Class of 2010 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical significance of a population of scorpions, C. sculpturatus, found in New Mexico. This includes the toxicity of the venom as well as the interactions of venom and antivenom. METHODS: This project will include a descriptive retrospective study of clinical and laboratory data obtained through a patient chart and analytical laboratory procedures to positively identify the species of scorpion responsible for the envenomation. Scorpion Collection Scorpions from the location of the reported sting will be collected for venom analysis. Specific details and directions will be obtained from the grandparent of the victim regarding the campsite at Caballo Lake State Park. Human Subject – N/A Sample Size The sample size of specimens needed should be a minimum of 50 scorpions. This is due to factors which include; extremely small volumes of venom produced by each individual, the possibility of no venom production, damaged telson during collection (anatomical feature used in the delivery of venom), size variation in specimens and short window of opportunity to collect. Since these scorpions are more active during summer months, and travel time must also be accounted for, only a few months a year are acceptable. Instrumentation and Variables This is primarily laboratory assays rather than clinical. The clinical aspect, a case study involving the victim of a scorpion envenomation, was the reason behind needing to identify this Centruroides species. The analytical laboratory findings will be what will determine the exact species of Centruroides. A number of laboratory instrumentations and tests will be used or performed. These include; sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), SDS-PAGE with hyaluronic acid, turbidimetric absorbances of hyaluronidase, reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RPHPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lethal dose 50 (LD%) and effective dose 50 (ED50). Variables regarding these findings will include two main factors; the human factor and the instrumentation factor. First the human factor, samples collected must remain free of contaminants up to the point of analysis. The instruments RESULTS: 104 specimens were collected at Caballo Lake State Park. Four of these specimens were sent to a taxonomist and identified as C. sculpturatus. SDS-PAGE, turbidimetric HA, and RPHPLC showed no significant difference in venom between the New Mexico and Arizona Centruroides, but did show a significant difference between these two groups and the Mexico Centruroides. SDS-PAGE/HA and ELISA assays showed no significant differences between groups. LD50 and ED50 data were similar between New Mexico and Mexico Centruroides, both being more potent and more readily reversed by antivenom than the Arizona Centruroides. CONCLUSIONS: The assays which show possible differences between species, SDS-PAGE, SDS-PAGE-HA, turbidimetric HAase, RPHPLC, and ELISA were all identical between the New Mexico Centruroides species and the Arizona Centruroides sculpturatus. These findings were opposite when comparing New Mexico Centruroides species and the Mexico Centruroides limpidus limpidus. Three of the five assays showed a significant difference. Since the Mexico Centruroides limpidus limpidus is a known different species, this was expected. With this data the scorpion specimens collected in New Mexico have been identified as Centruroides sculpturatus. An interesting difference between the New Mexico and Arizona Centruroides sculpturatus was toxicity of the venom. The New Mexico groups had close to a two fold increase in toxicity. In fact, the toxicity of the New Mexico groups was equivalent to the Mexico Centruroides limpidus limpidus which is well documented as having an increased toxicity.

No description available.

Theses (M.S.)--Marshall University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains 61 p., including illustrations. Bibliography: p. 58-61.

Includes bibliography / v, 199 leaves, [71] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1986

LD2668 .T4 1962 K66

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / This is the first report comparing the inducible humoral immune responses of' two long-lived arthropods. Inducible humoral immune responses were detected in two arthropods namely, the scorpion Opisthopthalmus latitnanus (Arachnida) and the millipede Triaetiostreptus triodus (Diploooda: Spirostreptidae). These anti-bacterial activities were elicited by "ve gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. A dramatic hemocytopenia was demonstrated in both the millipede and scorpion after experimental infection, suggesting the possible release of a hemocyte depletion factor. The anti-bacterial humoral responses of the millipede and the scorpion were similar in magnitude to those that have been reported for a large variety of short-lived insects. I also provide further characterisation of the anti-bacterial defence proteirus) of the Kalana n millipede. My results suggest that the humoral immune response of arthopods may have a long and conserved phylogeny. / Andrew Chakane 2019

Scorpions from Utah were collected and studied to determine species present, geographic distribution, seasonal occurrence, sex ratio, and some morphological variations associated with distribution. Nine species were identified--Anuroctonus phaeodactylus, Centruroides sculpturatus, Hadrurus arizonensis, H. spadix, Vejovis becki, V. boreus, V. confusus, V. wupatkiensis, and an undescribed species of Vejovis, subgenus Paruroctonus. Five species--C. sculpturatus, H. arizonensis, V. becki, V. confusus, and V. wupatkiensis--are reported from Utah for the first time. Most specimens were collected from May through October, with greatest numbers taken in May, June, and July. Sex ratios differed with the species. Two species--A. phaeodactylus and V. boreus--showed statistically significant morphological variations in the lengths of the preabdomens.

Millipedes, centipedes and scorpions are an important component of the ground-dwelling invertebrate fauna, and may have value as bioindicators of ground-dwelling invertebrate diversity. However, some level of understanding of which factors influence patterns of their distribution and diversity is necessary prior to any investigation of their use in conservation planning and as bioindicators. This project was undertaken in the Greater Makalali Conservancy in the Northern Province. Many methods have been used to sample millipedes, centipedes and scorpions but the efficiency of these in savanna has not been investigated. One aim was to determine a method for quantitatively sampling these invertebrates in this environment. Six sampling methods were tested during the study. Millipedes were found to be efficiently sampled by active searching 9m2 quadrats and drive transects, centipedes by actively searching 25m2 plots and scorpions by pitfall traps. The other methods tested were wet cloths and cryptozoan traps. Another aim was to determine spatial and temporal variation in millipede, centipede and scorpion diversity in the range of habitat types present in the Conservancy. 45 sites within five habitat types were sampled during three different sampling periods. The highest diversity for each study group was recorded in the most heterogeneous habitat, with the lowest being recorded in more homogeneous habitat types. Millipede and centipede diversity was significantly influenced by habitat type, while sampling period had a significant effect on millipede and scorpion diversity. Quantifying the effect of various environmental factors on the diversity of these invertebrates was a further aim. Maps of various Conservancy wide variables as well as micro-habitat variables were created, including an accurate vegetation map, maps of soil characteristics, rainfall and temperature. Micro-habitat characteristics were also recorded within each of the sample sites. Diversity of the three study groups was related to specific micro-habitat variables. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model was created, predicting millipede, centipede and scorpion diversity in areas of the Conservancy not sampled. Three undescribed millipede and one centipede species were found and a new distribution record for a scorpion species was documented. These results emphasise the importance of invertebrate biodiversity studies in the savanna environment. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

Introdução: o escorpionismo é um grave problema de saúde pública devido à alta incidência e aos óbitos resultantes. A espécie Tityus serrulatus, encontrada em Minas Gerais, está bem adaptada à vida domiciliar urbana e se reproduz por partenogênese, facilitando a proliferação e o crescente número de ocorrências nos últimos anos. Estudos como esse são importantes para elaboração de medidas direcionadas ao combate desse agravo. Objetivo: descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas dos acidentes escorpiônicos atendidos em Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, no período de 2010 a 2014. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal observacional, realizado com dados obtidos das fichas de investigação de acidentes com animais peçonhentos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, de posse da Seção de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ipatinga, referentes a todas as vítimas de acidentes escorpiônicos atendidos nos serviços de saúde da cidade no período de 1° de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2014, notificados até 30 de julho de 2016. O processamento e tratamento dos dados foram realizados pelos programas Epi-info versão 7.0 e IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Aplicaram-se os testes de associação Qui-quadrado e de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: no intervalo estudado, foram atendidos 819 acidentados com animais peçonhentos no município. Desses, o animal mais frequentemente envolvido foi o escorpião (n=506, 62%). A incidência média anual de escorpionismo foi 40,86 acidentes/100.000 habitantes (±10,09), ocorrendo um maior número nos meses quentes e chuvosos. Metade dos casos foi registrada na zona rural (n=253, 50%). Os acidentes predominaram no sexo masculino (n=294, 58%), entre um e 20 anos (n= 306; 60%). Na maioria dos agravos, o tempo decorrido entre a picada e o atendimento médico foi de 1 a 3 horas (n= 275; 54%). Os locais mais acometidos foram as extremidades. Dos casos atendidos, 485 (96%) apresentaram manifestações locais e 203 (40%), manifestações sistêmicas. As principais alterações localizadas foram dor (n=486; 96%) e edema (n=167; 33%). Classificou-se a maioria dos acidentes como moderado (n=315; 62%). Na série histórica, a letalidade foi 0,2%. A maior parte dos acidentados (n=489, 97%) necessitou soroterapia específica, recebendo mais frequentemente duas a três ampolas no tratamento (n=279, 55%). Conclusão: o escorpionismo no Vale do Aço, entre 2010 e 2014, teve altas incidência e taxa de letalidade, se comparados ao Brasil. A caracterização dessas ocorrências na microrregião permite a avaliação da eficácia das medidas de controle adotadas até o momento, possibilitando implantar novas ações preventivas, com direcionamento adequado dos recursos, além de despertar o interesse na população para a prevenção. / Introduction: scorpionism is a serious public issue due to the high incidence and resulting deaths. The species Tityus serrulatus, found in Minas Gerais, is well adapted to urban domiciliary life and reproduces by parthenogenesis, facilitating its proliferation and increasing number of cases in the last years. Studies such as the current one are important for the elaboration of prevention measures against these accidents. Objective: to describe the clinic-epidemiological aspects of scorpionism accidents attended in Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, during the 2010-2014 period. Methodology: we performed a transversal observational epidemiological study, using data obtained from the Accidents with Venomous Animals Investigation Records of the Injuries Notification Information System, available from the epidemiological surveillance section of the health secretary of Ipatinga, analyzing all the scorpion accident victims attended in the city health services between January 1st 2010 and December 31st 2014. The data were treated using epi-info 7.0 and IBM SPSS statistics 21 software packages. The chi-square and Fisher association tests, with a 95% confidence interval, were used to analyze the categorical variables. Results: in the time period studied, 819 accidents with venomous animals were recorded. Among these, the most frequent was due to scorpions (n=506, 62%). The mean annual incidence of scorpionism was of 40.86 accidents/100.000 inhabitants (± 10.09), with a higher number occurring during the warm and rainy months. Half of the cases were recorded in the rural area (n=253, 50%). Accidents predominated in males (n=306, 60%). In most of the cases, the time between the sting and medical care was between 1 and 3 hours (n=275, 54%). The most common sting sites were the body extremities. From all cases, 485 (96%) showed local symptoms, while 203 (40% ) displayed systemic effects. The main local symptoms were pain (n=486, 96%) and edema (n=167, 33%). Most of the accidents (n=315, 62%) were classified as moderate. Lethality was of 0.2%. A majority of the patients (n=489, 97%) required specific anti-venom therapy, with two or three vials (n=279, 55%). Conclusion: Scorpionism, in the Ipatinga region, between 2010 and 2014, had a high incidence and lethality rates when compared to Brazil. The characterization of these cases in the micro-region allows to evaluate the efficacy of the control measures adopted so far, enabling the implantation of new prevention measures, with proper resources targeting, and also improves the interest of the population towards prevention.

Tityus serrulatus é o principal causador de acidentes por escorpião no Brasil. O seu veneno pode causar reações sistêmicas severas, como disfunção cardíaca e edema pulmonar agudo. Sabendo que fatores genéticos podem influenciar na gravidade dos sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação do veneno de T. serrulatus na inflamação pulmonar em linhagens de camundongos geneticamente selecionados para máxima (AIRmax) ou mínima (AIRmin) resposta inflamatória a fim de verificar o envolvimento de fatores genéticos na resposta ao veneno. Após inoculação do veneno observaram-se alterações pulmonares, como presença de edema e hemorragia alveolar, bem como aumento do número de neutrófilos e macrófagos e detecção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e quimiocinas mais significativamente nos pulmões dos camundongos AIRmax. Os resultados sugerem que o veneno do escorpião T. serrulatus é capaz de induzir inflamação pulmonar aguda, sendo maior nos animais AIRmax, sugerindo a importância de fatores genéticos na resposta inflamatória a venenos animais. / Tityus serrulatus is the main cause of scorpion accidents in Brazil. Its venom may cause severe systemic reactions such as cardiac dysfunction and acute pulmonary edema. Knowing that genetic factors may influence the severity of symptoms reported by patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate the action of T. serrulatus venom in lung inflammation in strains of mice selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) inflammatory response in order to verify the involvement of genetic factors in response to the venom. After venom inoculation lung alterations were observed, such as presence of alveolar edema and hemorrhage as well as increased numbers of neutrophils and macrophages and the detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines most significantly in the lungs of AIRmax mice. The results suggest that T. serrulatus scorpion venom is able to induce higher acute lung inflammation in AIRmax animals, suggesting the importance of genetic factors in the inflammatory response to animal venoms.