Este estudo avaliou o efeito de fontes e níveis de suplementação de selênio (Se) em dietas de aves reprodutoras pesadas sobre produção de ovo e a concentração de Se no conteúdo total do ovo. Foram utilizadas 50 reprodutoras Cobb 500 de 22 semanas, alojadas individualmente e alimentadas com dieta basal sem a suplementação de Se por três semanas. Após as aves receberam cinco tratamentos dietéticos com 10 repetições de uma ave cada, sendo compostos por selenito de sódio (inorgânico; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) e Zn-LSe- metionina (orgânico; ZnSeMet, 0,1% Se), como segue: T1- 0,15% inorgânico; T2- 0,30% inorgânico; T3- 0,15% orgânico; T4- 0,30% orgânico; T5- 0,15% inorgânico e 0,15% orgânico. Avaliações foram realizadas em dois períodos de 4 semanas. A produção de ovo e o peso do ovo foram diariamente registrados e a gravidade específica foi medida duas vezes por semana até o final do estudo. No primeiro período os animais alimentados com 0,30 ppm de Se orgânico apresentaram maior percentual de produção de ovo (P < 0,05), sendo que, no segundo período, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). As avaliações entre os períodos apresentaram que o peso do ovo não foi diferente (P > 0,05), sendo que a gravidade específica foi menor no segundo período (P < 0,05) e a concentração de Se no ovo aumentou com o tempo de suplementação (P < 0,05), independentemente da fonte de Se suplementada. A comparação dos tratamentos que continham apenas uma única fonte de Se demonstrou que a concentração de Se no ovo foi maior com a suplementação do maior nível de ZnSeMet (P < 0,05). Entretanto, a suplementação com a combinação das fontes (Na2SeO3 e ZnSeMet) produziu similares concentrações de Se no ovo. O aumentou da dose de selenito de sódio de 0,15 para 0,30 ppm não foi acompanhado por um aumento da deposição de Se no ovo. / This study evaluated effects of sources and levels of Se in broiler breeder diets on egg production and Se concentration in eggs. Fifty Cobb 500 hens 22 wks of age were individually placed in steel cages and fed a basal diet without Se supplementation for 3 wks. Birds were then provided five dietary treatments with 10 replicates of one individual hen, which had dietary selenium supplied from sodium selenite (inorganic; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) and/or from Zn-LSe- methionine (organic; ZnSeMet, 0.1% Se) as follow: T1- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3; T2- 0.30% Se from Na2SeO3; T3- 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet; T4- 0.3ç0% Se from ZnSeMet; T5- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3 + 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet. Evaluations were conducted in two periods of 4 wks each. Experimental diets were prepared through the supplementation of corn-soybean meal diets. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily, whereas specific gravity was measured twice a wk towards the end of the study. In the first period, the hens fed 0.30 ppm of organic Se produced more eggs (P < 0.05) whereas no difference (P > 0.05) in egg production was found in the second period. Period evaluations showed that egg weight was not different (P > 0.05), whereas specific gravity decreased (P < 0.05) and Se concentration in eggs increased (P < 0.05) in the second period, regardless of Se source. The comparison between treatments with single Se sources demonstrated that the concentration of Se in eggs was greater with the highest level of ZnSeMet (P <0.05) and, the supplementation of a combination of sources (Na2SeO3 and ZnSeMet) produced similar concentrations of Se in the egg (P <0.05). However, increasing the dose of sodium selenite from 0.15 to 0.30 ppm was not accompanied by increased deposition of Se in the egg.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de fontes e níveis de suplementação de selênio (Se) em dietas de aves reprodutoras pesadas sobre produção de ovo e a concentração de Se no conteúdo total do ovo. Foram utilizadas 50 reprodutoras Cobb 500 de 22 semanas, alojadas individualmente e alimentadas com dieta basal sem a suplementação de Se por três semanas. Após as aves receberam cinco tratamentos dietéticos com 10 repetições de uma ave cada, sendo compostos por selenito de sódio (inorgânico; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) e Zn-LSe- metionina (orgânico; ZnSeMet, 0,1% Se), como segue: T1- 0,15% inorgânico; T2- 0,30% inorgânico; T3- 0,15% orgânico; T4- 0,30% orgânico; T5- 0,15% inorgânico e 0,15% orgânico. Avaliações foram realizadas em dois períodos de 4 semanas. A produção de ovo e o peso do ovo foram diariamente registrados e a gravidade específica foi medida duas vezes por semana até o final do estudo. No primeiro período os animais alimentados com 0,30 ppm de Se orgânico apresentaram maior percentual de produção de ovo (P < 0,05), sendo que, no segundo período, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). As avaliações entre os períodos apresentaram que o peso do ovo não foi diferente (P > 0,05), sendo que a gravidade específica foi menor no segundo período (P < 0,05) e a concentração de Se no ovo aumentou com o tempo de suplementação (P < 0,05), independentemente da fonte de Se suplementada. A comparação dos tratamentos que continham apenas uma única fonte de Se demonstrou que a concentração de Se no ovo foi maior com a suplementação do maior nível de ZnSeMet (P < 0,05). Entretanto, a suplementação com a combinação das fontes (Na2SeO3 e ZnSeMet) produziu similares concentrações de Se no ovo. O aumentou da dose de selenito de sódio de 0,15 para 0,30 ppm não foi acompanhado por um aumento da deposição de Se no ovo. / This study evaluated effects of sources and levels of Se in broiler breeder diets on egg production and Se concentration in eggs. Fifty Cobb 500 hens 22 wks of age were individually placed in steel cages and fed a basal diet without Se supplementation for 3 wks. Birds were then provided five dietary treatments with 10 replicates of one individual hen, which had dietary selenium supplied from sodium selenite (inorganic; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) and/or from Zn-LSe- methionine (organic; ZnSeMet, 0.1% Se) as follow: T1- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3; T2- 0.30% Se from Na2SeO3; T3- 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet; T4- 0.3ç0% Se from ZnSeMet; T5- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3 + 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet. Evaluations were conducted in two periods of 4 wks each. Experimental diets were prepared through the supplementation of corn-soybean meal diets. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily, whereas specific gravity was measured twice a wk towards the end of the study. In the first period, the hens fed 0.30 ppm of organic Se produced more eggs (P < 0.05) whereas no difference (P > 0.05) in egg production was found in the second period. Period evaluations showed that egg weight was not different (P > 0.05), whereas specific gravity decreased (P < 0.05) and Se concentration in eggs increased (P < 0.05) in the second period, regardless of Se source. The comparison between treatments with single Se sources demonstrated that the concentration of Se in eggs was greater with the highest level of ZnSeMet (P <0.05) and, the supplementation of a combination of sources (Na2SeO3 and ZnSeMet) produced similar concentrations of Se in the egg (P <0.05). However, increasing the dose of sodium selenite from 0.15 to 0.30 ppm was not accompanied by increased deposition of Se in the egg.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de fontes e níveis de suplementação de selênio (Se) em dietas de aves reprodutoras pesadas sobre produção de ovo e a concentração de Se no conteúdo total do ovo. Foram utilizadas 50 reprodutoras Cobb 500 de 22 semanas, alojadas individualmente e alimentadas com dieta basal sem a suplementação de Se por três semanas. Após as aves receberam cinco tratamentos dietéticos com 10 repetições de uma ave cada, sendo compostos por selenito de sódio (inorgânico; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) e Zn-LSe- metionina (orgânico; ZnSeMet, 0,1% Se), como segue: T1- 0,15% inorgânico; T2- 0,30% inorgânico; T3- 0,15% orgânico; T4- 0,30% orgânico; T5- 0,15% inorgânico e 0,15% orgânico. Avaliações foram realizadas em dois períodos de 4 semanas. A produção de ovo e o peso do ovo foram diariamente registrados e a gravidade específica foi medida duas vezes por semana até o final do estudo. No primeiro período os animais alimentados com 0,30 ppm de Se orgânico apresentaram maior percentual de produção de ovo (P < 0,05), sendo que, no segundo período, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). As avaliações entre os períodos apresentaram que o peso do ovo não foi diferente (P > 0,05), sendo que a gravidade específica foi menor no segundo período (P < 0,05) e a concentração de Se no ovo aumentou com o tempo de suplementação (P < 0,05), independentemente da fonte de Se suplementada. A comparação dos tratamentos que continham apenas uma única fonte de Se demonstrou que a concentração de Se no ovo foi maior com a suplementação do maior nível de ZnSeMet (P < 0,05). Entretanto, a suplementação com a combinação das fontes (Na2SeO3 e ZnSeMet) produziu similares concentrações de Se no ovo. O aumentou da dose de selenito de sódio de 0,15 para 0,30 ppm não foi acompanhado por um aumento da deposição de Se no ovo. / This study evaluated effects of sources and levels of Se in broiler breeder diets on egg production and Se concentration in eggs. Fifty Cobb 500 hens 22 wks of age were individually placed in steel cages and fed a basal diet without Se supplementation for 3 wks. Birds were then provided five dietary treatments with 10 replicates of one individual hen, which had dietary selenium supplied from sodium selenite (inorganic; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) and/or from Zn-LSe- methionine (organic; ZnSeMet, 0.1% Se) as follow: T1- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3; T2- 0.30% Se from Na2SeO3; T3- 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet; T4- 0.3ç0% Se from ZnSeMet; T5- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3 + 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet. Evaluations were conducted in two periods of 4 wks each. Experimental diets were prepared through the supplementation of corn-soybean meal diets. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily, whereas specific gravity was measured twice a wk towards the end of the study. In the first period, the hens fed 0.30 ppm of organic Se produced more eggs (P < 0.05) whereas no difference (P > 0.05) in egg production was found in the second period. Period evaluations showed that egg weight was not different (P > 0.05), whereas specific gravity decreased (P < 0.05) and Se concentration in eggs increased (P < 0.05) in the second period, regardless of Se source. The comparison between treatments with single Se sources demonstrated that the concentration of Se in eggs was greater with the highest level of ZnSeMet (P <0.05) and, the supplementation of a combination of sources (Na2SeO3 and ZnSeMet) produced similar concentrations of Se in the egg (P <0.05). However, increasing the dose of sodium selenite from 0.15 to 0.30 ppm was not accompanied by increased deposition of Se in the egg.

Researchers today anticipate that in the near future, the majority of the owners of a smartphone will use it as a wallet, i.e. for contactless payment. The technology that enables contactless payment today is “Near Field Communication” (NFC), which is increasingly embedded in smartphones. Applications like mobile payment between a phone and a terminal use NFC. With Mobile payment the user’s credit and banking information gets saved and it’s extremely important for a user that the saved data doesn’t fall into the wrong hands. How should then a user of an NFC equipped device ensure that end-to-end security is strong enough when they use NFC technology? Can user feel safe enough to keep their private documents on the phone without getting “robbed”? NFC uses a security element “Secure Element” (SE) that offers the user safety for their mobile purchases but also in other applications such as transportation tickets. The security element comes in three forms: SD card based, SIM card based or embedded in the smartphone. Over time, the technology behind the secure element is further developed and a new phenomenon has emerged, a new type of secure element. The new technology is an application based secure element: “Software Emulation Card” (Soft-SE), which offers security without a physical SE This thesis will deal with the Secure Element’s area to see if the Soft-SE are so confident that we can count it as an option when we do our mobile purchases in the store. A number of threats and attacks that an SE or generally an NFC device can be exposed to will be mentioned and some will also be described and some possible threats and attacks against Soft-SE. In addition, a few pros and cons of applying Soft-SE will be discussed. The analysis is based on how a user can get more out of the existing SE instead of applying the Soft-SE. Based on the facts, pros and cons, and the analysis that has been treated, it has been concluded that the Soft-SE is not a more secure alternative than the SE that is already used by NFC phones. Since Soft-SE is still new, it has not yet developed to protect themselves against the possible attacks that they may be exposed to. It is strongly recommended that users of Google Wallet adhere to the Secure Element that the smartphone use instead of applying Soft-SE. / Dagen forskare förutser att inom en snar framtid kommer majoriteten av ägarna till smarttelefon använda den som sin plånbok, det vill säga använda sig utav kontaktlös betalning. Tekniken som möjliggör kontaktklös betalning idag är närfältkommunikation (Engelska: “Near Field Communication” - NFC) som finns inbäddad i smarttelefoner. Applikationer som mobila betalningar mellan en telefon och terminal använder sig av NFC. Vid mobila betalningar sparas användarens kredit- och bankinformation och det är ytterst viktigt för en användare att dess sparade data inte kommer i fel händer. Hur ska då en användare av NFC vara säker på att säkerhetsutvecklingen går hand i hand med NFC-tekniken? Kan en användare känna sig tillräckligt säker för att spara sina privata handlingar på telefonen utan att bli bestulen? NFC använder sig utav ett säkerhetselement (Engelska: “Secure Element” - SE) som erbjuder användaren säkerhet vid alla mobilköp men även i andra applikationer som till exempel färdmedelsbiljetter. Säkerhetselementet kommer i tre olika former: SD-kortbaserat, SIM-kortbaserat eller inbäddad i smarttelefonen. Med tiden har tekniken bakom SE vidareutvecklats och ett nytt fenomen har uppstått, nämligen ett nytt slags säkerhetselement. Den nya tekniken är ett applikationsbaserat säkerhetselement: mjukvarubaserad kortemulering (Engelska: “Software Card Emulation” - Soft SE), som erbjuder säkerhet utan ett fysiskt SE. Denna avhandling kommer behandla säkerhetselementets område och se över om Soft-SE är så pass säker att vi kan räkna det som ett alternativ vid våra mobilköp i affären. Ett antal hot och attacker som ett SE eller allmänt en NFC-enhet kan utsättas för kommer att nämnas och en del kommer även att beskrivas samt möjliga hot och attacker mot Soft-SE. Utöver det kommer ett par för- och nackdelar med att tillämpa Soft-SE att diskuteras. Analysen är baserat på hur en användare kan få ut mer av den existerande SE istället för att tillämpa Soft-SE. Utifrån fakta, för- och nackdelar och analysen som har behandlats drogs slutsatsen att Soft-SE inte är ett säkrare alternativ än den SE som redan används av NFC-telefoner. Eftersom Soft-SE fortfarande är något nytt har den inte ännu utvecklats tillräckligt för att skydda sig mot de möjliga attacker som den kan utsättas för. Det är starkt rekommenderat att användarna av Google Wallet håller sig till det säkerhetselement som smarttelefonen använder sig utav istället för att tillämpa Soft-SE.

The growth of the city of Aracaju, Northeast Brazil, brings questions about the occupation of urban spaces. In the case of this research, the starting point to study the cultural space created after the construction of the bridge linking the capital Aracaju the county of Barra Dos Coqueiros came from the Industrial District. Using an Ethnography done through field research, participant observation, interviews and questionnaires, relevant information was gathered about the “Sintonia Periférica” group, which occupies the space under the bridge in an artistic and political manifestation through the hip-hop movement. This research aimed to observe and analyze the way the young people of this town have been occupying and transforming the space, and the relationships that this artistic intervention in public spaces have with the reurbanization and growth of the city. To perceive the dimension of the relationships and their modes of action, consequent of urban restructuring, demonstrate the various possible ways of new forms of social and structural organization of the city, with relevance to the knowledge not only to social sciences, but also for the Public Administration and the community in general, because actions like these are daily response to the way the city has been ordered and its consequences in everyday life of its residents. / O crescimento da cidade de Aracaju, nordeste do Brasil, proporciona questionamentos acerca da ocupação dos espaços urbanos. No histórico dela, e no caso desta pesquisa, é no bairro Industrial que surge o ponto de partida para o estudo do espaço cultural criado após a construção da ponte que liga a capital Aracaju ao município da Barra dos Coqueiros. Mediante uma Etnografia feita através de pesquisa de campo, observação participante, entrevistas e questionários, foram colhidas informações relevantes a respeito do grupo ‘Sintonia Periférica’, que em uma manifestação artística e política ocupa o espaço embaixo da ponte por meio do movimento hip-hop. Tal pesquisa teve como principal objetivo observar e analisar a forma como os jovens dessa localidade vêm ocupando e transformando o espaço, e as relações que essa intervenção artística em espaços públicos têm com a reurbanização e o crescimento da cidade. Perceber a dimensão das relações e seus modos de ação consequentes da reestruturação urbana, demostram as várias maneiras possíveis de novas formas de organização social e estrutural da cidade, apresentando pertinência na construção de conhecimentos não somente para Ciências Sociais, mas também para a Administração Pública e a comunidade em geral, pois ações como essas são resposta diárias a maneira como a cidade vem sendo ordenada e as suas consequências na vida cotidiana de seus moradores.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse the effectiveness of the current global regulation of the arms trade and the regional EU regulation. In the first chapter trends in the conventional arms trade, main exporters together with key import regions, motivation of both exporter and importer for participation in the arms trade are presented. Second chapter deals with the impacts of the international arms trade and assesses the global regulation of the arms trade. The impact of the international arms trade on sustainable development in the importing country is presented as the key one. Last chapter focuses on the analysis of the EU regulation of the international arms trade. The thesis does not introduce comlex listing of future provisions, but rather focuses on major issues, stressing criteria that should not be omitted or vaguely formulated in the prospective global regulation of the arms trade.

The Jabotiana is located in the west of Aracaju- SE. It is an urban and at the same time rural region. It has a very diverse territorial division. In the old division, there are villages, communities, neighborhood housing. In the new one, there are residential condominiums in vertical format, built from the year 2000. This movement in the territory makes the names of places is constantly changing, promoting a shift process, overlap or deletion thereof. Taking this context as a starting point, our work focuses on historical and discursive analysis of place names in urban / rural areas. To understand how Jabotiana consists historically and discursively presented as theoretical framework: the notion of place names from the Great Portuguese and Brazilian Encyclopedia (1960), and the toponymic motivation (DICK, 1990); categories of French Discourse Analysis: interdiscourse subject and discursive formation (Possenti, 2003; (CHARAUDEAU & MAINGUENEAU, 2012; E. ORLANDI 1999); Enunciation as language historical event and the map as text (E.GUIMARÃES, 2002); and the file reading notion (M. PÊCHEUX, 1975) and the historical process of naming names around the "people" and "civilization" (E. BENVENISTE, 1995; J. Starobinski, 2001). For the composition of the corpus, analyze and select different scripts materialities: maps, condos dissemination of advertisements, lists of names of streets and rural and urban locations in Jabotiana in the 2000s, a period in which there is a breakthrough of vertical buildings on site. In the theoretical-methodological process we seek to fundamentally describe historical and discursively the effects of meaning in the appearance, in the reinsertion and the reinterpretation of the appointment in the territory, and how the overlay and / or deletion of different appointments are the Jabotiana so specific. / A Jabotiana está localizada na zona oeste de Aracaju–SE. É uma região urbana e ao mesmo tempo rural. Possui uma divisão territorial bastante diversificada. Na divisão antiga, há povoados, comunidades, bairro e conjuntos habitacionais. Na nova, há condomínios residenciais em formato vertical, construídos a partir dos anos 2000. Essa movimentação no território faz com que os nomes próprios de lugares estejam em constante modificação, promovendo um processo de deslocamento, sobreposição ou apagamento dos mesmos. Tendo esse contexto como ponto de partida, nosso trabalho se concentra em análises histórico-discursivas de topônimos no espaço urbano/rural. Para entender como a Jabotiana é constituída histórica e discursivamente, apresentamos como aporte teórico: a noção de toponímia, a partir da Grande enciclopédia portuguesa e brasileira (1960), e a de motivação toponímica (DICK, 1990); categorias da Análise de Discurso francesa: interdiscurso, sujeito e formação discursiva (POSSENTI, 2003; CHARAUDEAU & MAINGUENEAU, 2012; E. ORLANDI 1999); Enunciação como acontecimento histórico de linguagem e o mapa como texto (E.GUIMARÃES, 2002); bem como a noção de leitura do arquivo (M. PÊCHEUX, 1975) e o processo histórico de nomeação em torno dos nomes “povo” e “civilização” (E. BENVENISTE, 1995; J. STAROBINSKI, 2001). Para a composição do corpus, analisamos e selecionamos diferentes materialidades escritas: mapas, propagandas de divulgação de condomínios, listas de nomes de ruas e de localidades rurais e urbanas da Jabotiana nos anos 2000, período em que há um avanço das construções verticais no local. No processo teórico-metodológico buscamos, fundamentalmente, descrever, histórica e discursivamente, os efeitos de sentido no aparecimento, nas reinserções e nas ressignificações da nomeação no território, e de que maneira a sobreposição e/ou apagamento de diferentes nomeações constituem a Jabotiana de maneira específica.

To determine the situation concerning the scientific paradigms in archaeology, a study of literature was undertaken. This was appropriate to establish the most suitable paradigm for historical-archaeological research, as the paradigms were mainly applied to prehistorical archaeology in the past and could not be simply applied to historical archaeology. Other aspects that were studied were the dimensions of science, heritage resources management, the definition and state of historical archaeology, historiography and methodology. These were studied to define historical archaeology and to place it within the framework of the dimensions of science and historical research. In this way research and heritage resources management requirements were established. From the investigation it appeared that five paradigms could be applied to historical archaeology, namely the Cultural historical, Cultural process, Structuralist, Contextual and Neo-Marxist. The last three is sometimes jointly called the Post-process paradigm. The Contextual paradigm proved to be the most suitable and was applied to five case studies of historical-archaeological research to test its suitability. The other paradigms were judged with regard to the result of this application. The case studies, from northern Gauteng, reflect aspects of the lifestyle of whites between approximately 1840 and 1940. These are the Lucas Bronkhorst ruin, Church Street water furrow, Melrose House's footpaths, Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum's 1913 house and Pioneer Museum's Edwardian house. It became clear from the application that the majority of the paradigms could be utilized to an extent. One of the paradigms had a larger applicability, namely the Contextual paradigm. It was however clear that this paradigm had to be extended to address the requirements of heritage resources management. This extended paradigm, known as the Heritage Resources Management paradigm, is explained. Consequently the conclusion of the study is that the Contextual paradigm is the most suitable paradigm for use in historical-archaeological research. The application thereof in historical archaeology should provide a fundamental theoretical substructure to give historical archaeology its rightful place in the science of archaeology. By extending it (the Heritage Resources Management paradigm) it is possible to address the requirements and aims of heritage resources management, historical archaeology and research requirements. AFRIKAANS : 'n Literatuurstudie met betrekking tot wetenskapsdimensies, erfenishulpbronbestuur, die definiering van historiese argeologiese, die stand van historiese argeologie, wetenskaplike paradigmas in die argeologie, historiografie en metodeleer is onderneem, ten einde die stand daarvan te bepaal en om vas te stel watter paradigma toepaslik vir histories-argeologiese navorsing is. Sodanige ondersoek is van belang geag, daar die paradigmas hoofsaaklik op prehistoriese argeologie gefokus is en nie sonder meer op histories-argeologiese navorsing toegepas kon word nie. Die bykomende aspekte wat nagevors is, is bestudeer sodat historiese argeologie gedefinieer en binne die raamwerk van wetenskapsdimensies en historiese navorsing geplaas kon word. Navorsings- en erfenishulpbronbestuursbehoeftes is ook op hierdie wyse vasgestel. Uit die ondersoek het dit geblyk dat daar vyf paradigmas is wat moontlik in die historiese argeologie aangewend kan word, naamlik die Kultuurhistoriese, Kultuurproses-, Strukturalistiese, Kontekstuele en Neo-Marxistiese. Laasgenoemde drie word soms ook gesamentlik die Post-proses-paradigma genoem. Hiervan het die Kontekstuele paradigma die mees toepaslike geblyk te wees. Hierdie paradigma is op vyf gevallestudies van histories-argeologiese navorsing aangewend ten einde die toepaslikheid daarvan te toets. Die ander paradigmas is aan die hand hiervan gemeet. Die vyf gevallestudies kom almal uit noordelike Gauteng en weerspieel verskillende aspekte van die lewenswyse van blankes tussen ongeveer 1840 en 1940 in die gebied. Die gevallestudies is die Lucas Bronkhorstruine, Kerkstraat-watervoor, Melrosehuis se voetpaadjies, Willem Prinsloo Landboumuseum se 1913-huis en die Pionier Museum se Edwardiaanse huis en eendedam. Uit die toepassing was dit duidelik dat die meerderheid van die paradigmas slegs in 'n geringe mate benut kon word. Slegs een paradigma het 'n groter toepassingswaarde gehad, naamlik die Kontekstuele paradigma. Dit was egter duidelik dat hierdie paradigma uitgebrei moes word ten einde ook die behoeftes van erfenishulpbronbestuur aan te spreek. Hierdie uitbreiding, bekend as die Erfenishulpbronbestuursparadigma, is ten slotte verduidelik. Gevolglik is die slotsom waartoe geraak word: die Kontekstuele paradigma, word beskou as die mees geskikste paradigma waarbinne navorsing in die historiese argeologie aangepak behoort te word. Die toepassing hiervan in die historiese argeologie sal daaraan 'n fundamentele teoretiese onderbou voorsien en sodoende die historiese argeologie sy regmatige plek in die vakwetenskap argeologie laat inneem. Deur dit uit te bou (die Erfenishulpbronbestuurparadigma), is dit moontlik om die behoeftes van erfenishulpbronbestuur, bo en behalwe die doelwitte van historiese argeologie en die navorsingsbehoeftes aan te spreek. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

Recently, Bi₂Se₃ was added to a new class of materials known as topological insulators. While several studies have provided tantalizing hints towards novel physical properties, such as backscatter suppression and spin-polarized transport, several concerns remain in actual materials. In particular, high defect densities, strong surface band bending, and potential fluctuations have been observed. Here, scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy are used to reveal surface effects in Bi₂Se₃ and CuxBi₂Se₃. First, a detailed examination of defects in bulk-grown samples is described. Then, I provide an analysis of molecular beam epitaxy results, done in collaboration with colleague Yuxuan Chen. Following this, I provide a detailed study of individual point defects in Cu-doped Bi₂Se₃ and examine how Cu is incorporated into the Bi₂Se₃ lattice. Finally, through spectroscopic analysis, a novel depth-sensitive measurement of the local band bending field is developed. Furthermore, for the first time, fluctuations of the Dirac point can be correlated to specific near-surface defects, namely Se vacancies. These analyses provide valuable insights into the preparation of future samples for the investigation of topological insulators. / text

No description available.