The design, fabrication, and characterizations of the spin-polarized AlxGa1-xN/GaN HEMT structure have been achieved for spintronic application. By band calculation within linear combination of atomic orbitals and two-band k·p methods, the theoretical spin-splitting energy and minimum-spin-splitting surface of wurtzite structure have been investigated as a function of the Fermi wavevector with various strain-relaxations. Base on these results, the design of host material of the nonballistic spin-FET has also been proposed. By optimizing the Al composition and n2DEG, the Fermi surface of two-dimensional electron gas is supposed to reach the minimum-spin-splitting surface to produce resonant spin-lifetime. Because the high quality AlxGa1-xN/GaN HEMT structure is necessary for realizing the spin-FET, the influence of the growth conditions on the polarity and structure quality of the GaN epilayer have been studied on the sample grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Ga-polar AlGaN/GaN heterostructures on c-Al2O3 has been realized by growing over the Al-rich AlN nucleation layer. And the reduction of interface roughness and threading dislocation scatterings of the electrons in two-dimensional electron gas has also been achieved by growing GaN epilayer under slightly Ga-rich condition. Furthermore, the effect of different types of threading dislocation on the electron mobility of the AlxGa1-xN/GaN HEMT structure has been investigated as well. At low temperature, the electron mobility of two-dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures is majorly scattered by the edge type dislocation rather than the screw type. The designs of proposed host material for spin-FETs have been realized through growing high quality spin-polarized AlxGa1-xN/GaN HEMT structures with various Al composition (x= 0.191 ¡V 0.397) grown on c-Al2O3 by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The high mobility (10682 cm2/Vs at 0.4 K), flat interface (surface roughness < 0.5 nm), and high quality HEMT provide a good environment to study the spin-splitting energy. To investigate the spin-splitting energy as functions of the Fermi wavevector, the Shubnikov-de Haas measurements were performed. A large spin-splitting energy (10.76 meV) has been fabricated in Al0.390Ga0.61N/GaN HEMT structure with kf = 8.14 ¡Ñ 108 m-1 for the host material of the Datta-Das spin-FET. And for the first time, the minimum-spin-splitting surface has been experimentally generated in Al0.390Ga0.61N/GaN HEMT structure with kf = 8.33 ¡Ñ 108 m-1 for the host material of the nonballistic spin-FET.

The Project “Resources evaluation system of SDH telecommunication network” is used for investigation of the efficiency of utilization of the existing TEO LT, AB SDH Trunk Network resources. The essential problem is the lack of precise information on the free and used resources of the Network, their distribution and usage in the optimum and efficient manner. It was rather hard to establish the free and used SDH network resources and evaluate the efficiency of the Network. This brings essential influence and difficulties into the planning of network and investments since it is rather hard to take the economically viable decisions regarding the usage of the existing resources. The SDH network resources evaluation system can be used for planning of trunk network resources and quick creation of flows’ transmission routes in a very efficient manner. The System gives the possibility to verify the new routes creation possibilities from any point of the network and execute the customers’ orders in a quick manner. The System is developed as software with a direct interface with the TEO LT Network Information System SQL Base, and is going to use the data, stored in the SQL Base. The Content of this project consists from: • Analytical part of investigation • Specification of requirements for designed system • Common system requirements • Data structure • Network Resources Information Module • Testing and User Guide According content above the System “Resources evaluation system of SDH... [to full text]

The software currently used by SDH net operators does not guarantee the automatic generation of routes between the selected nodes. This is the reason why the operators spend a lot of time on designing the nets manually. Despite all the time spent on designing, errors are still made which are the causes of net overload and connection disorders. It is necessary to convert the measuring units of SDH resources from a tree type structure to real numbers, because the structure of the analyzed object’s resource units is hierarchical. After evaluation of these units the solution of this problem can be found in theory of graphs. It is natural that given these data structures a special method is needed which would allow determining these structures and finding specific weight unit of edges of the graphs with which the problem is solved. The complexity of graph route composition algorithms is not satisfactory because the scope of real systems will be big enough. The amount of net nodes can exceed 500 and the amount of lines connecting them can be more than 5000. It is not very difficult to implement the automatic generation of routes in principle. The knowledge of graph theory can be used to do that. But in solving real problems with the best known methods of graph theory the time of solution is not acceptable because of the big scope of the problem. It is possible to reduce the time of solution by increasing the efficiency of the system that solves the problem. The need for more... [to full text]

Sorbitol, the primary photosynthate and translocated carbohydrate in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), is converted to fructose by SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) which is active in apple fruit throughout fruit development. Apple fruit set and early development is very sensitive to carbohydrate availability, but details on carbohydrate metabolism during this phase are limited. The first objective of this work was to determine if SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE, the primary enzyme responsible for metabolism of the major phloem-transported carbohydrate sorbitol, is present and active during apple fruit set and early development. The second objective of this work was to determine if SDH genes are differentially expressed and how their patterns of expression may relate to SDH activity in apple seed and cortex during early fruit development. Nine different genes encoding SDH were determined from analysis of a cDNA library and genomic-clones. Northern, Western and ELISA analyses showed that SDH transcripts and SDH protein were present in the fruit during the first 5 weeks after bloom and comprised 7 to 8 % of the total extractable protein. Whole fruit SDH activity was highest at 2 to 3 weeks after bloom in each of three cultivars, Lodi, Redchief Delicious and Fuji. Seed SDH activity was found to be much higher than cortex SDH activity per mg and g FW, and seed SDH activity contributed significantly to whole fruit SDH activity during the first five weeks of development after bloom. Five of the nine SDH genes present in apple genome were expressed in apple fruit (SDH1, SDH2, SDH3, SDH6, SDH9). Expression of SDH6 and SDH9 was seed-specific and expression of SDH2 was cortex-specific. Using 2D SDS-PAGE and Western analyses, SDH isomers with pI values 4.2, 4.8, 5.5 and 6.3 were found in seeds, and SDH isomers with pI values 5.5, 6.3, 7.3 and 8.3 were found in cortex. The present work is the first to show that SDH is differentially expressed and highly active in seed and cortex during early development. Thus, SDH during apple fruit set and early development may play a primary role in defining fruit sink activity.

Les réseaux de transport optiques constituent aujourd'hui l'infrastructure de base des systèmes de communications modernes. Etant donné les investissements colossaux nécessaires au déploiement de ces réseaux, liés en particulier aux coûts des équipements (fibres optiques, cartes, transpondeurs,...), l'optimisation du routage et de l'allocation de ressources est indispensable pour maitriser les coûts d'exploitation. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux de thèse étudient un ensemble de problèmes d'allocation de ressources qui se posent lors de la planification des réseaux SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) et WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), mais aussi lors de celle des réseaux multicouches basés sur une couche de transport optique. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions le problème du routage des circuits dans les réseaux SDH avec pour objectif principal de minimiser la fragmentation de la bande passante. Nous formulons ce problème comme un programme linéaire en nombres entiers intégrant un ensemble de contraintes réalistes de routage, de transmission et de brassage et utilisant des coûts de ressources granulaires. Un algorithme exact et deux heuristiques sont proposés pour résoudre ce problème. Nous abordons également le problème du reroutage des circuits SDH qui se pose aux opérateurs lorsqu'il devient indispensable de réduire la fragmentation de la bande passante. Nous montrons sur des instances réelles des problèmes étudiés que les méthodes proposées permettent des gains économiques considérables. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions deux problèmes de planification pour l'optimisation des réseaux WDM. Le premier problème est celui du design de la topologie logique, c'est à dire celui de la définition des circuits (chemins) optiques permettant de router un ensemble de demandes en trafic avec un coût de transpondeurs minimal. Le second problème est celui du routage et de l'affectation de longueurs d'onde: comment router les circuits optiques définis précédemment pour minimiser le nombre de longueurs d'onde utilisées tout en respectant un ensemble de contraintes technologiques? Nous formulons ces deux problèmes comme des programmes linéaires en nombres entiers et proposons des heuristiques efficaces, de type approximation successive pour le premier problème et utilisant une approche par décomposition pour le second problème. Là encore, les résultats expérimentaux montrent que les méthodes proposées permettent d'obtenir des approximations de qualité pour des instances de très grandes tailles. Enfin, nous abordons l'allocation de ressources dans les réseaux multicouches de nouvelle génération IP/MPLS sur OTN (Optical Transport Network) sur DWDM (Dense WDM). Dans ce cas, la question à laquelle la majorité des opérateurs cherchent une réponse est celle du routage des demandes en trafic de niveau 3 permettant d'optimiser l'allocation des ressources non seulement dans la couche IP/MPLS mais aussi dans les couches sous-jacentes OTN et DWDM. Pour répondre à cette question, nous proposons un nouveau modèle d'optimisation multicouche qui tient compte d'une hiérarchie de contraintes matérielles et définit un compromis entre les coûts des ressources dans les trois couches de réseau. L'ensemble des algorithmes d'optimisation proposés ont été intégrés dans l'environnement de planification et d'optimisation de réseaux NEST de la société QoS Design, utilisé par de grands opérateurs pour planifier leurs réseaux. / Optical transport networks currently constitute base infrastructures for modern day telecommunications systems. Given the huge investments required for deploying these networks, and in particular concerning equipment costs (fiber optics, cards, transponders, etc.), routing optimization and resource allocation are indispensable issues for mastering the operational expenditures (OPEX). In this context, the work conducted in this thesis handle a set of resource allocation problems which arise while planning not only optical SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) and WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) networks, but also multilayer ones based on an optical transport layer. First, the circuit routing problem in SDH networks is tackled with the main objective of minimizing the bandwidth fragmentation. This problem is formulated as an Integer Linear Program (ILP) integrating a set of realistic routing, transmission and cross-connect constraints and using granular resource costs. An exact algorithm and two heuristics are proposed to solve this problem. The rerouting problem of SDH circuits, which faces operators when it becomes absolutely necessary to reduce the bandwidth fragmentation in the network, is also addressed. For real instances of the studied problems, it is shown that the proposed methods provide considerable economic gains. Second, two planning problems for WDM network optimization is tackled. The first problem is that of the logical network design, or in other words that concerned with the definition of lightpaths to route a set of traffic demands with a minimum transponder cost. The second problem is related to the routing and the wavelength assignment: how to route the previously defined lightpaths so as to minimize the total number of assigned wavelengths while respecting a set of technological constraints? These two problems are formulated as Integer Linear Programs (ILPs) and are solved using efficient heuristics, based on a successive approximation for the first problem and a decomposition approach for the second one. Here again, experimental results show that the proposed methods allow obtaining good quality approximations for large scale instances. Finally, resource allocation in new generation multilayer networks, that is IP/MPLS over OTN (Optical Transport Network) over DWDM (Dense WDM), is addressed. In this case, the question that most of the operators seek to answer is how to route layer 3 traffic demands while optimizing resource allocation, not only in the IP/MPLS layer, but also in the underlying OTN and DWDM layers. For this purpose, a new multilayer optimization model is proposed. It takes into account a hierarchy of material constraints and defines a tradeoff between the resource costs in the three network layers. The set of proposed optimization algorithms have been integrated into the network planning and optimization environment NEST of QoS Design, which is used by major operators to plan their network.

Netflix is currently the world's largest subscription-based streaming platform, with 221.8 million subscribers worldwide (Maglio, 2022). Part of Netflix's enormous global appeal is its Netflix Original brand of films and TV shows - content it produces specifically for broadcast on its streaming platform. To make its content accessible to deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences, Netflix subcontracts the creation of closed captioning to vendors, instructing them to follow the Timed Text Style Guide (TTSG), which it makes freely available online. My study examines how closed captions for Netflix Original content endeavour to make audiovisual content accessible to deaf audiences, and I demonstrate how the platonic ideal of "equal access" is out of reach due to the limitations of timed text. The objective of my study is to highlight and critique the transformations of meaning that occur when captions translate sound and spoken dialogue into timed text. Drawing on D'Acci's circuit model of media studies (2004) my thesis links the sociohistorical conditions from which captioning techniques and technologies were developed, the conditions of caption production, and the way in which the needs of deaf audiences are articulated in the TTSG. I explore how these three forces affect the content of closed captions. To this end, I engage in a close reading of the TTSG and a selection of closed captions for Netflix Original series and films, borrowing from Berman's (2000) theories regarding the deforming tendencies of translation to describe the changes that result from the intralingual and intersemiotic translation involved in captioning (Jakobson, 2004). My study is informed and inspired by my personal experience as a professional captioner.

No description available.

A laserterapia tem sido muito utilizada como tratamento alternativo em pacientes com dores crônicas relacionadas às disfunções temporomandibulares. Isso se deve aos efeitos: analgésico, antiinflamatório, miorrelaxante, de redução da fadiga durante as contrações tetânicas, aumento da força de mordida e diminuição da dor orofacial. Embora sejam observados resultados clínicos, ainda não é bem compreendido o seu efeito em nível celular. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos das diferentes densidades (doses) de irradiação do laser de baixa intensidade (LLLI), em nível celular, sobre o músculo masseter de ratos Wistar. Os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=10), receberam 10 irradiações do laser (GaAlAs,780nm, 5mW e spot 0,04cm&sup2;) sobre o músculo masseter esquerdo variando a densidade de energia (I. 0; II. 0,5; III. 1,0; IV. 2,5; V. 5,0 e VI. 20 J/cm&sup2;). Após as 10 irradiações os músculos masseteres foram obtidos dos animais sob anestesia para análises: 1. Histoenzimológicas para atividade da nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo diaforase(NADH), succinato desidrogenase (SDH) e adenosina trifosfatase (ATPase), 2. Microscopia de luz (HE), 3. Microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e 4. Imunohistoquímica para fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) e o receptor 2 para VEGF (VEGFR-2). A atividade do NADH nos grupos IV, V e VI (30±1,26; 33,47±2,15; 31,67±1,77 - fibras intermediárias) apresentou um aumento significativo (p>0,05) no metabolismo oxidativo em relação aos demais grupos. Na atividade do SDH, o aumento foi discreto, com aumento significativo (p>0,05), apenas no grupo V (32,2±1,61 fibras intermediárias), com o padrão de aumento metabólico muito parecido nas reações de NADH e SDH. A atividade da ATPase não revelou diferenças entre os grupos tanto em meio ácido como no alcalino. A microscopia de luz revelou fibras musculares arredondadas e núcleos periféricos achatados, os quais tornaram mais arredondados com as densidades maiores de energia. Ultraestruturalmente as irradiações com as maiores densidades de energia revelaram mitocôndrias de tamanhos e formas variadas e cisternas do retículo sarcoplasmático dilatadas entre as miofibrilas. As análises qualitativas mostraram um padrão de aumento a expressão do VEGF e VEGFR-2 proporcionais à densidade de energia do laser usada. Conclui-se que o laser com densidades maiores foi capaz de aumentar o metabolismo oxidativo, sem alterar a capacidade contrátil, aumentar o volume do núcleo, modificar a ultraestrutura das fibras musculares e as expressões do VEGF e VEGFR-2. / The laser therapy has been widely used as an alternative treatment in patients with chronic pain related to temporomandibular disorders. This is due to the effects: analgesic, anti inflammatory, muscle relaxant, reducing fatigue during tetanic contractions, increased bite strength and decrease in orofacial pain. Although clinical results are observed, is not well understood its effect on the cellular level. This study aims to analyze the effects of different densities (doses) irradiation of low level laser therapy (LLLI) on cellular level, on the masseter muscle of rats. The animals were randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=10), received 10 laser irradiation (GaAlAs, 780nm, 5mW spot and 0.04 cm&sup2;) on the left masseter muscle by varying the energy density (I. 0; II. 0.5; III. 1.0; IV. 2.5; V. 5.0 and VI. 20 J/cm&sup2;). After 10 irradiations the masseter muscles were obtained from animals under anesthesia for analysis: 1. Histoenzimologic for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), 2. Light microscopy (HE), 3. Transmission electron microscopy and 4. Immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and receptor 2 for VEGF (VEGFR-2). The activity of NADH in groups IV, V and VI (30±1,26; 33,47±2,15; 31,67±1,77 - intermediate fiber) increased significantly (p> 0.05) in oxidative metabolism in relation to other groups. The activity of SDH showed a slight increase, only the group V (32,2±1,61 intermediate fiber) increased significantly (p> 0.05), but the pattern of metabolic increase was very similar in both reactions. The ATPase activity showed no differences between groups nor in acid or alkaline. The qualitative analysis showed a pattern of increased expression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 directly proportional to the energy density of laser. Light microscopy showed rounded muscle fibers and peripheral flattened nuclei, which become more rounded with the highest energy densities. Ultrastructurally the irradiation with higher energy densities showed mitochondria of different sizes and shapes and dilated cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum between the myofibrils. It is concluded that higher densities of laser was able to increase the oxidative metabolism without altering the contractile capacity, increasing nuclei volume, modify ultrastructure of muscle fibers and the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR-2.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WagnerO_DISSERT.pdf: 4964124 bytes, checksum: 34ed6ffd6dcd720ddf12631ffd06a3d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-17 / The telecommunications play a fundamental role in the contemporary society, having as one of its main roles to give people the possibility to connect them and integrate them into society in which they operate and, therewith, accelerate development through knowledge. But as new technologies are introduced on the market, increases the demand for new products and services that depend on the infrastructure offered, making the problems of planning of telecommunication networks become increasingly large and complex. Many of these problems, however, can be formulated as combinatorial optimization models, and the use of heuristic algorithms can help solve these issues in the planning phase. This paper proposes the development of a Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm to be applied to telecommunications problem known in the literature as SONET Ring Assignment Problem SRAP. This problem is the class NP-hard and arises during the physical planning of a telecommunication network and consists of determining the connections between locations (customers), satisfying a series of constrains of the lowest possible cost. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the Evolutionary Algorithm parallel, over other methods, to obtain solutions that are either optimal or very close to it / As telecomunica??es desempenham um papel fundamental na sociedade contempor?nea, tendo como um de seus principais pap?is o de conceder ?s pessoas a possibilidade de conect?-las e integr?-las ? sociedade em que vivem e com isso acelerar o desenvolvimento por meio do conhecimento. Mas, ? medida que novas tecnologias s?o introduzidas no mercado, cresce tamb?m a demanda por novos produtos e servi?os que dependem da infraestrutura oferecida, tornando os problemas de planejamento de redes de telecomunica??es cada vez maiores e mais complexos. Muitos desses problemas, no entanto, podem ser formulados como modelos de Otimiza??o Combinat?ria, e o uso de algoritmos heur?sticos podem ajudar a solucionar essas quest?es da fase de planejamento. Este trabalho prop?e o desenvolvimento de um Algoritmo Evolutivo paralelo a ser aplicado ao problema de telecomunica??es conhecido na literatura por Problema de Atribui??o de Localidades a An?is em Redes SONET/SDH ou PALAS. Esse problema ? da classe NP-dif?cil e surge durante a etapa do planejamento f?sico da rede e consiste na determina??o das conex?es entre localidades (clientes), de modo a satisfazer uma s?rie de restri??es ao menor custo poss?vel. Os resultados dos experimentos ilustram a efici?ncia do Algoritmo Evolutivo paralelo, sobre outros m?todos, em obter solu??es ?timas ou muito pr?ximas do valor ?timo

A laserterapia tem sido muito utilizada como tratamento alternativo em pacientes com dores crônicas relacionadas às disfunções temporomandibulares. Isso se deve aos efeitos: analgésico, antiinflamatório, miorrelaxante, de redução da fadiga durante as contrações tetânicas, aumento da força de mordida e diminuição da dor orofacial. Embora sejam observados resultados clínicos, ainda não é bem compreendido o seu efeito em nível celular. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos das diferentes densidades (doses) de irradiação do laser de baixa intensidade (LLLI), em nível celular, sobre o músculo masseter de ratos Wistar. Os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=10), receberam 10 irradiações do laser (GaAlAs,780nm, 5mW e spot 0,04cm&sup2;) sobre o músculo masseter esquerdo variando a densidade de energia (I. 0; II. 0,5; III. 1,0; IV. 2,5; V. 5,0 e VI. 20 J/cm&sup2;). Após as 10 irradiações os músculos masseteres foram obtidos dos animais sob anestesia para análises: 1. Histoenzimológicas para atividade da nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo diaforase(NADH), succinato desidrogenase (SDH) e adenosina trifosfatase (ATPase), 2. Microscopia de luz (HE), 3. Microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e 4. Imunohistoquímica para fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) e o receptor 2 para VEGF (VEGFR-2). A atividade do NADH nos grupos IV, V e VI (30±1,26; 33,47±2,15; 31,67±1,77 - fibras intermediárias) apresentou um aumento significativo (p>0,05) no metabolismo oxidativo em relação aos demais grupos. Na atividade do SDH, o aumento foi discreto, com aumento significativo (p>0,05), apenas no grupo V (32,2±1,61 fibras intermediárias), com o padrão de aumento metabólico muito parecido nas reações de NADH e SDH. A atividade da ATPase não revelou diferenças entre os grupos tanto em meio ácido como no alcalino. A microscopia de luz revelou fibras musculares arredondadas e núcleos periféricos achatados, os quais tornaram mais arredondados com as densidades maiores de energia. Ultraestruturalmente as irradiações com as maiores densidades de energia revelaram mitocôndrias de tamanhos e formas variadas e cisternas do retículo sarcoplasmático dilatadas entre as miofibrilas. As análises qualitativas mostraram um padrão de aumento a expressão do VEGF e VEGFR-2 proporcionais à densidade de energia do laser usada. Conclui-se que o laser com densidades maiores foi capaz de aumentar o metabolismo oxidativo, sem alterar a capacidade contrátil, aumentar o volume do núcleo, modificar a ultraestrutura das fibras musculares e as expressões do VEGF e VEGFR-2. / The laser therapy has been widely used as an alternative treatment in patients with chronic pain related to temporomandibular disorders. This is due to the effects: analgesic, anti inflammatory, muscle relaxant, reducing fatigue during tetanic contractions, increased bite strength and decrease in orofacial pain. Although clinical results are observed, is not well understood its effect on the cellular level. This study aims to analyze the effects of different densities (doses) irradiation of low level laser therapy (LLLI) on cellular level, on the masseter muscle of rats. The animals were randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=10), received 10 laser irradiation (GaAlAs, 780nm, 5mW spot and 0.04 cm&sup2;) on the left masseter muscle by varying the energy density (I. 0; II. 0.5; III. 1.0; IV. 2.5; V. 5.0 and VI. 20 J/cm&sup2;). After 10 irradiations the masseter muscles were obtained from animals under anesthesia for analysis: 1. Histoenzimologic for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), 2. Light microscopy (HE), 3. Transmission electron microscopy and 4. Immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and receptor 2 for VEGF (VEGFR-2). The activity of NADH in groups IV, V and VI (30±1,26; 33,47±2,15; 31,67±1,77 - intermediate fiber) increased significantly (p> 0.05) in oxidative metabolism in relation to other groups. The activity of SDH showed a slight increase, only the group V (32,2±1,61 intermediate fiber) increased significantly (p> 0.05), but the pattern of metabolic increase was very similar in both reactions. The ATPase activity showed no differences between groups nor in acid or alkaline. The qualitative analysis showed a pattern of increased expression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 directly proportional to the energy density of laser. Light microscopy showed rounded muscle fibers and peripheral flattened nuclei, which become more rounded with the highest energy densities. Ultrastructurally the irradiation with higher energy densities showed mitochondria of different sizes and shapes and dilated cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum between the myofibrils. It is concluded that higher densities of laser was able to increase the oxidative metabolism without altering the contractile capacity, increasing nuclei volume, modify ultrastructure of muscle fibers and the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR-2.