El presente trabajo analiza el costo de la maternidad, en términos de salarios, en los sectores Público y Privado del Perú Urbano. Para ello, se utilizan estrategias de estimación de mínimos cuadrados y la corrección de Heckman para eliminar problemas de sesgo de selección muestral. Así también, se utiliza la descomposición Oaxaca-Blinder para determinar las fuentes de las diferencias en los salarios. Los resultados empíricos confirman la existencia de una penalización por maternidad de 19.5% en el mercado laboral peruano. Cuando se analiza los sectores por separado, se obtiene que las madres que trabajan en el Sector Privado sufren de una mayor penalización salarial, en comparación con las madres que trabajan en el Sector Público. Esto se debe, en parte, a la disminución en las exigencias de las normas laborales para las empresas del Sector Privado, con la finalidad de disminuir la informalidad laboral. / This paper analyzes the cost of maternity, in terms of wages, in the Public and Private sectors of Urban Peru. For this, strategies of least squares estimation and Heckman correction are used to eliminate problems of sample selection bias. Also, the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is used to determine the sources of the differences in wages. The empirical results confirm the existence of a maternity penalty of 19.5% in the Peruvian labor market. When the sectors are analyzed separately, it is obtained that the mothers who work in the Private Sector suffer from a higher salary penalty, in comparison with the mothers who work in the Public Sector. This is due, in part, to the decrease in the requirements of labor standards for private sector companies, with the aim of reducing labor informality. / Tesis

No description available.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Work-related stress among employees in Sweden is reported to increase, women areexperiencing higher levels of stress than their male colleagues. Organizational Role Stress is a denomination for all stress related to an individuals role in an organizationand the annual cost for Organizational Role Stress in the European Union exceeds € 20 billion. Managers in Lycksele municipality emphasized a troublesome working situation where time is not enough to balance administrative responsibilities and operative leadership. Hence, the aim to investigate: “How does Organizational Role Stress affect the balance between administrative responsibilities and operative leadership among managers in Lycksele municipality?” Four key words were deduced from the research question: Organizational Role Stress, Administrative Management, Public Sector Leadership and Public Sector, which guided the search for existing theories to help substantiate and answer the research question. The study introduced the Organizational Role Stress Framework developed by Udai Pareek into a Swedish pubic organization with the aim to measure the impact of Organizational Role Stress. The Organizational Role Stress Framework contributed to a quantitative study amongmanagers in Lycksele municipality to measure the impact of Organizational Role Stress. The sample population consisted of 60 managers who were given an equal opportunityto participate in the study. In total, 49 out of 60 managers participated in the study, which corresponds to a satisfying response rate of 82 %. The main conclusion of the study is that Organizational Role Stress has a negativeimpact on managers’ ability to balance administrative responsibilities and operativeleadership. The Organizational Role Stress Framework can explain 50 % of the variancein managers’ problems with balancing the responsibilities in their roles. Furthermore, the findings also imply that two stressors from the Organizational Role Stress Framework namely: Inter-Role Distance and Role Overload are a better model to describe the problem among managers. These two stressors as a model can explain 52% of the variance among managers ability to balance administrative responsibilities andoperative leadership.

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El material brinda información básica sobre el desarrollo de la actividad turística nacional e internacional. Asimismo información más relevante sobre las instituciones, organismos y gremios (privados-públicos) más representativos del sector turismo.

Zugl.: Siegen, Univ., Diss., 2008

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Political Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-151). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR51562

This comparative qualitative research aimed to explore critical thinking in teachers’ accounts and curriculum documents of religious education in two different sectors in Scottish Education: non-denominational and Roman Catholic. While previous research examined critical thinking in different curriculum areas and there are empirical studies on religious education from different perspectives, there was a lack of research on critical thinking in religious education particularly in the Scottish context. What makes exploring critical thinking in religious education particularly interesting is the complex relationship between faith and reason, and the importance attached to personal beliefs within the subject, unlike in other curriculum areas. My research consists of three different studies to answer the research questions. In the first study, I designed a framework of critical thinking drawing on analysis and synthesis of critical thinking definitions and frameworks dominant in the literature. Having investigated the most-cited taxonomies and frameworks of thinking skills and critical thinking such as those presented by Bloom, Ennis, Halpern and Paul, I designed a hierarchical framework of critical thinking. This conceptual framework covers lower level thinking skills, higher level (cognitive and meta-cognitive) thinking skills and dispositions. In the second study I used this framework to analyse and compare the explicit and implicit incorporation of critical thinking and its elements in RE curriculum documents in the two education sectors. The purpose was to identify different types of critical thinking in these documents. The third study focused on teachers’ understanding of critical thinking in religious education by conducting semi-structured interviews with RE teachers in secondary schools in Scotland: 5 in 5 non-denominational schools and 4 in 3 Roman Catholic schools. Analysis of curriculum documents and teachers’ interviews based on the framework of critical thinking revealed the workability and originality of this designed framework. One of the key findings of this study is that although the elements of critical thinking evident in RE curriculum documents of both sectors and the terminology used in them is the same, different approaches to religion and truth results in different approaches to critical thinking being implicit in those documents: critical thinking within religion, critical thinking between religions and critical thinking concerning religion. Moreover the study shows the vagueness of all RE curriculum documents in defining the term critical thinking and its development, and the lack of comprehensive knowledge amongst teachers of critical thinking integrated in these documents. Another finding of this research is that although there is some similarity in RE teachers’ explicit approaches to critical thinking, teachers have individual perceptions of critical thinking which does not seem to be influenced by the sector in which they worked. I suggest that this is due to their different personal and social backgrounds shaping their understanding, combined with the absence of clear definition of critical thinking in RE curriculum documents. Regarding the intertwined relation between critical thinking and religious education, the study suggests that it would be beneficial to include a clear definition of critical thinking and the methods by which it can be developed in curriculum documents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between industrialization and changes that occurred in the local economy and the quality of life in a selected North Central Texas community which had experienceg industrial growth.