In zukünftigen kerntechnischen Anlagen können die Materialien Blei und Bismut eine größere Rolle spielen als heute. Für die Planung dieser Anlagen werden verlässliche Wirkungsquerschnittsdaten benötigt. Insbesondere der Neutronentransport in einem Blei-Spallationstarget eines beschleunigergetriebenen unterkritischen Reaktors hängt stark von den inelastischen Streuquerschnitten im Energiebereich von 0,5 MeV bis 6 MeV ab. In den vergangenen 20 Jahren wurden elastische und inelastische Neutronenstreuquerschnitte mit hoher Präzision für eine Vielzahl von Elementen am PTB-Flugzeitspektrometer gemessen. Zur Erzeugung der Neutronen wurde hauptsächlich die D(d,n)-Reaktion genutzt. Aufgrund des Q-Wertes der Reaktion und der verfügbaren Deuteronenenergien können Neutronen im Energiebereich von 6 MeV bis 16 MeV erzeugt werden. Die Messung von Wirkungsquerschnitten bei niedrigeren Energien erfordert somit die Verwendung einer anderen neutronenerzeugenden Reaktion. Hierfür wurde die 15N(p,n)15O-Reaktion ausgewählt, da sie die Erzeugung monoenergetischer Neutronen bis zu einer Energie von 5,7 MeV erlaubt. In dieser Arbeit wird die 15N(p,n)-Reaktion auf ihre Eignung als Quelle monoenergetischer Neutronen in Streuexperimenten untersucht. Die Untersuchung der Reaktion beinhaltet die Messung von differentiellen Wirkungsquerschnitten für ausgewählte Energien und die Auswahl von optimalen Targetbedingungen. Differentielle elastische und inelastische Neutronenstreuquerschnitte wurden unter Anwendung der Flugzeitmethode für Blei bei vier Energien zwischen 2 MeV und 4 MeV gemessen. Eine Bleiprobe mit natürlicher Isotopenzusammensetzung wurde verwendet. Für den Nachweis der gestreuten Neutronen wurden NE213 Flüssigszintillatoren verwendet, deren Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit gut bekannt ist. Winkelintegrierte Wirkungsquerschnitte wurden mit einem Legendre-Polynomfit unter Verwendung der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate bestimmt. Zusätzlich erfolgten Messungen für die isotopenreinen Streuproben 209Bi und 181Ta bei 4 MeV Neutronenenergie. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen früherer Experimente und aktuellen Evaluationen verglichen. / In future nuclear facilities, the materials lead and bismuth can play a more important role than in today’s nuclear reactors. Reliable cross section data are required for the design of those facilities. In particular the neutron transport in the lead spallation target of an Accelerator-Driven Subcritical Reactor strongly depends on the inelastic neutron scattering cross sections in the energy region from 0.5MeV to 6 MeV. In the recent 20 years, elastic and inelastic neutron scattering cross sections were measured with high precision for a variety of elements at the PTB time-of-flight spectrometer. The D(d,n) reaction was primarily used for the production of neutrons. Because of the Q value of the reaction and the available deuteron energies, neutrons in the energy range from 6MeV to 16MeV can be produced. For the cross section measurement at lower energies, however, another neutron producing reaction is required. The 15N(p,n)15O reaction was chosen, as it allows the production of monoenergetic neutrons with up to 5.7MeV energy. In this work, the 15N(p,n) reaction was studied with focus on the suitability as a source for monoenergetic neutrons in scattering experiments. This includes the measurement of differential cross sections for the neutron producing reaction and the choice of optimum target conditions. Differential elastic and inelastic neutron scattering cross sections were measured for lead at four energies in the region from 2MeV to 4MeV incident neutron energy using the time-offlight technique. A lead sample with natural isotopic composition was used. NE213 liquid scintillation detectors with well-known detection efficiencies were used for the detection of the scattered neutrons. Angle-integrated cross sections were determined by a Legendre polynomial expansion using least-squares methods. Additionally, measurements were carried out for isotopically pure 209Bi and 181Ta samples at 4MeV incident neutron energy. Results are compared with other measurements and recent evaluations.

The electromagnetic form factors in elastic electron-proton scattering are used to determine the finite size of the proton. Through the use of Feynman Diagrams and Fermi's "golden rule", several key results for cross sections of elastic electron scattering will be re-derived. This will ultimately lead to the calculation for the Rosenbluth formula, that describes in detail the process of electron-proton scattering. Furthermore, the process used for determining the size of the proton from the form factors will be shown. In addition, a recent paper by R. Jaffe, which argues the validity of this process, will be discussed in detail. / Physics

The Institute of Clean Energy Technology (ICET) at Mississippi State University was awarded a contract by the DOE to design, fabricate, assemble, and characterize a research grade test stand to assist in the development of ASME AG-1 Section FI Metal Media Filters. The major barriers to completing the code section is development of a test stand for collecting data necessary to specify performance requirements for use and for filter qualification. Currently there is not a test stand capable of performing this testing. Performance criteria for the FI test stand were developed by the Section FI project team and ICET. These performance criteria were used to create a test stand to collect the data necessary to get Section FI balloted and approved.

This research examined two interrelated issues relevant to maternal and neonatal health in Pakistan, namely, the rising rates of C-section delivery and low rates of exclusive breastfeeding. By using the Andersen's health behavioral model to frame two empirical studies, the data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13 was used. The first empirical study examined the correlation between place of delivery and the odds of cesarean section in Pakistan. Not all Pakistani women have an equal chance of delivering at a health facility where C-section delivery takes place; therefore, the study modeled mode of delivery as a two-step process. In the first step, place of delivery was a function of medical indications and various sociodemographic and community factors. Women who delivered at a health facility were included in the second step, where C-section was a function of medical indications and type of facility (private, public). It is found that women who delivered at a private health facility were more likely to have a C-section, even after controlling for the effects of medical/clinical factors, which is concerning. Findings suggest that the private maternal health sector in Pakistan may be over-medicalizing childbirth. The second study examined this paradox of low exclusive breastfeeding in Pakistan, taking into account not only individual-level characteristics of the child and parents, but also place and mode of delivery, sociocultural factors, and community composition. The sample consisted of 1,044 children 0-5 months old, currently living with their mothers. Binary logistic regressions of exclusive and predominant breastfeeding found women who delivered vaginally, whether at home or health care facility were more likely than mothers who delivered via C-section to predominantly breastfeed their infant, and that mothers who delivered vaginally at a health care facility were more likely than their peers who delivered via C-section to exclusively breastfeed their infants. Collectively, the findings of both empirical studies suggest that private maternal health care services in Pakistan may be facilitating medically unnecessary C-sections, either for profit making or time management. An extended and integrated policy regarding medically unnecessary C-section delivery and low rates of exclusive breastfeeding is needed in Pakistan to address both issues together effectively.

No description available.

The Starkville Quadrangle is a hotspot for geological research. The Late Cretaceous is represented by the Demopolis Formation in the northeast corner of the quadrangle, followed by the Ripley Formation, and the Prairie Bluff Formation. The K-Pg boundary is exposed in the quadrangle, and the remarkable paleontology is of global importance. The Clayton Formation is the first Paleocene unit. Where the Clayton Formation channel sands are in contact with the underlying Prairie Bluff Formation, springs occur. Springs were a rare source of water in the Black Prairie and spurred the settlement of the area over 10,000 years ago. The Paleocene Porters Creek Formation occurs in the southwest corner of the Quadrangle. Quaternary streams left Holocene to Pleistocene alluvium and terraces overlying the subcrop. This project provides a modern geologic map and stratigraphic framework as a background for future research in the Starkville Quadrangle.

Our group has been studying chiral recognition in gas phase using mass spectrometry for more than 10 years. We are interested in gas phase studies of fundamental interactions because the gas phase avoids complications and masking effects that may arise upon solvation. Therefore, the results of gas phase experiments can be directly compared with those of high-level computational studies. In chapter 2, I studied the roles of hydrogen bonding and pi stacking in gas phase chiral recognition between aromatic crown molecules and aromatic amines. High affinity between host and guest doesn't necessarily result in better recognition. If the affinity is too high, both host enantiomers will bind to the chiral guest very tightly so little discrimination is observed. In order to build an efficient chiral recognition system, we need to select a host and guest that have intermediate binding affinity. Hydrogen bonding is another significant factor that controls the host-guest affinity. In the case of host 1, more hydrogen bonds results in better recognition. We also find that the degree of chiral recognition is greater in the gas phase than in solution. Modeling at the B3LYP/6-31G* level is qualitatively correct, but quantitative agreement with experiment is poor. Inspired by Rekharsky's work which shows successful induced chiral recognition with an achiral host (cucurbituril) in solution, we tested the possibility of applying cucurbiturils as gas phase chiral recognition containers in chapter 5. Conferring chirality on cucurbiturils makes the chiral recognition happen in a restricted space, which might strengthen or hinder the discrimination. By comparing our results with Rekharsky's, we showed the role of solvent in this chiral recognition process. In the gas phase, the enantiodiscrimination does not happen between the "leaving MP" and the "approaching" stronger chiral binder. Because hydrophobic effects are absent in the gas phase, it is possible that the hydrophobic methyl substituent of 2-methylpiperazine and the stronger chiral binder might not be simultaneously included inside the cavity. Therefore, we do not observe enantiodiscrimination in gas phase. The dissociation experiment for the CB[7] ternary complex shows that sec-butylamine binds externally to the CB[7] host. Further, the heterochiral diastereomer is more stable than the homochiral diastereomer. This conclusion is consistent with Rekharsky's result in solution. For more than 15 years, the most common ionization method in our lab has been electrospray ionization. However, ESI is subject to problems with ion suppression, especially when the sample is a mixture or it has a high concentration of salt. The easily ionized molecules tend to scavenge the available charges in the spray solution and dominate the resulting ion population even though other compounds may be present in high abundance. Nanoelectrospray usually yields cold ionization, and analyte suppression can be greatly reduced at nanospray flow rates. Therefore, we constructed a porous polymer monolith (PPM) nanospray emitter similar to that described by Oleschuk et al. and characterized the properties of the PPM emitter. This work is described in chapter 3. Our tests show that this PPM nanospray emitter possesses some special analytical properties: decreased ion suppression, quite stable spray, strong signal intensity and good reproducibility in emitter performance. Chapter 4 deals with the application of the new CRAFTI method to negative ions. CRAFTI stands for cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ICR. The CRAFTI technique measures collision cross sections, providing a probe of the gas phase conformations of supramolecular complexes. Our preliminary work has shown that CRAFTI is applicable to positive ions, so we further demonstrate the application of the newly-developed method to negative ions in this work. Based on the fact that the experimental cross sections correlate linearly with the theoretical values, we have obtained evidence that CRAFTI is a valid method for negative ions. However, some problems remain. First, we are still working to understand the physical meaning of the CRAFTI cross sections. The absolute values we obtain are generally greater than those obtained from momentum transfer cross section calculations modeled in helium. Second, the precision of the measurements (currently about 2-3%) is still larger than we desire. We need to carefully tune the excitation and isolation amplitudes to make the signal strong and monoisotopic for weak ions. CRAFTI is a very promising and attractive method because FT-ICR provides accurate mass-to-charge measurement along with the cross section measurement. In other words, one technique is sufficient to obtain the shape, size and mass of a molecule simultaneously.

This project attempts to demonstrate the value of literary approaches to the Doctrine and Covenants, using a predominantly formalistic approach. To establish a foundation, the first chapter discusses the rich literary content of the Doctrine and Covenants, providing examples of the various literary genres represented in it, such as narrative, saga, parable, and poetry. The second chapter presents portions of Section 76 that contain features characteristic of Hebrew poetry, such as figures of speech and parallelism. The third chapter analyzes ways in which Section 76's poetic dimensions are illuminated by "The Vision," a 312-line poem attributed to Joseph Smith. The poetic version closely parallels the revelation and reveals insights into the poetic quality of Section 76. This study includes a line-by-line comparison of both the scriptural and poetic versions, and notes both textual similarities and differences between them.

Av de 110 000–120 000 barn som föds årligen i Sverige, avslutas ca 18,6 procent av förlossningarna med kejsarsnitt och ca tio procent av alla barn behöver vårdas på neonatalvårdsavdelning. Vid en normal förlossning främjas amningen och anknytningen mellan mor och barn genom hud mot hudkontakt som stimulerar barnets medfödda beteenden. Oxytocinfrisättningen stimuleras vilket underlättar moderns återhämtning och främjar bindningen till barnet. När mor och barn behöver separeras direkt efter födseln uteblir dessa normala förhållanden.   Syftet med denna studie var att belysa konsekvenserna för relationen mellan mor och barn av tidig separation efter födseln. Metoden som tillämpades var litteraturöversikt med systematisk design. Artikelsökningen genomfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycInfo vilket genererade 16 artiklar till studiens resultat. Artiklarnas kvalité granskades via en kvalitetsgranskningsmall för att säkerställa god kvalité och öka resultatets tillförlitlighet. För att samla in, analysera och sammanställa data från de olika studierna användes en integrerad analys.   Resultatet har sammanställts i form av två huvudkategorier och fem underrubriker som tillsammans underbygger studiens syfte. Studiens resultat visar på att separation har både kortsiktiga och långsiktiga konsekvenser. Separationen påverkar moderns förmåga att binda till sitt nyfödda barn, begränsar hennes möjlighet att delta i omvårdnaden av barnet, ökar risken för depression, hindrar tidig hud mot hudkontakt samt har en negativ inverkan på amningen.  Slutsatsen från studien är att separation medför flertalet konsekvenser för mor och barns fysiska och mentala hälsa. Vårdpersonal bör vara medvetna om att separation bör undvikas i den mån det är möjligt. Om separation inträffat bör vårdpersonal ha kunskap om konsekvenserna för att erbjuda stöd som minimerar de negativa konsekvenserna. / Of the 110 000-120 000 babies born annually in Sweden, approximately 18.6 percent of births ends with a caesarean section and approximately ten percent of all newborns need to be cared for in the neonatal care unit. During a normal delivery, breastfeeding and attachment between mother and child are promoted through skin-to-skin contact that stimulates the child's innate behaviors. Oxytocin release is stimulated which facilitates the mother's recovery and promotes bonding. When mother and child are separated early after birth, these normal conditions are absent. The aim of this study was to highlight the consequences for the relationship between mother and child of early separation after birth. The method applied was a literature review with systematic design. The article search was conducted in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycInfo, generating 16 articles for the study's result. The quality of the articles was reviewed using a quality assessment template to ensure good quality and increase reliability. An integrated analysis was used to collect, analyze, and summarize data from the various studies. The results have been summarized in two main categories and five subheadings that together support the purpose of the study. The results showed that separation has both short-term and long-term consequences. Separation affects the mother's ability to bond with her newborn, limits her ability to participate in the baby's care, increases risk of depression, hinders early skin to skin contact, and has a negative impact on breastfeeding. The conclusion of the study is that separation has numerous physical and mental health consequences for both mother and baby. Healthcare professionals should be aware that separation should be avoided as far as possible. If separation occurs, healthcare professionals should have knowledge of the consequences it causes so they can offer support that minimizes the negative consequences.

Nutrient pollution as a result of excessive fertilizer application is of major concern for Florida's water resources. Excess fertilizer can be lost either via surface runoff or by leaching through the soil mass eventually reaching water bodies and leading to eutrophication. The focus of this study is to analyze the effect of low rainfall intensities and overland flow from an adjacent roadway surface on the loss of nutrients from two different fertilizers. This study focuses on the fate of the nitrogen and phosphorus present in fertilizers utilized by the Florida Department of Transportation for the stabilization of highway embankments. This research was performed on a field-scale test bed and rainfall simulator located at the Stormwater Management Academy at the University of Central Florida. The loss of nutrients was measured from two soil and sod combinations typically found in Florida and used for highway stabilization -Pensacola Bahia on AASHTO A-2-4 soil and Argentine Bahia on AASHTO A-3 soil. Two different fertilizers were analyzed, an all-purpose, quick-release 10-10-10 (N-P-K) fertilizer previously used by FDOT, and the new slow-release 16-0-8 (N-P-K) fertilizer, both applied at a rate of 0.5 lb/1000 ft2 consistent with FDOT's practice. Each combination was analyzed under two rainfall intensities: 0.1 in/hr and 0.25 in/hr at a slope consistent with typical highway cross-sections found in Florida. Nutrient losses were measured by collection of runoff and/or baseflow that escaped the test bed. Additionally, from the soil samples collected throughout the testing period, the mass of the nutrients was compared to the mass balances values based on literature from a previous study on fertilizers performed at the Stormwater Management Academy. The experimental findings of this study showed that there was a reduction in total nitrogen and total phosphorus on both A-2-4 soil and A-3 soil at the 0.25 in/hr intensity as a result of switching to the slow-release 16-0-8 (N-P-K) fertilizer. Results from the 0.1 in/hr rainfall intensity, which were available only for the A-2-4 soil, showed that at this intensity there was no apparent benefit to the switch in fertilizers. Furthermore, it was found that less total nitrogen and total phosphorus was lost from A-3 soil than A-2-4 soil at 0.25 in/hr when using 10-10-10 (N-P-K). At 0.1 in/hr, there was no apparent difference in total nitrogen lost. However, less total phosphorus was lost at this intensity. The results of this study showed that there is an environmental benefit to applying slow-release fertilizers. This was more significant for the 0.25 in/hr intensity than the 0.1 in/hr intensity at which no apparent benefit was found. In addition, it was found that runoff was a greater source of nutrient loss than baseflow, although baseflow losses were substantial. Furthermore, it was found that total nitrogen tends to be lost via both pathways of runoff and baseflow while phosphorus has a lower tendency to leach through the soil but readily runs off the soil surface. It was also observed that because fresh sod tends to be heavily fertilized, applications of fertilizer could be reduced or avoided entirely after sod placement and applied as needed.