The aim of this dissertation is to establish if the unmarried father has been placed in a better position regarding his rights to his child with the advent of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005. Prior to the commencement of the Children’s Act a number of different sets of legislation encompassed the unmarried father’s position. The unmarried father could not automatically acquire any rights to his child and had to prove that it would be in the child’s best interests to be allowed contact. The study was done on the basis of an analysis of the interaction of the unmarried father’s rights with the child’s rights, as well as the interaction of their rights with the Constitution. An analysis was also made of the manner in which the Bill of Rights in the Constitution should be applied with respect to the relationship between parents, their children and the state. From the study it was found that the unmarried father’s rights interlink closely with those of his child and the state. It was established that the Bill of Rights must be applied both horizontally and vertically and that the primary duty rests on the parents and only passes to the state if the parents are unable to perform their primary duties to the child. It was further established from the study that a limitation on the parent’s right to equality is only justified in terms of section 36 of the Constitution by the child’s overriding right to have meaningful relationships with both parents. A comparison was made with the relevant legislation of some African and non-African countries to establish if South Africa could learn something from their child law legislation. An analysis was also done of those sections of the Children’s Act that interact with section 21. From this analysis it was clear that many sections and phrases in the Children’s Act are unclear, undefined and open to interpretation. In this regard certain amendments to the Children’s Act are suggested in the study. It is submitted in this study that even though the Children’s Act codified legislation pertaining to children and the unmarried father may acquire parental responsibilities and rights, the improved position is superficial and subject to obstacles. The unmarried father needs to fullfil certain requirements in order to acquire his parental responsibilities and rights, as provided for in section 21(1). One of the main problems of this section is that it does not provide for any form of proof to be provided to the unmarried father to confirm or indicate that he has acquired responsibilities and rights. Even though the mother has these rights simply because of her biological link to the child, she is hardly ever placed in the position where her parental responsibilities and rights are questioned by third parties. This is not the position with the unmarried father. He is firstly placed in a disadvantaged position because he has no way to show that he is the holder of rights and secondly he is being discriminated against, simply because he is placed in this position. It was concluded in this study that despite the improved position of unmarried fathers, their position has only prima facie improved and they really should be placed in the same position as mothers. It is submitted that if the same rights mothers have are also afforded to unmarried fathers, it would be to the benefit of their children and their right to parental care and family life. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Private Law / unrestricted

Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Public Law / unrestricted

Recently, the South African Legislature partially codified the common law duties of directors with the Companies Act, 71 of 2008 (hereafter referred to as „the 2008 Companies Act‟) which came into effect on 1st May 2011. Chapter 2 of the 2008 Companies Act is dedicated to the formation, administration and dissolution of companies. „Part F‟ thereof elaborately provides for governance of companies, and section 76 contained therein requires directors and other company office bearers to meet the standards of directors‟ conduct as prescribed therein. All of these duties are in accordance with the principles of common law as indicated in section 77 subsection (2) (a) where non-compliance will attract legislated liabilities as provided for in section 77 of the 2008 Companies Act. While the standards of directors‟ conduct remains within the bounds of common law, what impact will this codification have on South Africa‟s corporate law? And what are the realities of its enforcement? / Dissertation LLM--University of Pretoria, 2012. / hb2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Coupled with the issue of promoting energy efficiency in South Africa is the need to focus on the source of energy production. The country's excessive burning of coal resources has been linked to the global warming crisis. To address this energy crisis, taxpayers can be encouraged to play an important role in moving the country towards a position of energy stability by conserving energy or decreasing their energy consumption, or contributing towards the research and development of energy-efficient processes as well as cleaner forms of energy. This study analyses the energy-related tax incentives that are currently legislated and available to South African taxpayers and discusses the feasibility of taking advantage of these incentives. The study may provide guidance to taxpayers that have decided to invest in renewable energy sources and will discuss some of the advantages and perceived challenges facing the renewable energy industry. This study also provides a worked example that illustrates a detailed calculation of the energy tax saving incentive set out in section 12L of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962. A case study guides taxpayers though the practical process of applying for and calculating their energy-saving tax deduction. The case study may be used as a point of reference for taxpayers planning to implement the section 12L energy efficiency tax incentive for the first time and may highlight complexities and concerns they should consider. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Taxation / MCom / Unrestricted

The Large Hadron Collider is an accelerator based in the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It accelerates protons to the highest energies ever reached by the mankind. The ATLAS experiment records data from the proton-proton collisions. Common objects born in the collisions are jets, i.e. collimated bursts of hadrons. This thesis presents the newest ATLAS measurement of the inclusive jet cross-section. The data sample used was recorded in 2011 at 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy. Calorimeter is the most important part of ATLAS for the jet reconstruction. During the data taking, the hadronic calorimeter faced several failures of its components, modules. These non-operating parts have important impact on the jet energy measurement. The thesis describes tests of two available software corrections of the affected jet energies. 1

Under de senaste tio åren har en förändringshysteri spridit sig i Sverige som en ny populär trend bland organisationer. Förändringsarbetet likställs ofta med något positivt som för organisationer framåt i modern anda. Samtidigt finns det många utmaningar och svårigheter med ett omfattande förändringsarbete. Arbetsförmedlingen är en myndighet som utför ett stort förändringsarbete i hopp om att utveckla, effektivisera och förändra till det bättre. Förändringsarbetet går under namnet "förnyelseresan" och startades av generaldirektör Mikael Sjöberg år 2016. “Förnyelseresan” planeras att slutföras år 2021. Huvudmålet med "förnyelseresan" kan kort beskrivas som att Arbetsförmedlingen ska utvecklas och bli en ledande matchningsspelare på arbetsmarknaden. Syftet med examensarbetet är att granska Arbetsförmedlingens sektionschefer och handläggares åsikter och erfarenheter av "förnyelseresans" effekter på ett lokalt kontor. Metoderna för datainsamling är av kvalitativ karaktär, i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för arbetet är Nyinstitutionalism och Skandinavisk institutionalism. I analysen och slutsatsen visar tidigare forskning att förändringsarbeten i myndigheter ofta kopieras och influeras av andra lyckade förändringar. Examensarbetets informanter vittnar om att “förnyelseresan” skapat frihet, d.v.s frihet under ansvar. En del ser det som en positiv utveckling medan andra anser det vara en ansvarsförflyttning ner på handläggarnivå. Eftersom “förnyelseresan” är pågående och avslutas år 2021, kan inte ett slutresultat skildras. Det behövs mer tid och forskning om förändringsarbetet för att se hur det slutgiltiga resultatet kommer att bli. / Over the past ten years, a change hysteria has spread in Sweden as a new popular trend among organizations. Change work is often equated with something positive that should move the organization forward in a modern spirit. At the same time, there are many challenges and difficulties with extensive change work. Arbetsförmedlingen is an authority that carries out major change work in the hope of developing, streamlining and changing for the better. The change work is called "förnyelseresan" and was started by CEO Mikael Sjöberg in 2016 and is planned to be completed in year 2021. The main goal of  "förnyelseresan" can be briefly described as Arbetsförmedlingen being developed and becoming a leading matching player in the labor market. The purpose of the degree project is to examine Arbetsförmedlningens section managers and administrators' opinions and experiences of the effects of the "förnyelseresan" at a local office. The methods for data collection have been of a qualitative nature in the form of semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. The theoretical starting point for the work is New Institutionalism and Scandinavian Institutionalism. In the analysis and conclusion, previous research shows that change work in authorities is often copied and influenced by other successful changes. The Dissertation's Informants testify that “förnyelseresan” has created freedom, i.e. freedom under responsibility. Some see it as a positive development while others consider it a shift of responsibility down to the administrator level. Since the "förnyelseresan" is ongoing and will end in year 2021, an end result cannot be described. More time and research is needed on the change work, to see how the final result will be.

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This thesis is intended for teachers and students of high schools and universities. It consists collection of solved problems from plane analytical geometry including various solutions and their comparison. The thesis aims to increase the student knowledge of the topic and to provide different approaches to problems and working materials for lessons for teachers. Pictures for better understanding are added for more difficult problems. The practical part focusing on common mistakes and their elimination is included.

One of the main reasons to why a membership in the European Union (EU) is so attractive for prospect countries are the free trade agreements the membership entails. The free trade agreements mean that the whole EU opens up as one big market, where tariffs and tolls are no longer an obstacle to trade for its members. Therefore, this thesis analyses whether EU membership actually yields a positive effect on member’s trade. The time series analysis is based on a three-country sample consisting of Poland, Romania, and Croatia during the time period from 2001 to 2018. By applying multiple and Chow’s breakpoint tests, and country-wise and a pooled cross-section analysis model, we examine if the accession to EU impacts each country’s trade volumes. The results indicate that becoming a member of the European Union does not necessarily have a significant effect on Poland’s, Romania’s, or Croatia’s trade even if it is positive.

This thesis presents a grey-box model of the temperature and moisture content for each layer of the multi-ply paperboard inside the drying section of a paper mill. The distribution of the moisture inside the board is an important variable for the board quality, but is unfortunately not measured on-line. The main goal of this work is a model that predicts the moisture evolution during the drying, to be used by operators and process engineers as an estimation of the unmeasurable variables inside the drying section. Drying of carton board is a complex and nonlinear process. The physical phenomena are not entirely understood and the drying depends on a number of unknown parameters and unmodelled or unmeasurable features. The grey-box modelling approach, which consists in using the available measurements to estimate the unknown disturbances, is therefore a suitable approach for modelling the drying section. A major problem encountered with the modelling of the drying section is the lack of measurements to validate the model. Consequently, the correctness and uniqueness of the estimated variables and parameters are not guaranteed. We therefore carry out observability and identifiability analyses and the results suggest that the selected model structure is observable and identifiable under the assumption that specific measurements are available. Based on this analysis, static measurements in the drying section are carried out to identify the parameters of the model. The parameters are identified using one data set and the results are validated with other data sets. We finally simulate the model dynamics to investigate if predicting the final board properties on-line is feasible. Since only the final board temperature and moisture content are measured on-line, the variables and parameters are neither observable nor identifiable. We therefore regard the predictions as an approximation of the estimated variables. The semiphysical model is complemented with a nonlinear Kalman filter to estimate the unmeasured inputs and the unmodelled disturbances. Data simulations show a good prediction of the final board temperature and moisture content at the end of the drying section. The model could therefore possibly be used by operators and process engineers as an indicator of the board temperature and moisture inside the drying section. / QC 20101112