The purpose of this thesis is to advance research in the development of trimaran hullforms and analyze the feasibility of the hullform for a possible naval surface combatant using current hullform design tools. The “Generalized” Trimaran Methodology is a new process that focuses on the manipulation of the three hulled system’s total sectional area curve. The methodology is intended for rapid hull form development during the conceptual design phase, and can analyze an infinite number of trimaran hullforms. The thesis first proposes a new methodology for the design of trimaran hullforms, describes how the process was applied to an existing hullform, presents results of the analysis, and provides validation data from a tow tank resistance experiment.

Physiological performance has been commonly scaled for body size using various methods to scale anthropometrics, but a paucity of data exists on scaling muscle size. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the optimal method to scale height (HT), body mass (BM), lean body mass (LBM), and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) when scaling weightlifting performance for body size. 26 weightlifters (13 male, 13 female) participated in this study. The measurements collected were the snatch (SN), clean and jerk (CJ), isometric peak force (IPF), and countermovement jump height (CMJH). HT, LBM, BM, and vastus lateralis CSA were scaled using the ratio standard and allometry. Competition performance scaled for allometrically scaled CSA possessed greater relationships to CMJH (r = 0.60 – 0.78) than the ratio standard (r = 0.56 – 0.58). These findings suggest that allometrically scaling CSA may be superior when scaling weightlifting performance for CSA.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第24810号 / 人健博第116号 / 新制||人健||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 黒木 裕士, 教授 青山 朋樹, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

O treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) emergiu como uma alternativa ao treinamento de força tradicional, com intensidades variando entre moderada a alta, principalmente para idosos que possam apresentar alguma limitação ou dificuldade na realização do treinamento mais intenso. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou analisar a efetividade do TFR na modulação dos níveis de força, área de secção transversa muscular (ASTM) e dos diferentes tipos de fibra (ASTF) bem como da quantidade de células satélites (CS) e mionúcleos (MIO) presentes nas células musculares de indivíduos idosos e comparar os ganhos proporcionados por esse treinamento com os ganhos do treinamento de força tradicional. Trinta sujeitos foram alocados de maneira aleatória e balanceada, pela área de secção transversa muscular do quadríceps, nos seguintes grupos: grupo controle (GC), treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) e treinamento de força de alta intensidade (TFAI). Após 12 semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana, com o exercício Leg Press ambos os grupos, TFR e TFAI apresentaram aumentos nos níveis de força muscular (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectivamente) e na ASTM do quadríceps (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectivamente). O grupo controle não apresentou nenhuma alteração significativa dessas variáveis. Após o período de intervenção, a ASTF bem como a quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras musculares não apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significantes para nenhum dos grupos. Entretanto, no grupo controle foi observada uma queda na ASTF (tipo I = -10%; tipo II = -1%) e também na quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras (CS = -29,2%; MIO = -9,7%). Para o grupo TFR foi observado um aumento na ASTF tipo II de 13%, contudo um decréscimo de 6% na ASTF do tipo I. Na quantidade de CS o grupo TFR apresentou uma queda de 5% enquanto que para quantidade de MIO foi apresentado um acréscimo de 14,6%. Já o grupo TFAI apresentou uma elevação de 15% na ASTF para ambos os tipos de fibra, I e II. A quantidade de CS aumentou em 32,6% enquanto que a quantidade de MIO presente nas fibras musculares aumentou 3,6%. Os achados do presente estudo mostram adaptações similares nos ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular entre o TFR e o TFAI, sendo ambos efetivos em reverter os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento nessas variáveis, consolidando assim o TFR como uma possível alternativa ao TFAI. Quanto à modulação da ASTF bem como da quantidade de CS e MIO por fibra muscular, se comparado ao controle, que apresentou queda nos níveis dessas variáveis, ambos os treinos TFR e TFAI foram capazes de retardar o efeito do envelhecimento sobre essas variáveis, sendo o TFAI mais efetivo em modular a ASTF do tipo I e a quantidade de CS por fibra em dozes semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana. Já para modulação da quantidade de MIO por fibra, o TFR apresentou uma ligeira vantagem frente ao TFAI. Dessa forma, em nível celular, no que diz respeito à ASTF, CS e MIO ambos os treinos, após 12 semanas com uma frequência de treinamento baixa, parecem capazes de preservar os níveis dessas variáveis frente ao processo de envelhecimento / The low load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) emerged as an alternative training mode to traditional resistance training (RT), with moderate to high intensities, mainly to elderly, with some limitations or losses, unable to exercise the traditional RT. Thus, the aim of the present study was comparing the effectiveness of BFR to promote strength gains, increases in the muscle and fibers cross sectional area (CSAm and CSAf in that order) as well as an augment in the muscle satellite cells (SC) and myonucleous (MYO) contents in elderly with RT results in these variables. Thirty elderly individuals were ranked in quartiles according to their initial quadriceps CSA and then randomly allocated into one of the following groups: control (CG), low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction group (BFR) and high-intensity resistance training (HRT). After 12 weeks of training, twice a week, using the Leg Press exercise, both groups, BFR and HRT presented increases to muscle strength (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectively) and CSAm (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectively). The CG did not present any significantly alteration in these variables. After the intervention, the CSAf as well as the SC and MYO contents did not show any significantly alteration for the three groups. However in the CG was observed a CSAf decreases (type I = -16%; type II = -12%) even as in the SC and MYO (CS= -29,2; MYO = -9,7%). To the BFR group was observed an increase of 13% in the type II CSAf while type I presented a decrease of 6%. The CS content decreases 5% whereas MYO content show a increase of 14,6%. To the HRT, both fibers type, I and II, presented an increase in the CSAf (type I = 1%; type II = 12%). To CS and MYO contents HRT showed an augment of 32,6% and 3,6 % respectively. These finds indicate similar strength and hypertrophy gains between BFR and HRT, being both training capable to offset age-related loss in muscle strength and mass, placing the BFR as a surrogate approach to HRT. Comparing the CSAf as well as SC and MYO modulation after intervention in both groups with the control group, BFR and HRT seems capable to break the aging impact on these variables, being the HRT slightly more effective to increase the type I CSA and CS contents while BFR seems slight more effective to increase MYO contents after 12 weeks of training twice a week. On this way both training, BFR and HRT, showed able to preserve CSAf levels even as CS and MYO content during aging

Introduction. Wrist (Colles') and forearm fractures commonly occur when a person falls on the outstretched forearm and the force exceeds bone strength. There is lack of experimental evidence testing the available force prediction models and assessing factors that determine forearm forces during a fall.<p> Objective. The primary objective was to compare experimentally measured force peaks (F1max-E and F2max-E) to the force peaks that were predicted by an engineering based force prediction model (F1max-M and F2max-M), at heights greater than 5cm. The second objective was to describe the relationships between the experimentally measured peak forces and forearm bone and muscle strength properties, body mass, and stature as a function of fall height.<p> Methods. Using 3D motion tracking, we assessed the first (F1max) and second (F2max) peak forces from 10 young adults (5 male; 5 female) who volunteered to fall from heights up to 25cm onto a foam covered force plate. Peripheral QCT was used to determine the bone strength index (BSIc), strength-strain index (SSIp), and muscle cross sectional area (MCSA) of each participant. Two 2x8 between-within factorial ANOVAs determined the difference between the experimental and model force peaks, with post hoc analyses at all fall heights. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between the pQCT-derived bone and muscle strength indices and the force peaks.<p> Results. There was no significant differences between F1max-E and F1max-M across all fall heights, but the model significantly over-predicted the F2max-E across all fall heights. After controlling F1max-E and F2max-E for body mass, the force peaks appeared to be weakly related to the anthropometric as well as bone and muscle strength outcomes (r=0.2-0.7, p>0.05). The relationship between bone and muscle strength outcomes appeared to have a tendency to get stronger at higher fall heights.<p> Conclusion. The model predicted experimental F1max, but not experimental F2max. This study presents preliminary pilot results. Larger sample size is needed to confirm whether incorporating bone and muscle strength estimates into fall force prediction models could enhance forearm fracture risk assessments.

Introduction. Wrist (Colles') and forearm fractures commonly occur when a person falls on the outstretched forearm and the force exceeds bone strength. There is lack of experimental evidence testing the available force prediction models and assessing factors that determine forearm forces during a fall.<p> Objective. The primary objective was to compare experimentally measured force peaks (F1max-E and F2max-E) to the force peaks that were predicted by an engineering based force prediction model (F1max-M and F2max-M), at heights greater than 5cm. The second objective was to describe the relationships between the experimentally measured peak forces and forearm bone and muscle strength properties, body mass, and stature as a function of fall height.<p> Methods. Using 3D motion tracking, we assessed the first (F1max) and second (F2max) peak forces from 10 young adults (5 male; 5 female) who volunteered to fall from heights up to 25cm onto a foam covered force plate. Peripheral QCT was used to determine the bone strength index (BSIc), strength-strain index (SSIp), and muscle cross sectional area (MCSA) of each participant. Two 2x8 between-within factorial ANOVAs determined the difference between the experimental and model force peaks, with post hoc analyses at all fall heights. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between the pQCT-derived bone and muscle strength indices and the force peaks.<p> Results. There was no significant differences between F1max-E and F1max-M across all fall heights, but the model significantly over-predicted the F2max-E across all fall heights. After controlling F1max-E and F2max-E for body mass, the force peaks appeared to be weakly related to the anthropometric as well as bone and muscle strength outcomes (r=0.2-0.7, p>0.05). The relationship between bone and muscle strength outcomes appeared to have a tendency to get stronger at higher fall heights.<p> Conclusion. The model predicted experimental F1max, but not experimental F2max. This study presents preliminary pilot results. Larger sample size is needed to confirm whether incorporating bone and muscle strength estimates into fall force prediction models could enhance forearm fracture risk assessments.

Contextualização: Uma das formas de conhecimento da função muscular se dá por meio de modelos biomecânicos que utilizam parâmetros como área de secção transversa fisiológica (ASTF), comprimento de fascículo e ângulo de penação para a mensuração da força isométrica máxima dos músculos. Os modelos biomecânicos normalmente empregam arquitetura de cadáveres e ignoram as características específicas da população estudada. Por esta razão, podem ser imprecisos na estimativa. Objetivo: Comparar o torque isométrico máximo de extensão de joelho de mulheres com mais de 55 anos com a estimativa de torque utilizando modelo biomecânico, utilizando parâmetros de cadáveres e utilizando parâmetros musculares mensurados diretamente. Metodologia: Quinze voluntárias com idade superior a 55 anos realizaram contrações voluntárias máximas isométricas (CVMI) de extensão de joelho em quatro ângulos (15°, 45°, 75° e 105°). Foram coletadas imagens de ultrassonografia de ASTF, comprimento de fascículo e ângulo de penação dos músculos do quadríceps. Esses parâmetros foram utilizados no modelo de Arnold et al. (2010) para estimar o torque individual das voluntárias nas mesmas condições da CVMI.. Os resultados de torque experimental, torque estimado individual (arquitetura individual) e torque estimado genérico (arquitetura dos cadáveres) foram comparados por meio de ANOVA de Friedman (α<0,05) e desdobramento post-hoc de Wilcoxon, índice de significância corrigido de α<0,0167 foi adotado após correção de Bonferroni. Além disso, foi realizada a análise gráfica de Bland-Altman (1986), regressão linear, índice de correlação intraclasse (ICC) e erro RMS para identificar qual técnica se assemelha mais ao torque experimental. Resultados e Discussão: O torque estimado individualmente previu corretamente o torque experimental nos ângulos de 45°, 75° e 105°. O torque estimado genérico previu corretamente o torque experimental nos ângulos 75° e 105°. Ambas as estimativas apresentaram tendências de superestimar os valores experimentais. Sendo que o torque estimado individual apresentou menor erro RMS e menor ICC. Após a correção da distância perpendicular muscular utilizada no modelo pela apresentada por Krevolin, Pandy e Pearce (2004) para mulheres, o pico do torque estimado individualmente apresentou-se no mesmo ângulo do torque coletado (75°). Conclusão: A estimativa com dados de arquitetura individualizados aumenta o grau acerto da técnica em um dos ângulos coletados, entretanto, a correlação entre os dados experimentais e aqueles oriundos do modelo individualizado não foi maior que aquela obtida entre os dados experimentais e os dados oriundos do modelo genérico. / Background: One way to know the muscle function is by biomechanical models that use parameters such as physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) , fascicle length and penation angle for the estimation maximum isometric muscle force. Biomechanical models typically employ generic architecture parameters from cadaveric studies and ignore the specific characteristics of the studied population. For this reason, the estimation may be inaccurate. Objective: Compare the maximum isometric knee extension moment in women over 55 years with the estimated moment using a biomechanical model, using: (1) muscle parameters from cadaveric studies and (2) muscle parameters measured directly. Methods: Fifteen volunteers aged over 55 years did maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) of knee extension at four angles (15°, 45°, 75° and 105°). Ultrasound images of PCSA, fascicle length and penation angle of the quadriceps femoris muscles were acquired. These parameters were used in the model of Arnold et al. (2010) to estimate the individual voluntary moment of the same conditions of MIVC. The experimental moments were compared with the estimated moment and with generic architecture, collected from cadaveric studies (Ward et al., 2009). The results experimental moment, individual estimated moment (individual architecture) and generic estimated moment (architecture from cadavers form Ward et al., (2009)) were compared using Friedman's ANOVA (α<0.05) and Wilcoxon’s post-hoc (α<0.0167 - Bonferroni’s correction). Furthermore, the following analysis were performed: graphical analysis and Bland-Altman (1986), linear regression, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and RMS error to identify which technique is more similar to the experimental moment. Results and Discussion: The moment estimated individually correctly predicted the experimental moment at 45°, 75° and 105°. The generic moment estimation agreed with the experimental moment at 75° and 105°. Both estimations presented tendencies to overestimate the experimental moment. The individual estimation presented lower RMS error and lower ICC. After correction of the muscle moment arm used in the model for the presented by Krevolin , Pandy and Pearce (2004 ), the peak angle of estimated moment was presented at the same angle of the experimental moment (75°). Conclusion: The estimate with individualized data architecture increases the degree of agreement in one of the angles. However, the correlation between the experimental data and those from the individualized model was not greater than that obtained by the generic estimation.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / John Michael Gonzalez / The objective of this body of work was to examine effects of growth-promoting technologies (GP) on Longissimus lumborum meat tenderness, focusing on alterations of muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and collagen solubility. Two studies were conducted and analyzed as randomized complete block designs with repeated measures with GP and day of postmortem aging (DOA) as main effects. Treatments consisted of: a control (CON), implant only (IMP), and implant and [beta]-adrenergic agonist (COMBO). The [beta]-adrenergic agonist utilized for the first was zilpaterol hydrochloride, while the second study examined ractopamine hydrochloride. Objective tenderness of strip loin steaks was measured through Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) after 2 (study 2) or 3 (study 1), 7, 14, 21, or 35 d of postmortem aging. Muscle fiber CSA and collagen solubility were analyzed via immunohistochemistry and hydroxyproline content, respectively. For the first study there was a treatment × DOA interaction (P < 0.01) for WBSF. Compared to CON steaks, IMP steaks had greater (P = 0.01) WBSF on d 3, but were similar (P = 0.21) by d 14. The COMBO steaks remained less tender at all-time points (P < 0.04) except d 21 (P = 0.13) when compared to the CON. Growth-promoting treatment increased the CSA of all three muscle fiber types (P < 0.01), but had no effect on collagen solubility measures (P > 0.21). The second study observed no treatment × DOA interaction (P = 0.54) for WBSF, but GP increased (P < 0.01) WBSF across all DOA. Growth-promoting treatment tended to increase the CSA of type I and IIX fibers (P < 0.10), and increased (P < 0.01) type IIA fiber CSA. In agreement with the first study, there was no treatment × DOA interaction or treatment effect on collagen solubility (P > 0.75). The addition of GP to feedlot heifer production increased WBSF of strip loin steaks and fiber CSA, but did not impact collagen characteristics.

Contextualização: Uma das formas de conhecimento da função muscular se dá por meio de modelos biomecânicos que utilizam parâmetros como área de secção transversa fisiológica (ASTF), comprimento de fascículo e ângulo de penação para a mensuração da força isométrica máxima dos músculos. Os modelos biomecânicos normalmente empregam arquitetura de cadáveres e ignoram as características específicas da população estudada. Por esta razão, podem ser imprecisos na estimativa. Objetivo: Comparar o torque isométrico máximo de extensão de joelho de mulheres com mais de 55 anos com a estimativa de torque utilizando modelo biomecânico, utilizando parâmetros de cadáveres e utilizando parâmetros musculares mensurados diretamente. Metodologia: Quinze voluntárias com idade superior a 55 anos realizaram contrações voluntárias máximas isométricas (CVMI) de extensão de joelho em quatro ângulos (15°, 45°, 75° e 105°). Foram coletadas imagens de ultrassonografia de ASTF, comprimento de fascículo e ângulo de penação dos músculos do quadríceps. Esses parâmetros foram utilizados no modelo de Arnold et al. (2010) para estimar o torque individual das voluntárias nas mesmas condições da CVMI.. Os resultados de torque experimental, torque estimado individual (arquitetura individual) e torque estimado genérico (arquitetura dos cadáveres) foram comparados por meio de ANOVA de Friedman (α<0,05) e desdobramento post-hoc de Wilcoxon, índice de significância corrigido de α<0,0167 foi adotado após correção de Bonferroni. Além disso, foi realizada a análise gráfica de Bland-Altman (1986), regressão linear, índice de correlação intraclasse (ICC) e erro RMS para identificar qual técnica se assemelha mais ao torque experimental. Resultados e Discussão: O torque estimado individualmente previu corretamente o torque experimental nos ângulos de 45°, 75° e 105°. O torque estimado genérico previu corretamente o torque experimental nos ângulos 75° e 105°. Ambas as estimativas apresentaram tendências de superestimar os valores experimentais. Sendo que o torque estimado individual apresentou menor erro RMS e menor ICC. Após a correção da distância perpendicular muscular utilizada no modelo pela apresentada por Krevolin, Pandy e Pearce (2004) para mulheres, o pico do torque estimado individualmente apresentou-se no mesmo ângulo do torque coletado (75°). Conclusão: A estimativa com dados de arquitetura individualizados aumenta o grau acerto da técnica em um dos ângulos coletados, entretanto, a correlação entre os dados experimentais e aqueles oriundos do modelo individualizado não foi maior que aquela obtida entre os dados experimentais e os dados oriundos do modelo genérico. / Background: One way to know the muscle function is by biomechanical models that use parameters such as physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) , fascicle length and penation angle for the estimation maximum isometric muscle force. Biomechanical models typically employ generic architecture parameters from cadaveric studies and ignore the specific characteristics of the studied population. For this reason, the estimation may be inaccurate. Objective: Compare the maximum isometric knee extension moment in women over 55 years with the estimated moment using a biomechanical model, using: (1) muscle parameters from cadaveric studies and (2) muscle parameters measured directly. Methods: Fifteen volunteers aged over 55 years did maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) of knee extension at four angles (15°, 45°, 75° and 105°). Ultrasound images of PCSA, fascicle length and penation angle of the quadriceps femoris muscles were acquired. These parameters were used in the model of Arnold et al. (2010) to estimate the individual voluntary moment of the same conditions of MIVC. The experimental moments were compared with the estimated moment and with generic architecture, collected from cadaveric studies (Ward et al., 2009). The results experimental moment, individual estimated moment (individual architecture) and generic estimated moment (architecture from cadavers form Ward et al., (2009)) were compared using Friedman's ANOVA (α<0.05) and Wilcoxon’s post-hoc (α<0.0167 - Bonferroni’s correction). Furthermore, the following analysis were performed: graphical analysis and Bland-Altman (1986), linear regression, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and RMS error to identify which technique is more similar to the experimental moment. Results and Discussion: The moment estimated individually correctly predicted the experimental moment at 45°, 75° and 105°. The generic moment estimation agreed with the experimental moment at 75° and 105°. Both estimations presented tendencies to overestimate the experimental moment. The individual estimation presented lower RMS error and lower ICC. After correction of the muscle moment arm used in the model for the presented by Krevolin , Pandy and Pearce (2004 ), the peak angle of estimated moment was presented at the same angle of the experimental moment (75°). Conclusion: The estimate with individualized data architecture increases the degree of agreement in one of the angles. However, the correlation between the experimental data and those from the individualized model was not greater than that obtained by the generic estimation.