D’après les données démographiques mondiales, la population est vieillissante et la complexité des problèmes de santé et la demande en soins de gériatrie ne cessent d’augmenter. Au Québec, on estime que 3 % des personnes âgées en perte d’autonomie vivent en centres d’hébergement de soins de longue durée (CHSLD). Les problèmes de santé complexes des résidents en soins de longue durée sont connus et en progression. En effet, 66 % des personnes hébergées sont atteintes de comorbidité, donc d’au moins trois problèmes de santé chronique. Il est donc urgent d’adapter les soins et les services offerts aux besoins spécifiques des résidents pour assurer une prestation de soins de qualité et sécuritaire. En 2018, le ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) et l’Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec (OIIQ) ont émis des recommandations aux CHSLD pour l’optimisation de la pratique des infirmières. Or, pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques des résidents en CHSLD, les infirmières doivent être en mesure de déployer pleinement leur étendue de pratique. Les études disponibles dans la littérature scientifique sur ce sujet, ont jusqu’à maintenant surtout exploré l’étendue de la pratique des infirmières en milieu hospitalier plutôt qu’en CHSLD. Les résultats de ces études révèlent que l’infirmière n’applique que partiellement les connaissances issues de sa formation et de son expérience, et ce, dans divers milieux de soins. À notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a mesuré la pratique des infirmières en CHSLD. La présente étude a donc pour objectif de décrire l’étendue de la pratique des infirmières œuvrant en CHSLD, à l’aide du questionnaire de l’étendue de la pratique (QÉPI), et d’analyser s’il existe une association avec le niveau de formation, soit collégial ou universitaire. Pour réaliser cette étude un devis corrélationnel descriptif a été retenu. Des infirmières (n = 93) d’un centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux (CISSS) du Québec ont participé à une enquête sous forme de questionnaire en ligne. Les résultats exposent une étendue effective de la pratique des infirmières œuvrant au CISSS de 4,58/6 (ÉT = 0,74), donc supérieure à celle d’autres études conduites avec le QÉPI au Québec. L’analyse des résultats n’a pas permis de conclure à une corrélation entre le niveau de formation collégial ou universitaire et l’étendue effective des infirmières œuvrant en CHSLD. Cette étude est la première à avoir décrit et analysé l’étendue effective de la pratique des infirmières à l’aide du QÉPI en CHSLD. D’autres études seront donc nécessaires pour en savoir davantage sur l’étendue de la pratique dans ce milieu. / According to world demographics, the population is aging and the complexity of health problems and the demand for geriatric care will continue to increase. In Quebec, it is estimated that 3% of elderly people with loss of autonomy are living in long-term care centres (CHSLDs). The complex health problems of long-term care residents are well known and are on the rise. In fact, 66% of the people housed are suffering from comorbidity, i.e., they have at least three chronic health problems. There is therefore an urgent need to adapt the care and services offered for the specific needs of residents in order to ensure safe and quality care. In 2018, the Ministry of Health and Social Services of Québec (MSSS) and the Order of Nurses of Quebec (OIIQ) issued recommendations to CHSLDs for the optimization of nursing practice. However, to meet the specific needs of CHSLD residents, nurses must be able to exercise their full scope of practice. To date, the studies available in the scientific literature on this subject have mainly explored the scope of nursing practice in hospitals rather than in CHSLDs. The results of these studies show that nurses only partially apply the knowledge gained from their education and experience in various care settings. To our knowledge, no study has measured the practice of nurses in CHSLDs. The purpose of this study is therefore to describe the scope of practice of nurses working in CHSLDs, using the scope of practice questionnaire (QÉPI), and to analyze whether there is an association with their level of education, either collegial or university. A descriptive correlational design was used for this study. Nurses (n = 93) from an integrated health and social services center (CISSS) in Quebec participated in the survey in the form of an online questionnaire. The results show an effective scope of practice of nurses working at the CISSS of 4,58/6 (SD = 0,74), which is greater than the results of other studies conducted with the QÉPI in hospital settings in Quebec. Analysis of the results did not allow us to conclude that there was a correlation between the level of collegial or university education and the effective scope of practice of nurses working in CHSLDs. This study is the first to have described and analyzed the effective scope of nursing practice in this setting using the QÉPI. Further studies will therefore be necessary in order to learn more about the scope of practice in a long term care environment.

Le déploiement optimal de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière, qui traduit la mise en œuvre du rôle professionnel, est essentiel à l’accessibilité, à la continuité, à la qualité ainsi qu’à la sécurité des soins, dont ceux dispensés aux enfants et à leur famille. Or, il semble que les infirmières éprouvent certaines difficultés à déployer pleinement leur étendue de pratique, ce qui pourrait également compromettre la satisfaction professionnelle, un enjeu majeur pour la rétention du personnel dans les organisations de soins de santé. Le but de cette étude est de mesurer l’étendue effective de la pratique d’infirmières en pédiatrie, ses déterminants et son influence sur la satisfaction professionnelle. Le cadre de référence, un modèle original développé dans cette thèse, prend appui sur la théorie des caractéristiques de l’emploi (Hackman & Oldham, 1974), le modèle tension-autonomie (Karasek, 1985), la théorie du rôle (Biddle, 1979) et les travaux de D’Amour et al. (2012) portant sur l’étendue de la pratique infirmière. Afin d’atteindre le but de cette étude, le modèle développé met en relation les caractéristiques du travail et les caractéristiques individuelles d’influence potentielle sur le déploiement de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière. Il présuppose également un lien entre l’étendue de la pratique infirmière et la satisfaction professionnelle. Un devis corrélationnel descriptif a été retenu pour cette étude. Une enquête par questionnaire auprès d’infirmières de cinq secteurs d’activités d’un centre hospitalier pédiatrique universitaire du Québec a été réalisée (N=301). Les associations entre les variables ont été examinées en utilisant des analyses bivariées, multivariées et un modèle d’équations structurelles. Les analyses effectuées révèlent une bonne concordance du modèle développé (ratio x²/dl= 1,68; RMSEA = ,049; CFI = ,985). Au total, le modèle explique 32,5 % de la variance de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière et 11,3% de la variance de la satisfaction professionnelle. Les résultats font état d’un déploiement non-optimal de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière (3,21/6; É.T.= ,707). Les variables significativement associées au déploiement de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière sont: la latitude décisionnelle (β = ,319; p <0,01), la surcharge de rôle (β = ,201; p <0,05), l’ambiguïté de rôle (β = ,297; p <0,05), le besoin de croissance individuelle de l’infirmière (β = ,151; p <0,05) et le niveau de formation (β = ,128; p <0,05). Il est également démontré que l’étendue de la pratique infirmière est associée positivement à la satisfaction professionnelle (β = ,118; p <0,01). Une description plus détaillée des résultats de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière en fonction du niveau de formation et du poste occupé met en lumière que les infirmières bachelières ont une étendue de pratique significativement plus élevée (3,35; É.T =,746) que les infirmières collégiales (3,12; É.T =,669). L’occupation d’un poste de clinicienne est aussi associée à une plus grande étendue de pratique infirmière. Précisément, les infirmières qui occupent un poste d’infirmière obtiennent un score de 3,13/6 (É.T =,664) alors que le score des infirmières qui occupent un poste de clinicienne s’élève à 3,48/6 (É.T =,798). Cette étude innove en présentant un modèle de référence qui a le potentiel de générer des connaissances importantes en sciences infirmières en lien avec le déploiement optimal de l’étendue de pratique infirmière. Prenant appui sur ce modèle novateur, les résultats révèlent les caractéristiques du travail sur lesquelles il y a urgence d’agir afin d’accroître le déploiement de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière et par le fait même la satisfaction professionnelle. / Optimal deployment of the scope of nursing practice, through which nurses’ professional role is expressed, is essential for ensuring accessibility, continuity, quality, and safety of care, including those provided to children and their families. Even so, it seems that nurses encounter certain difficulties when it comes to fully deploying their scope of practice. The impossibility of carrying out care activities that form part of the scope of nursing practice can also compromise job satisfaction, a major issue for healthcare organizations in terms of staff retention. The aim of this study is to measure the actual scope of nursing practice in pediatrics, its determinants, and its influence on professional satisfaction. The reference framework, an original model developed in this thesis, is based on job characteristics theory (Hackman & Oldham, 1974), the job demand-control model (Karasek, 1985), role theory (Biddle, 1979) and the work of D’Amour et al. (2012) on scope of nursing practice. To achieve the study objectives, the model developed here examines the relationships between job characteristics and individual characteristics that can potentially influence the deployment of scope of nursing practice. The model also proposes a link between scope of nursing practice and professional satisfaction, a distinct dimension of job satisfaction. A descriptive correlational design was used for this study. A survey was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire completed by nurses in five activity sectors of a pediatric university hospital (N = 301). Variability in both actual scope of nursing practice and professional satisfaction was explained using sequential multivariate regressions assuming an additive and moderating effect for individual characteristics. The potential mediating effect of scope of nursing practice between job characteristics and professional satisfaction was verified using structural equations modelling. The analyses reveal good fit for the model developed (x²/df ratio index = 1.68, RMSEA = .049, CFI = .985). Altogether, the model explains 32.5% of the variance for actual scope of practice and 11.3% of the variance for professional satisfaction. The results show non-optimal deployment of the scope of nursing practice (3.21/6; SD = .707). The analyses demonstrated the significant influence on actual scope of nursing practice of certain variables of the model: decision latitude (β = .319; p <0.01), role overload (β = .201; p <0.05), role ambiguity (β = .297; p <0.05), nurse growth need (β = .151; p <0.05) and education level (β = .128; p <0.05). They also showed that actual scope of nursing practice exerts a positive influence on professional satisfaction (β = .118; p <0.01). A more detailed examination of nurses’ actual scope of practice in relation to education level and position occupied showed the scope of practice for baccalaureate-educated nurses to be significantly higher than that of nurses with college diplomas, with scores of 3.35 (SD = .746) and 3.12 (SD = .669) respectively. Occupying a nurse clinician position also had a positive influence on actual scope of nursing practice. Specifically, the mean score for staff nurses was 3.13/6 (SD = .664), while that for nurse clinicians was higher, at 3.48/6 (SD = .798). The results of this study break new ground by presenting a model with the potential to generate important knowledge in nursing related to the optimal deployment of nurses’ scope of practice. Based on this innovative model, the results highlight job characteristics that require urgent action in order to broaden the deployment of nurses’ scope of practice and thereby to increase professional satisfaction.

The category of Registered Counsellors was created to provide psychological service at primary level to previously disadvantaged communities, yet there is lack of public and professional knowledge concerning this category. This study aimed at finding reasons why people choose to become registered counsellors and what their relevance and future is in South Africa. Social constructionism is the epistemological framework for this qualitative investigation. Three registered counsellors aged between 27 and 31 were chosen for this study using a combination of purposive and snowball sample technique. Rich data were collected through open ended interviews. This approach was chosen as the most relevant because it helped in giving a voice to the three ‘registered counsellors’ which in turn helped in getting a holistic understanding of the participants’ point of view. Thematic analysis technique was used to identify key themes. The main themes identified in comparative analysis were the following: the need to help, feeling of fulfillment, working in a multidisciplinary team, registered counsellors as first point of entry, experiencing barriers in terms of lack of recognition, confusion between registered counsellors and other healthcare professionals; and the role of HPCSA. The results showed that the participants became registered counsellors because of the need to help others. The results also showed that registered counsellors are relevant in South Africa because their services are needed for the well-being of society. There is a future for registered counsellors in South Africa to close the gap in terms of mental health workforce shortage. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)