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In this work the two experimental dental implant materials FAT and FAW, made of fluoroapatite particles embedded in polymer matrices, and films of the proteins lysozyme, amylase and bovine serum albumin (BSA), adsorbed to the two dental implant materials, were investigated with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and the multivariate data analysis technique discriminant principal component analysis (DPCA).

Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is an age-related condition characterized by the production and accumulation of extracellular fibrillary material in the anterior segment of the eye. PEX predisposes for several pathological conditions, such as glaucoma and complications during and after cataract surgery. The pathogenesis of PEX is not yet fully understood. It is multifactorial with genetics and ageing as contributing factors. We aimed to study the proteome in aqueous humor (AH) in PEX in order to increase the knowledge about its pathophysiology. Therefore, we developed sampling techniques and evaluated separation methods necessary for analyzing small sample volumes. Other objectives were to study the lens capsule in eyes with PEX regarding small molecules, and to investigate the association between PEX and cataract surgery in a population-based 30-year follow-up study. Samples of AH from eyes with PEX and control eyes were collected during cataract surgery. In pooled, and individual samples, various liquid based separation techniques and high resolution mass spectrometry were utilized. For quantitation, various methods for labeling, and label free techniques were applied. Lens capsules were collected from some of the patients, and analysed by imaging mass spectrometry. A cohort of 1,471 elderly individuals underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination at baseline. Medical information was obtained by questionnaires, and from medical records. Incident cases of cataract surgery were identified by review of medical records. In the initial study, several techniques were explored for protein detection, and a number of proteins were identified as differentially expressed. In the individually labelled samples, changes in the proteome were observed. Eyes with PEX contained higher levels of proteins involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and coagulation, suggesting that these mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis in PEX. The levels of β/γ-crystallins were significantly increased in PEX, which is a novel finding. In the lens capsules from individuals with PEX, changes in the lipid composition was observed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. These changes remain to be elucidated. By multivariate analysis, lens opacities were the first, and PEX the second most important predictor for cataract surgery, the later accounting for a 2.38-fold increased risk for cataract surgery.

Les conditions sévères de fonctionnement des réacteurs du futur, Génération-IV, -haute température et fortes irradiations-nécessitent le développement de matériaux adaptés. Les aciers ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened) sont des candidats très compétitifs pour le gainage du combustible en raison de leurs excellentes propriétés de gonflement et de fluage. Ces atouts majeurs sont induits par la fine dispersion de nanoparticules d’oxydes (Y, O, Ti) obtenue par co-broyage de poudres de la matrice et d’oxyde dont les conditions sont à optimiser pour maitriser la distribution en taille et composition de ces nanoparticules. Dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de formation de ces nanoparticules à l’échelle atomique, la présente thèse met à profit l’utilisation de la spectroscopie d’annihilation de positons (PAS) et de la spectrométrie de masse d’ions secondaires pour étudier l’interaction des défauts lacunaires avec des solutés Y, O et Ti et évaluer leur rôle dans la formation des nanoparticules. Les irradiations avec des ions He ont été effectuées pour révéler les propriétés des défauts lacunaires et les implantations d’Y, Ti, O ont été réalisées pour étudier les interactions de ces éléments Y, Ti, O avec les lacunes dans la matrice de fer. La distribution des défauts en profondeur indique la présence de défauts lacunaires avec une taille plus petite dans la région où la concentration d’Y, Ti, O est la plus élevée. Cet effet est plus prononcé pour O, Y et Ti respectivement. Il est expliqué par la formation de V-X (X=O, Y, Ti) complexes qui réduisent la probabilité de la mobilité et d’agglomération des défauts lacunaires. Les recuits des échantillons implantés Y et O révèlent que des complexes O-lacune sont mobiles à température ambiante, et que l’yttrium ne diffuse pas jusqu’à 550°C alors que des complexes Y-lacunes sont encore détectés comme cela est attendu par des résultats théoriques. Un modèle des premières étapes de la nucléation des nanoparticules est proposé en utilisant les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse. / The severe operating conditions of the future nuclear reactor, Generation-IV, -high temperature and high irradiation damage-, require the adapted materials development. Oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy is one of the most potential candidates expected to be used for fuel cladding material because of their outstanding swelling and creep properties. Their excellent properties are induced by the fine dispersion of oxide nanoparticles (Y, O, Ti), obtained by mechanical alloying of steel and oxide powders and which has to be better mastered. But the atomic scale clustering mechanism of these nanoparticles is not yet cleared. In this context, the present thesis using positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) sheds light on the interaction of vacancy defects with Y, O and Ti solutes to better understand their roles in the nanoparticles formation. The He irradiations have been performed to reveal the vacancy defects properties and Y, Ti, O implantations realized to study the Y, Ti, O-vacancy interactions in bcc Fe matrix. In all cases, the defects depth distribution shows a lower size of vacancy defects in the region where the concentration of the incident ions Y, Ti and O is the highest. This effect of the ions on the damage formation is more pronounced for respectively O, Y and Ti. It is explained by the formation of V-X (X=O, Y, Ti) complexes which reduce the mobility and agglomeration probability of the vacancy defects. The annealing of the Y and O implanted samples reveals that some O-vacancy complexes are mobile at room temperature and Y doesn’t diffuse up to 550°C whilst Y-vacancy complexes remain as it is expected from theory. A model of the first steps of the ODS nanoparticles nucleation is proposed by using the results obtained in this thesis.

Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude des interactions entre les défauts lacunaires et les solutés (Y, Ti, O) pour mieux comprendre la formation des nanoparticules d’oxyde dans les aciers ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened). Ces aciers sont envisagés comme matériau de structure dans la prochaine génération de réacteurs nucléaires fission et fusion. Leurs bonnes propriétés reposent essentiellement sur une répartition homogène de nanoparticules (YxTiyOz) de très faible taille. Cependant, l’obtention de cette répartition n’est pas encore maitrisée et le mécanisme de formation de ces nanoparticules n’est pas encore bien défini. Des modèles théoriques montrent que la présence de lacunes pendant l’étape de broyage pourrait impacter la formation de ces nanoparticules. Cette étude fait suite à la thèse de C. He et apporte de nouveaux résultats et de nouvelles interprétations et conclusions. Des implantations avec des ions Y, Ti, O ont été réalisées afin de simuler l’étape de broyage de ces aciers ODS. Elles ont permis d’introduire des défauts et les solutés désirés dans la matrice de fer α. Nous avons ensuite étudié les interactions entre les solutés et les défauts générés dans la matrice. La nature des défauts induits a été étudiée en fonction de l’ion implanté et de traitements thermiques après implantation par spectroscopie d’annihilation de positons (PAS) et corrélée avec les profils en profondeur des solutés obtenus par spectrométrie de masse des ions secondaires (SIMS). Les caractéristiques d’annihilation de certains défauts encore inconnues ont pu être déterminées. Les mesures SIMS ont montré que le titane ne migre pas entre 100 et 450°C et que l’oxygène présente un comportement complexe de migration et de piégeage dépendant de la température et de la microstructure des matériaux. Les résultats PAS montrent que les implantations ioniques conduisent à la formation de clusters lacunaires, de complexes lacunes-solutés et de dislocations dont la proportion change en fonction de la profondeur et de la nature de l’ion implanté. Les clusters de lacunes Vn et les dislocations sont détectés au-delà du pic d’implantation avec une fraction plus importante pour les dislocations indiquant que les défauts ont pu migrer pendant l’implantation. La proportion des complexes lacunes-solutés est maximale dans la zone d’arrêt des ions. Elle est en accord avec les énergies de liaison théoriques des complexes lacunes-soluté. La nature et la distribution des défauts formés évoluent en fonction de la température de recuit. Les clusters lacunaires Vn disparaissent entre RT et 300°C alors que les dislocations sont éliminées à partir de 400°C. Des phases oxydes sont détectées pour des recuits à 500 et 550°C en lien avec la contamination en oxygène. Des défauts dont la nature est non identifiée ont été mis en évidence pour des recuits réalisés entre 300 et 400°C dans les implantations O, Y et Y+O. / This PhD thesis is dedicated to the study of interaction between vacancies and Y, Ti,O solutes for a better understanding of formation of oxide nanoparticles in ODS steel (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened). These ODS steels are considered as structural material for the next generation of fission and fusion nuclear reactors. Their good properties are induced by the fine dispersion of low size oxide nanoparticles. However, obtaining this distribution is not mastered and atomic scale clustering is not yet defined. Furthermore, it was shown by theoretical models that the presence of vacancy during mechanical alloying could affect the formation of these nanoparticles. This study follows upon on a previous study made by C.He, and bring new results, new interpretation and conclusions. Some implantations with Y, Ti, O ions with several energy have been made in order to simulate the mechanical alloying step used for ODS steel fabrication. Theses irradiations have induced defects and solutes into the iron matrix. Then we characterized samples using positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The nature of defects was studied according to nature of the implanted ion and the annealing temperature by PAS and correlated to depth profiles of solutes obtained by SIMS. Annihilation characteristics of some defects still unknown were able to be determined thanks to positron lifetime measurements. SIMS analysis showed that titanium doesn’t migrate for annealing experiments between 100°C and 450°C and that oxygen show a complex behavior of migration and trapping dependent on the microstructure of the material. PAS results show that ionic implantations produce vacancy clusters, dislocations and solutes-vacancies complex. Their proportion changes as a function of depth and nature of these irradiations. Vacancy clusters and dislocations are detected deeper than the implantation peak with a higher fraction for the dislocations indicating that the defects were able to migrate during implantations. The fraction of vacancy-solutes complexes is the highest in the ion stopping zone and is in a good agreement with the theoretical binding energy of vacancies-solutes complex. The nature and the distribution of the defects evolve according to the annealing temperature. Vacancy clusters disappear between RT and 300°C while the dislocations are eliminated from 400°C. Oxide phases are detected for annealing at 500 and 550°C in relation with the oxygen contamination during these annealings. Some defects which the nature is not yet identified were highlighted for annealing between 300 and 400°C for Y, O and Y+O irradiations

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Progress in chemomechanical functionalization was made by investigating the binding of molecules and surface coverage on the silicon surface, demonstrating functionalization of silicon with gases by chemomechanical means, analyzing atomic force microscopy probe tip wear in atomic force microscopy (AFM) chemomechanical nanografting, combining chemomechanical functionalization and nanografting to pattern silicon with an atomic force microscope, and extending chemomechanical nanografting to silicon dioxide. Molecular mechanics of alkenes and alkynes bound to Si(001)-2x1 as a model of chemomechanically functionalized surfaces indicated that complete coverage is energetically favorable and becomes more favorable for longer chain species. Scribing a silicon surface in the presence of ethylene and acetylene demonstrated chemomechanical functionalization with gaseous reagents, which simplifies sample cleanup and adds a range of reagents to those possible for chemomechanical functionalization. Thermal desorption spectroscopy was performed on chemomechanically functionalized samples and demonstrated the similarity in binding of molecules to the scribed silicon surface and to the common Si(001)-2x1 and Si(111)-7x7 surfaces. The wearing of atomic force microscope probe tips during chemomechanical functionalization was investigated by correlating change over time and force with widths of created lines to illustrate the detrimental effect of tip wear on mechanically-driven nanopatterning methods. In order to have a starting surface more stable than hydrogen-terminated silicon, silicon reacted with 1-octene was used as a starting surface for AFM chemomechanical functionalization, producing chemomechanical nanografting. Chemomechanical nanografting was then demonstrated on silicon dioxide using silane molecules; the initial passivating layer reduced the tip friction on the surface to allow only partial nanografting of the silane molecules. These studies broadened the scope and understanding of chemomechanical functionalization and nanografting.

<p>III-V nanowire (NW) ensemble devices were fabricated using novel approaches to address key NW optoelectronic issues concerning electrical contacts, doping, surface effects and underlying electrostatics physics.</p> <p>NWs were first embedded in a filling medium, thus achieving low sheet resistance front contacts while preventing shunts. Various filling materials were assessed for porosity, surface roughness and thermal stability, giving Cyclotene as an ideal filing material. Sonication was also introduced as a novel method to achieve perfect planarization.</p> <p>The presence of the Cyclotene also enabled the NWs to be characterized precisely and easily by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to give the NW dopant concentration with excellent spatial resolution. Additionally, SIMS characterization demonstrated the ability to characterize the height uniformity of individual segments in a heterostructure NW ensemble.</p> <p>The focus of the work shifted towards surface effects on NW device performance. Therefore, Poisson's equation was solved to provide a comprehensive model of NW surface depletion as a function of interface state density, NW radius and doping density. Underlying physics was examined where surface depletion was found to significantly reduce the conductivity of thin NWs, leading to carrier inversion for some.</p> <p>This model was then applied in conjunction with a transport model to fit current-voltage curves of an AlInP-passivated GaAs NW ensemble device. A 55% decrease in surface state density was achieved upon passivation, corresponding to an impressive four order of magnitude increase in the effective carrier concentration. Additionally, conventional and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements showed intensity and carrier lifetime improvement greater than 20x upon passivation.</p> <p>Finally, the model was extended to describe radial pn junction NWs with surface depletion to give radial energy band profiles for any arbitrary set of NW parameters. Specific cases were analyzed to extract pertinent underlying physics, while the built-in potential was optimized for the design for an optimal device.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)