BACE1, die beta-Sekretase, spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Entstehung von Amyloid, einem charakteristischen histopathologischen Merkmal der Alzheimer-Demenz. Die physiologische Funktion von BACE1 ist unklar. Neuere Studien zeigten eine Rolle bei der Myelinisierung. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Rolle von BACE1 bei der Myelinisierung im Zentralen Nervensystem. Zusammenfassend zeigt die Studie keinen Einfluss einer BACE1-Inhibiton auf die primäre Ausprägung der Myelinscheiden im Corpus callosum. Sie widerspricht damit der Hypothese, dass BACE1 via Neuregulin-1-Prozessierung notwendig für die Myelinisierung im ZNS ist. Ob es sich dabei um lokale Differenzen einzelner anatomischer Regionen handelt muss in weiteren Studien untersucht werden. Zudem zeigt diese Arbeit einen kleinen, aber signifikanten Einfluss von BACE1 bei der Remyelinisierung im Corpus callosum nach Cuprizonebehandlung auf.

Systematic variation of membrane anchor, spacer and pharmacophore building blocks leads to an optimisation of the inhibitory effect of tripartite structures towards BACE1-induced cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Systematic variation of membrane anchor, spacer and pharmacophore building blocks leads to an optimisation of the inhibitory effect of tripartite structures towards BACE1-induced cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) may lead to the formation of the Abeta peptide, the major constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer`s disease. The full-length APP is a substrate for at least 2 different (alpha and beta) proteases ("secretases"). The beta-secretase, BACE, cleaves APP in the first step of processing leading to the formation of the neurotoxic Abeta. BACE competes for APP with alpha-secretase, which cleaves APP within its Abeta sequence, thus precluding Abeta formation. It is thus important to understand how is the access of the alpha- and beta-secretase to APP regulated and how are the individual activities of these secretases modulated. Both these regulatory mechanisms, access to substrate and direct activity modulation, can be determined by the lipid composition of the membrane. Integral membrane proteins (like APP and BACE), can be viewed as solutes in a two-dimensional liquid membrane, and as such their state, and biological activity, critically depend on the physico-chemical character (fluidity, curvature, surface charge distribution, lateral domain heterogeneity etc.) of the lipid bilayer. These collective membrane properties will influence the activity of embedded membrane proteins. In addition, activity regulation may involve a direct interaction with a specific lipid (cofactor or co-structure function). Interactions of membrane proteins are furthermore affected by lateral domain organization of the membrane. Previous results had suggested that the regulation of the activity of the alpha- and beta-secretases and of their access to APP is lipid dependent, and involves lipid rafts. Using the baculovirus expression system, we have purified recombinant human full-length APP and BACE to homogeneity, and reconstituted them in large (~100nm, LUVs) and giant (10-150microm, GUVs) unilamellar vesicles. Using a soluble peptide substrate mimicking the beta-cleavage site of APP, we have examined the involvement of individual lipid species in modulating BACE activity in LUVs of various lipid compositions. We have identified 3 groups of lipids that stimulate proteolytic activity of BACE: 1.cerebrosides, 2.anionic glycerophospholipids, 3. cholesterol. Furthermore, we have co-reconstituted APP and BACE together in LUVs and demonstrated that BACE cleaves APP at the correct site, generating the beta-cleaved ectodomain identical to that from cells. We have developed an assay to quantitatively follow the beta-cleavage in proteoliposomes, and we have shown that the rate of cleavage in total brain lipid proteoliposomes is higher than in phosphatidylcholine vesicles. We have also studied partitioning of APP and BACE in GUVs between liquid ordered (lo) and liquid disordered (ld) phases. In this system, significant part of the BACE pool (about 20%) partitions into the lo phase, and its partitioning into lo phase can be further enhanced by cross-linking of membrane components. Only negligible fraction of APP can be found in the lo phase. We continue to study the behavior of co-reconstituted APP and BACE in GUVs The work presented in this thesis has yielded some interesting results and raised further questions. One of the important assignments of this project will in the next stage be the characterization of the impact of membrane domain organization on the beta-cleavage. Different domain arrangements that can be hypothesized in cell membranes can be modeled by varying the degree of phase fragmentation in proteoliposomes comprising reconstituted APP and BACE.

アルツハイマー病の原因物質とされるAβの前駆体C99にはGXXXGモチーフ(以下モチーフ)が存在し、二量体形成に関与してAβ産生に影響を及ぼすとされる。そこでアミノ酸置換によりモチーフのないC99を調製し、その二量体形成とAβ産生への影響を検討した。その結果、モチーフは二量体形成には必要でないこと、Aβ産生を担う酵素の切断を制御する可能性が示された。以上より、モチーフが元来言われていた二量体形成よりも、Aβ産生に強く影響を及ぼすことを示唆している。 / Substitutions in GXXXG motifs did not significantly alter C99 dimerization, decreased the production of long Aβ species and increased short Aβ species, and decreased the ratios of precursor/product. In conclusion, my data indicate that GXXXG motifs of C99 are not crucial for the formation of C99 dimers. My findings might be useful for a development of new ways of therapeutic interventions. Because the amino acid substitutions in GXXXG motifs reduced the levels of amyloidogenic Aβ production, drugs targeted to GXXXG motifs would reduce the production of substances of great interest in the field of Alzheimer neuropathology, thereby inhibiting the formation of amyloid plaques. / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

En aquest treball de tesis doctoral s'estudia el paper de l'estrès oxidatiu tant a la etiologia com a la patofisiologia del dany vascular associat a la malaltia d'Alzheimer. Es demostra la capacitat de les cèl·lules musculars llises vasculars de produir pèptid β-amiloide (Aβ). L'estrès oxidatiu associat a edats avançades, estimula el processament amiloidogènic de l' APP a cèl·lules musculars llises vasculars portant a un augment de producció d' Aβ1-40 i Aβ1-42 contribuint així, a la formació dels depòsits amiloides vasculars. Alhora, els depòsits amiloides vasculars indueixen dany vascular a través d'estrès oxidatiu, a on la nitrotirosinació de proteïnes juga un paper clau en la inactivació d'enzimes essencials per la viabilitat cel·lular. La vitamina E i els estrogens tenen un efecte protector a neurones i cèl·lules musculars llises vasculars mentre que la vitamina E, però no els estrogens, és capaç de protegir les cèl·lules endotelials davant la toxicitat induïda pel pèptid Aβ. / In this thesis we study the effect of oxidative stress in the etiology and pathophysiology of the vascular damage associated to Alzheimer's disease. We demonstrate the production of amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) by vascular smooth muscle cells. Oxidative stress related to advance ages, induces the amyloidogenic APP cleavage producing an increase of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 by vascular smooth muscle cells, which in tum contribute to vascular amyloid deposits generation. Vascular amyloid deposits induce oxidative stress, in which protein nitrotyrosination plays a key role in essential enzymes inactivation. Vitamin E and estrogens are able to protect neurons and vascular smooth muscle cells while vitamin E, but not estrogens, is able to protect endothelial cells against Aβ-mediated toxicity.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est une pathologie neurodégénérative communément caractérisée par une perte progressive de la mémoire. L’étiologie de la MA demeure incertaine à ce jour ce qui complique l’élaboration de stratégies thérapeutiques permettant de l’éradiquer. L’accumulation des échecs thérapeutiques pourrait en partie s’expliquer par le fait que l’hypothèse amyloïde, qui met en avant l’implication prépondérante du peptide bêta-amyloïde (Aβ) dans la physiopathologie de la MA, serait incomplète. En utilisant un modèle murin transgénique de la MA, la souris TgCRND8, j’ai pu compléter l’hypothèse amyloïde en proposant l’implication, en plus de l’Aβ, du fragment carboxy-terminal bêta (β-CTF). Ces deux métabolites amyloïdogéniques de l’APP seraient responsables de l’altération de formes différentes de mémoire. Le dosage de ces métabolites dans l’hippocampe, suite au traitement chronique des souris avec un inhibiteur de β ou de γ-secrétase, a mis en évidence que le β-CTF serait responsable de l’atteinte de la mémoire impliquée dans la détection du remplacement d’un objet, alors que l’Aβ perturberait la mémoire permettant la détection du déplacement d’un objet. Ces travaux suggèrent qu’il serait judicieux de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques qui diminuent à la fois les niveaux cérébraux des deux fragments amyloïdogéniques, le β-CTF et l’Aβ. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology commonly characterized by a progressive memory loss. To these days, AD’s etiology has remained unclear which complicates the development of therapeutic strategies enabling to eradicate the pathology. The accumulation of therapeutic failures could partly be explained by the fact that the amyloid hypothesis, which highlights the leading involvement of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) in the physiopathology of AD, could be incomplete. Using a transgenic mouse model of AD, the TgCRND8 mice strain, I expanded the amyloid hypothesis, suggesting the involvement of the beta carboxy-terminal fragment (β-CTF), in addition to Aβ. These two amyloidogenic metabolites could be responsible for the alteration of different forms of memory. The dosage of these metabolites, after mice chronic treatment with either a β- or a γ-secretase inhibitor, highlighted the fact that β-CTF could be responsible for the deterioration of the memory involved in the detection of the replacement of an object. As for Aβ, it could disrupt the memory allowing the detection of the displacement of an object. This work suggests that it would be judicious to develop therapeutic strategies reducing brain levels of both amyloid fragments, β-CTF and Aβ.