The purpose of this study was to find out how owners of mobile second homes like caravans can be potential buyers of stationary second homes in the small ski resort "Borgafjäll", and what kind of factors can affect the choice of mobile second homes.  To answer the research questions for this essay a qualitative method was used.  The qualitative date intended the semi-structured interviews used as a complement to the questionnaire for this study. The questionnaire has contributed the explanation of how caravan owners are thinking about own a stationary second home in Borgafjäll, while the semi-structured interviews gave a deeper information about the respondents thoughts about mobile- and stationary second homes.  The result of the collected data showed that the caravans in the camping area in Borgafjäll are more stationary than mobile. The result also shows that several of the caravan owners are potential buyers of a stationary second home in Borgafjäll. The caravan owners conveyed that they are not in a hurry to buy or build a stationary second home yet, because they feel that they already have a second home on wheels, and it makes them feel free and have no hurry to establish a stationary second home.

While the government in Norway strives for equity in health and access, factors of urbanization, modernization, and sustainable development may discourage advancement in rural municipalities. In the rural hinterlands, often where the mountain belt resides, this is known to be caused by declining employment-rates in typical rural industries like agriculture and forestry. A consequence of this has been outmigration and lower numbers in the permanent population in most rural municipalities (Rye et al., 2011). Simultaneously, there is an ongoing trend of more second homes, particularly in rural areas, ascribed to second-home owners living in the cities. More second homes are evident from the country's growth of second homes on par with residential buildings since the 1970s and the existing second-home agglomerations around the major cities (Arnesen et al., 2011). The increased technical standard in second homes, from traditional cottages to high standard recreational homes with electricity- and water-utilities has also increased the year-round frequency of use (ibid). And while the political narrative is urbanization, this increased frequency of use in second homes may support a record of significant rural redistribution with second homes and domestic migration at its core (Ellingsen, 2017). The seasonal displacement from the cities to the recreational hinterland affects supply-demand ratios to important amenities i.e. casualty clinics, ambulance stations, and hospitals. This thesis investigates the current disparity using a GIS-approach.

Submitted by GABRIELA SCUTA FAGLIARI null (gabrielafagliari@gmail.com) on 2017-12-26T15:07:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Gabriela Scuta Fagliari - v.DEFINITIVA.pdf: 3166003 bytes, checksum: 8caffd9f56a00fb1125373159993c0ca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-01-03T16:40:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fagliari_gs_dr_rlca.pdf: 3056553 bytes, checksum: 326046ed0d02de4677f217363de64389 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-03T16:40:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fagliari_gs_dr_rlca.pdf: 3056553 bytes, checksum: 326046ed0d02de4677f217363de64389 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-11 / A ocorrência de residências secundárias é significativa, principalmente no entorno dos grandes centros urbanos. Particularmente diferenciado é o espaço resultante da aglomeração de residências secundárias em condomínios fechados, diferenciando-se de outras formas de uso e ocupação do solo. Partindo da relevância e diferenciação desse fenômeno, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência dos condomínios de residências secundárias na produção e organização do espaço. Para tanto, a partir de levantamentos bibliográficos e documentais, trabalho de campo, entrevistas e levantamentos quantitativos, este trabalho descreveu e analisou o processo de organização do solo decorrente da implantação dos condomínios de segundas residências da Rodovia Bunjiro Nakao (SP-250), na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. O trabalho apresenta a realidade dos condomínios e de seus entornos, descrevendo processo de formação, características e dinâmica desse tipo de espaço especializado. A lógica desse fenômeno é discutida a partir da perspectiva da interação e dos conflitos entre os diferentes grupos de agentes sociais envolvidos, incluindo proprietários de residências secundárias, proprietários de terras, empresários, moradores do entorno e agentes públicos. Os resultados demonstram que os condomínios de residências secundárias trazem benefícios e prejuízos à sociedade das áreas onde são criados, reproduzindo a realidade de desigualdade e injustiça social. / Second home is the residential property not used permanently, which does not constitute the place of primary residence of a particular household. The actual occurrence of this type of property is significant, mainly in the surroundings of large cities. The space resulting from the agglomeration of second homes in private developments is particularly differentiated. This sort of urbanization differs substantially from other forms of land use and occupation, not constituting urban nor rural spaces. Based on the relevance and differentiation of this phenomenon, the objective established for this work was to analyze the influence of second homes developments in the space production and organization. This work described and analyzed the land use and occupation process resulting from the implementation of second homes developments on Bunjiro Nakao Highway (SP-250), in the proximities of São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP). The analysis was based on bibliographical and documental surveys, fieldwork, in-depth interviews and quantitative data analysis. The study presents the reality of second homes developments and their environments, describing the creation process, characteristics and dynamics of this type of specialized space. The logic of this phenomenon is discussed in the perspective of the interaction and conflicts between the different groups of social agents involved, including owners of second homes, landowners, real state corporations, residents of the surroundings and public agents. The results show that second homes developments bring benefits and losses to the society, reproducing the reality of inequality and social injustice, but at the same time generating income and employment.

Este trabalho busca investigar se o turismo impôs de alguma maneira uma nova forma de organização socioespacial do litoral pernambucano, uma vez que a atividade turística ao chegar numa localidade, tem o poder de transformação não só enquanto uma atividade econômica, mas como também social. Desta forma buscou-se compreender como se deu o processo de ocupação do litoral de Pernambuco, aprofundando o trabalho na temática das políticas públicas e como as mesmas incentivaram, ou não, essa ocupação. Por meio das visitas in loco percebeu-se a grande influência da atividade turística, seja pela existência dos equipamentos turísticos ou ainda de maneira mais significativa retratada em forma de segundas residências. / This paper investigate whether tourism has, in any way, imposed a new form of social-space organization on Pernambuco´s coast, as the tourism activity has the power to change a new location not only as an economic activity, but also as social. Thus, we tried to understand how was the occupation process of the coast of Pernambuco, deepening the work on the subject of public policies and how they encouraged, or not, this occupation. Through site visits, it was possible to perceived the high influence of tourism activity by the existence of tourist facilities or even a more significant portrayed, in the form of second homes.

Este trabalho busca investigar se o turismo impôs de alguma maneira uma nova forma de organização socioespacial do litoral pernambucano, uma vez que a atividade turística ao chegar numa localidade, tem o poder de transformação não só enquanto uma atividade econômica, mas como também social. Desta forma buscou-se compreender como se deu o processo de ocupação do litoral de Pernambuco, aprofundando o trabalho na temática das políticas públicas e como as mesmas incentivaram, ou não, essa ocupação. Por meio das visitas in loco percebeu-se a grande influência da atividade turística, seja pela existência dos equipamentos turísticos ou ainda de maneira mais significativa retratada em forma de segundas residências. / This paper investigate whether tourism has, in any way, imposed a new form of social-space organization on Pernambuco´s coast, as the tourism activity has the power to change a new location not only as an economic activity, but also as social. Thus, we tried to understand how was the occupation process of the coast of Pernambuco, deepening the work on the subject of public policies and how they encouraged, or not, this occupation. Through site visits, it was possible to perceived the high influence of tourism activity by the existence of tourist facilities or even a more significant portrayed, in the form of second homes.

Possibilities of second home development in neighbourhood of the former Military Region Brdy Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the topic of second homes in the villages in the outskirts of the former Military Region Brdy in the Pilsen region. These villages got back parts of their cadastral area, which were taken away in 1949 when the military area was established. These villages are specifically Borovno, Míšov, Spálené Poříčí, Trokavec, Skořice, Mirošov, Štítov, Strašice, Dobřív and Těně. The aim of the thesis is to define the state and possible future of second home tourism in the area of interest, in connection with the potential which the area gained with the establishment of the Protected Landscape area Brdy on 1st January of 2016. The first part of the thesis contains theoretical input into the issue, attention is focused on second homes and tourism in connection with demilitarization and in relation to nature protection. In the second part the study area is characterized from the socio and physical - geographic point of view, the potential for tourism is also analysed. Next part is focused directly on the second homes in the area and on the results of field survey, which consisted of questioning the users of second homes and of structured interviews with mayors of studied villages. The...

During certain seasons, rural and peripheral locations with significant numbers of second homes become the destination for major traffic and commodity flows. The outcome of this seasonal flow can be somewhat problematic and cause conflicts. One of the most controversial issues of conflict is whether the demand for second homes has a displacement effect on permanent residents. It has been argued that, especially in attractive destinations, the demand for second homes has caused an involuntary out-migration of permanent residents. More affluent second home buyers can outbid the competition from permanent residents. Hence, permanent residents must buy dwellings elsewhere, or must leave due to rising living costs through increased property taxes in the area. This thesis aims to study the issue of second home induced displacement in attractive second home locations in Sweden. This is justified because it is unknown to what extent second homes have contributed to the problems in these areas. The thesis consists of four empirical studies presented in four separate papers. The studies derive from two different data sources. The first three papers are based on official register data, whereas the fourth paper is based on data collected from a questionnaire survey. The first paper is aimed at finding possible locations of second home induced displacement in Sweden. Results show that areas with a positive population development, proximity to the sea and with long traditions of tourism seem to attract second home owners. The Stockholm archipelago has been deemed to be the most attractive second home region in Sweden and a place that may possibly harbour second home induced displacement. The second paper tests the displacement theory in a regional context in the Stockholm archipelago. Results show that the number of second homes has decreased in favour of permanent homes. Further, the permanent homes’ share of the total property values in the area is increasing. Hence, permanent homes have strengthened their position, implying that dwellings used for permanent purposes have a higher impact on price inflation for dwellings than second homes do. The Stockholm archipelago is in a state of repopulation rather than second home induced displacement. Paper three examines in- and out-migration and dwelling development in three case study islands in the Stockholm archipelago. Results show that these islands have the preconditions for displacement. However, results also show that individuals leave the islands for reasons associated with major events in life such as studies and job opportunities, not displacement. The final paper deals with second home related out-migration from the island of Sandö, one of the single most attractive destinations in Sweden. Results show that the out-migrants left the island on a voluntary basis and did not perceive themselves as being displaced. They state that their life improved after they left Sandö and they are, in general, not willing to return. The paper concludes that people move from the rural periphery to urban areas in order to find a better future and this move is not associated with a forced displacement. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that second home tourism is not a widespread problem or the main cause of depopulation in attractive second home destinations in Sweden. As for many other countries throughout the world, the preconditions for a displacement situation are present in many locations. However, other causes such as job opportunities and educational possibilities are more important in explaining the negative population development. Second home owners are described as an external threat to the traditional way of life and serve as convenient scapegoats, compared to less tangible and underlying causes, which are far more difficult to address.

Second homes have been rapidly increasing throughout the world, especially in high amenity landscapes due to increasing mobility, greater leisure time after retirements and development of transportation means. Second home development in Turkey has been accelerated in the Mediterranean and Aegean coastal resorts especially after the 1980s. Fascination of rural environments, low cost of living and accommodation for holiday, considering second homes as investments and future permanent homes after retirements, and less stressful way of living in such coastal towns attract domestic and foreign tourists to buy second homes in amenity rich coastal areas of Turkey. This has been led to second home invasion and construction pressure on amenity rich landscapes, protected lands, countryside and natural environments. This thesis aims to investigate the challenges of coastal resort towns regarding second-home developments.

The concept of the croft (Sw. torp) is complex. From the 17th century crofts were small tenant holdings on a farm or estate. Along with changes in society since c. 1850, they were converted into freehold farms, second homes or left to ruins. They acquired new functional, social and symbolic values and today the croft is mostly associated with a rural idyll. The aim of the thesis is to study the transformations of the croft since1850 in order to understand how and why it has survived as a place and acquired the meanings it has. Thus the construction of place is in centre of attention. This process is approached from three angles: the materiality of the croft, ideas and representations of it and various practices relating to it. This is studied through historical documents and maps, text analysis and interviews, in part through three case studies in Uppland, Småland and Värmland. The main conclusions are that great changes notwithstanding, there are continuities in all three dimensions of the croft. This combination of inertia and change is central to how and why the croft has survived. The study also shows the importance of timing between available rural dwellings and a demand for such dwellings. Another conclusion is that the idealisation of the croft is old and not only a present day phenomena. Further, the different dimensions of the croft and the relations which can be found between them have been important for the transformation and survival of the croft. The materiality, immateriality and practices of the croft in the past remain parts of what constitutes it today, together with those dimensions in the present. The study shows the possibilities inherent in focusing on the intertwining of various dimensions and periods of time for the understanding of the processes of place construction.

Between 1991 and 1996 the number of German second home owners in Sweden increased from about 1,500 to more than 5,500. The purpose of this thesis is to give a comprehensive description and analysis of the German cottage purchases in Sweden, 1991-96. In detail, the motives of the cottage buyers, the circumstances, the geographical patterns of cottage ownership, its diffusion, the integration of the cottage owners, and their expenses in the receiving areas are investigated. The analysis is based on two main sources; (a) an unique database UMCOBASE covering all second homes in Sweden; (b) a survey among 91 German second home owners. Second home ownership is considered as touriste product and as semi-permanent migration to the countryside. These perspectives have in common the importance of the role of the positive image of the countryside. Differences in property prices and climate may also attract second home owners to a specific area. It is argued that changes in the German society form a considerable driving force. Stress and life in the large metropolitan areas as well as the political situation after German reunification contribute not only to this interest for second home living, for the countryside, but also for Sweden, often seen as a shining example. Many German images of Sweden are based on popular writings and movies of the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren. Sweden provides the German cottagers with the requested environments and the availability of housing, cheap property prices, and rather short distances make the interior parts of southern Sweden an ideal destination for the mixture of households with different individual motivations and preferences mainly from Hamburg and Berlin. The internationalization of the economy and the globalization of culture make it easier to purchase a second home abroad. In this case, the growth of German second home ownership in Sweden can be considered as a colonization of the Swedish countryside. The diffusion of cottage ownership is enhanced and directed by the innovators who due to their social networks attract new cottagers to the same area. A very important precondition for the increased German interest in Swedish cottages was the decline of the Swedish currency in 1992 allowing purchases at a cheaper price. The fact that the real estate agencies focused on the German market may be another reason for the increase, and also for the distribution of German cottage ownership within Sweden. The German second home patterns are also analyzed employing multiple regression analysis. It is shown that the distance between ferry harbors and second homes is a major restriction for the distribution of German cottage ownership in Sweden. Even future growth will take place in areas where German cottage owners are present today. The multi-functionality of the countryside caused competition regarding land-use and decision-making power between rural residents, tourists, and agents of other interests. Even if second home tourists and the permanent residents share a lot of interests, integration into the local community can be difficult. It is argued that the German cottagers are leisure gentrifiers consuming the countryside as a leisure resource only. Second home owners are faithful tourists who visit the second home area frequently and stay for a long time. This entails that they also spend a considerable amount of money in the host community. Hence, some jobs in the research area are more or less dependent on the expenditures of the German cottage owners. Despite being motivated, most German cottagers have problems integrating into the host community. The German cottagers seem to adapt to this situation by meeting with each other and by applying a conservative eco-strategy, thus converting their surroundings into their imaginary Swedish countryside. The post-war societies in the western world are characterized by rapid changes. The recent interest in second homes can be read as a rejection of modern life, because the cottage might be the continuous place in life. It is argued, however, that the second home is attractive because it blurs the strict separation of everyday life and tourism. / digitalisering@umu