Objectif : la principale théorie développée pour expliquer l’incontinence urinaire (IU) et le défaut de support urétral est la théorie du traumatisme obstétrical : l’accouchement par voie vaginale serait susceptible d’entraîner des lésions périnéales à l’origine de l’IU et la pratique de la césarienne constituerait un facteur protecteur. Notre objectif était de préciser la part des facteurs étiologiques non liés à l’accouchement qui participent à la genèse de l’IU reliée à la grossesse chez la femme.Matériel et Méthodes : nous avons d’abord étudié l’impact des facteurs de risque d’IU dans 2 populations distinctes : l’une à distance du premier accouchement (entre 4 et 12 ans), l’autre dans une cohorte de primipares suivies à 1 an du premier accouchement.Résultats : A long terme après le premier accouchement, nous avons retrouvé que la présence d’une IU au cours de la première grossesse augmentait le risque d’IU. Elle diminuait également les chances de rémission de l’IU entre 4 et 12 ans après le premier accouchement. Le mode d’accouchement et les grossesses supplémentaires n’étaient pas associés au risque d’IU à 12 ans. Par contre, un IMC élevé était associé à un risque plus élevé de développer une IU 12 ans après le premier accouchement, tandis que la perte de poids augmentait les chances de rémission. A 1 an après le premier accouchement, l’existence d’une IU lors de la grossesse était un facteur très fortement associé au risque d’IU dans le postpartum, indépendamment du mode d’accouchement. La mobilité cervico-urétrale prénatale, évaluée cliniquement ou à l’aide de l’échographie était associée significativement au risque d’IU 1 an après le premier accouchement. Nous n’avons pas retrouvé d’association significative avec le mode d’accouchement à 1 an du postpartum.Conclusion : Ces résultats montrent donc l’importance de la part des facteurs de risque « non traumatiques » sur le risque d’IU postnatale, en particulier les facteurs de susceptibilité individuelle et métaboliques. La lecture de la littérature pourtant abondante ne permet pas de conclure quant au réél impact du mode d’accouchement sur l’IU postnatale et la possibilité de prévention par la césarienne au sein de groupes à risque particulier. La seule façon d’y répondre serait de mettre en place un essai randomisé comparant la césarienne et l’accouchement vaginal. Dans la troisième partie de ce travail, nous présentons la méthodologie du protocole de recherche que nous souhaitons mettre en place pour répondre à la question. A une époque où la relation médecin-malade évolue, la difficulté réside essentiellement en l’acceptabilité de ce type d’essai, que ce soit auprès des patientes ou des obstétriciens. Une enquête préliminaire permettra d’évaluer la faisabilité d’un tel essai en France. / Objective: the most often cited hypothese to explain urinary incontinence (UI) is the theory of birth trauma: vaginal delivery would be likely to cause perineal tears leading to UI and caesarean section appears as a protective factor. The objective of our work was to clarify the importance of non-obstetric factors involved in the genesis of UI in women.Material and Methods: we first studied the impact of UI risk factors in two distinct populations: one away from the first delivery (between 4 and 12 years), the other at 1 year of the first delivery.Results: Twelve years after 1st delivery, we found that the presence of a UI during pregnancy increase the risk of UI. It also reduced the chance of UI remission between 4 and 12 years after the first delivery. Mode of delivery and additional pregnancies were associated with the risk of UI at 12 years. A higher BMI was associated with a higher risk of developing UI 12 years after the first delivery, while the weight loss increased the chances of remission. At 1 year after the 1st delivery, the existence of UI during pregnancy was a factor strongly associated with the risk of UI in the postpartum period, regardless of mode of delivery. Prenatal cervical-urethral mobility (evaluated clinically or by ultrasound) was significantly associated with the risk of UI 1 year after first delivery.Conclusion: These results show the importance of the "non-traumatic" risk factors on the postnatal UI risk, especially individual susceptibility factors. Yet reading the abundant literature does not conclude as to the real impact of mode of delivery on postnatal IU and the only way to respond would be to set up a randomized trial comparing cesarean and vaginal delivery. In the third part of this work, we present the methodology of the research protocol we wish to set up to answer the question. The problem lies for us in the acceptability of this type of trial. A preliminary investigation will assess the feasibility of such a trial in France.

<p>Predmet&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; eksperimentalno&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; teorijsko&nbsp; modelska analiza ponašanja centrično pritisnutih stubova spregnutog&nbsp; preseka.&nbsp; Modeli&nbsp; su&nbsp; formirani&nbsp; od&nbsp; AB&nbsp; stubova&nbsp; kvadratnog&nbsp; poprečnog&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; ojačanih&nbsp; na&nbsp; tri&nbsp; načina.&nbsp; U&nbsp; prvom&nbsp; slučaju&nbsp; upotrebljene su čelične cevi.&nbsp; AB stubovi su postavljeni unutar&nbsp; cevi dok je međuprostor popunjavan&nbsp; etonskim mešavinama tri različita&nbsp; kvaliteta.&nbsp; Druga&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; ojačavanja&nbsp; obuhvatala&nbsp; je&nbsp; izradu&nbsp; omotača&nbsp; od&nbsp; betona&nbsp; i&nbsp; čeličnih&nbsp; ugaonika&nbsp; međusobno&nbsp; mestimično&nbsp; spojenih&nbsp; veznim limovima čime je&nbsp; formiran &quot;kavez&quot; oko AB stuba. Razmak&nbsp; veznih&nbsp; limova&nbsp; variran&nbsp; je&nbsp; u&nbsp; dva&nbsp; slučaja.&nbsp; Treća&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; ojačavanja&nbsp; obuhvatala&nbsp; je&nbsp; pritezanje&nbsp; poprečno&nbsp; postavljenih&nbsp; visokovrednih&nbsp; zavrtnjeva. Variran je broj zavrtnjeva, odnosno njihov međusobni&nbsp; razmak.&nbsp; Numerička&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; ponašanja&nbsp; stubova&nbsp; izvršena&nbsp; je&nbsp; MKE&nbsp; metodom.&nbsp; Izvršeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; poređenje&nbsp; rezultata&nbsp; računskog&nbsp; modela&nbsp; i&nbsp; rezultata eksperimentalnog ispitivanja i dat je predlog za&nbsp; proračun nosivosti preseka/modela za sve analizirane uzorke.</p> / <p>The topic of research in this dissertation is experimental-theoretical&nbsp; model&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of&nbsp; behavior&nbsp; of&nbsp; axially&nbsp; compressed&nbsp; composite&nbsp; section&nbsp; columns.&nbsp; Models&nbsp; are&nbsp; formed&nbsp; from&nbsp; RC&nbsp; squared&nbsp; cross&nbsp; section columns strengthened in three ways. In first case steel pipes&nbsp; were&nbsp; used.&nbsp; RC&nbsp; columns&nbsp; were&nbsp; placed&nbsp; inside&nbsp; the&nbsp; pipe&nbsp; while&nbsp; free&nbsp; space&nbsp; was&nbsp; filled&nbsp; with&nbsp; three&nbsp; different&nbsp; quality&nbsp; concrete.&nbsp; Second&nbsp; method&nbsp; of&nbsp; strengthening&nbsp; included&nbsp; making&nbsp; of&nbsp; concrete&nbsp; jacket&nbsp; and&nbsp; using&nbsp; steel&nbsp; angles&nbsp; connected&nbsp; to&nbsp; each&nbsp; other&nbsp; by&nbsp; connecting&nbsp; plates&nbsp; forming steel&nbsp; cage around RC column. Space between connecting&nbsp; plates&nbsp; were&nbsp; varied&nbsp; in&nbsp; two&nbsp; cases.&nbsp; Third&nbsp; method&nbsp; of&nbsp; strengthening&nbsp; included tightening of the cross placed prestressed bolts. Number&nbsp; of&nbsp; bolts&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; spaces&nbsp; were&nbsp; varied.&nbsp; Numerical&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; behavior of columns was carried by FEM method. Comparison of&nbsp; the&nbsp; numerical&nbsp; and&nbsp; experimental&nbsp; results&nbsp; was&nbsp; conducted&nbsp; and&nbsp; numerical&nbsp; model&nbsp; for&nbsp; calculating&nbsp; cross&nbsp; section/member&nbsp; capacity&nbsp; was proposed for all analyzed specimens.</p>

Thesis (S.B. in Literature)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-70). / Introduction: "I hear a sound," said Rhoda, "cheep, chirp; cheep, chirp; going up and down" (9). Thus Virginia Woolf introduces Rhoda in her opening to The Waves. But almost immediately, this sound is transformed: " 'The birds sang in chorus first,' said Rhoda. 'Now the scullery door is unbarred. Off they fly. Off they fly like a fling of seed. But one sings by the bedroom window alone' " (10-11). While the birds were originally a unified, collective sound, "going up and down" as one, now they fly away as many, spreading like seeds that will eventually grow individually to create separate new lives. Rhoda implies that they sang as one only because they had no other choice - the door was barred, and they were jailed together. However, the single bird remaining by the window deep in song is a noteworthy figure. Like Rhoda, and human consciousness itself, it might be lonely or free, proudly individual or vulnerable in its solitude. / by Jocelyn Rodal. / S.B.in Literature

Thesis (S.B. in Literature)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. / Introduction: The infantrymen of the Great War experienced the unimaginable. Soldiers in the trenches internalized images of confusion and gore, and returned to a society unwilling and often unable to comprehend their sacrifices. For nearly 65,000 of these soldiers, their experiences on the front brought on hysteria, mental breakdown, muteness, paralysis, and other bizarre physical maladies (ER, 189). The medical description of the mental conditions that precipitated so many of these symptoms underwent a dramatic evolution as more and more cases were reported. These conditions were first collected under the terse assignation of "shell-shock," linking the range of maladies to the psychological influence of heavy artillery as well as referring tacitly to ontological theories of physical lesions in cerebral tissue. Such diagnostic projections were assisted by patients who, upon solicitation, readily supplied anecdotal evidence of mortar blasts. As the war progressed, however, the appearance of cases not directly linked to close-proximity explosions prompted the search for a non-physical term; "neuroses" was put into use, and an epistemological link to madness was established. Finally, in the search for a more scientific label, physicians decided upon "neurasthenia," a psychiatric condition linked to exhaustion and memory loss. These three terms - shell-shock, neurasthenia, and neuroses - were used interchangeably in public, political, and military discourse throughout the war, but most of the physicians who worked in Great Britain's mental wards were less careless. Each term bore a distinct epistemological weight: shell-shock clearly implied both physical causality and temporariness, neurasthenia referred to a specific mental condition, and neuroses hinted at a psychological disease "entity." Every subsequent war since the medical "discovery" of shell-shock has occasioned another evolution in terminology, and each new term has since fought to position its particular insight alongside an epistemological backlog that accrued new facets more often than it changed form in totality. Disassembling such networks of discourse thus requires historicizing conflicting definitions. The theories of psychoanalysis put forth by Sigmund Freud loomed large for many of the figures in these debates, both as an inspiration for cerebral therapeutics and as a challenge to the conventionalism and psychological materialism of the pre-war medical establishment. In subtly adapting Freud's insights, however, the practitioners of post-Freudian psychoanalysis pushed the official discourse on shell-shock in a different direction, leading to a more sophisticated understanding that was less accepting of paradigmatic and ideological identifications of Britishness with courage, character, and mental fortitude ... / by Thomas C. Schilling. / S.B.in Literature

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Driving safety is a very important topic in vehicle development. One of the biggest threat of driving safety is road departure. Many vehicle active safety technologies have been developed to warn and mitigate road departure in recent years. In order to evaluate the performance of road departure warning and mitigation technologies, the standard testing environment need to be developed. The testing environment shall be standardized to provide consistent and repeatable features in various locations worldwide and in various seasons. The testing environment should also be safe to the vehicle under test in case the safety features do not function well. Therefore, soft, durable and reusable surrogates of roadside objects need to be used. Meanwhile, all surrogates should have the same representative characteristics of real roadside objects to di erent automotive sensors (e.g. radar, LIDAR and camera). This thesis describes the study on identifying the radar characteristics of common roadside objects, metal guardrail, grass, and concrete divider, and the development of the required radar characteristics of surrogate objects. The whole process is divided into two steps. The rst step is to nd the proper methods to measure the radar properties of those three roadside objects. The measurement result of each roadside object will be used as the requirement for making its surrogate. The second step is to create the material for developing the surrogate of each roadside object. In the experimental results demonstrate that all three surrogates satisfy their radar characteristics requirements.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19219号 / 理博第4111号 / 新制||理||1592(附属図書館) / 32218 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 中家 剛, 教授 谷森 達, 准教授 市川 温子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20066号 / 農博第2195号 / 新制||農||1045(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5022(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 千太郎, 教授 近藤 直, 教授 飯田 訓久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This work investigates the feasibility to perform an experiment at CERN n_TOF to study the fission cross section and fission fragment angular distribution (FFAD) of the 230Th(n,f) reaction. An analysis of fission fragment energy losses in the experimental target resulted in a choice of target thickness of 0.1 µm (100 µg/cm2 ), which yields good transmission out of the target at up to 45° emission angles from the target normal. A detection setup using ten PPAC detectors with nine thorium targets interleaved in between them was investigated, where the detectors and targets were tilted 45° with respect to the neutron beam. This makes it possible to measure all emission angles needed with respect to the neutron beam in order to determine the FFAD. For the experimental area EAR2 at n_TOF, a prediction of the count rate in the experiment resulted in low statistical uncertainties after a few weeks of beam time, which indicates that an experiment like this is feasible. / Detta projekt undersöker genomförbarheten av ett experiment vid CERN n_TOF för att mäta tvärsnittet och fördelningen av emissionsvinklar av fissionsfragment (FFAD) från 230Th(n,f)-reaktionen. En analys av energiförlusterna av fissionsfragment inuti torium-provet resulterade i en optimal provtjocklek på 0.1 µm (100 µg/cm2 ), vilket medför att fissionsfragment som emitteras i vinklar upp till 45° från provets normal har hög sannolikhet att transmitteras ut ur provet. En detektionsuppställning med tio PPAC-detektorer med nio toriumprov mellan dem undersöktes, där detektorerna och proven antogs vara snedställda med 45° från neutronstrålens riktning. Detta möjliggör detektion av fissionsfragment i alla vinklar som är nödvändiga för att kunna mäta hela FFAD. För experimentanläggningen EAR2 vid n_TOF, resulterade en uppskattning av antalet detekterade fissionsevent per sekund i låga mätosäkerheter efter ett par veckor av mättid, vilket antyder att experimentet är görbart.