Climate change is one of the global challenges of our time. The energy sector is at the focus of the European efforts to combat climate change as it accounts for 80% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. Buildings, on the other hand, represent 40% of the energy use and 33% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union, giving the buildings sector also a key role in the European climate strategy. There are, at the same time, strong interdependencies between the energy and buildings sectors due to the high amount of energy used by buildings and their rising importance as active components in the future energy systems. These interdependencies do not only influence the investment decisions in the energy and buildings sectors, but also the effectiveness of the European climate strategy. Cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors can create beneficial outcomes for the both sectors as well as the environment. It may also encourage innovation, improve the energy performance of buildings, and help achieve a higher penetration of renewable energy into the energy system. This licentiate thesis investigates the relationship between the energy and buildings sector at the inter-company level. Presenting the data collected from interviews and a web survey answered by the energy and buildings sectors in Sweden, this thesis examines the level of cooperation between these two sectors, discusses trust issues between stakeholders, presents the factors that negatively impact cooperation, and provides recommendations for the minimisation of these factors. The findings presented in this thesis indicate an insufficient level of cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors in Sweden, to which the following factors have been identified to contribute in a negative a way: district heating monopolies; energy efficiency in buildings; building regulations; self-generation of electricity; and energy use patterns. The emphasis on self-interest by stakeholders within the both sectors appears to create trust issues between stakeholders. Accordingly, shifting the focus from self-gains to mutual gains is deemed necessary to improve the cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors. This, however requires significant changes in current practices and business models. It has been identified that the development of smart energy systems that allow a closer interaction between the energy and buildings sectors through flexible energy supply and use would minimise many of the factors that negatively impact cooperation. / Klimatförändringen är en av de stora globala utmaningar vi står inför. I Europa läggs idag stort fokus på energisektorn, som står för 80 procent av det totala utsläppen av växthusgaser. Byggnader representerar 40 procent av energianvändningen och 33 procent av växthusutsläppen, vilket också ger byggsektorn en nyckelroll i den europeiska klimatstrategin. Samtidigt finns det starka beroendeförhållanden mellan energi- och byggsektorn på grund av den höga energianvändningen i byggnader och deras ökade betydelse som en aktiv komponent i det framtida energisystemet. Dessa beroendeförhållanden påverkar inte bara investeringsbeslut i de båda sektorerna, utan även effektiviteten i den europeiska klimatstrategin. Samarbete mellan energi- och byggsektorn kan få positiva effekter för både dem själva såväl som för miljön. Samarbete mellan sektorerna kan även uppmuntra innovation, förbättra energieffektiviteten i byggnader och tillåta en högre användning av förnyelsebar energi i energisystemet.  Denna licentiatavhandling utforskar förhållandet mellan energi- och byggsektorn på företagsnivå genom att analysera data som samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer och en webbaserad enkät.  Intervjuer och enkäter har besvarades av både energi- och byggsektorerna i Sverige. Denna avhandling studerar nivån av samarbete mellan de två sektorerna, diskuterar problem gällande förtroende mellan intressenter, presenterar de identifierade faktorer som försvårar samarbete och ger rekommendationer för att minimera dessa. Resultatet visar på en otillräcklig nivå av samarbete mellan energi- och byggsektorerna i Sverige. De faktorer som försvårar samarbetet är följande: fjärrvärmemonopol; energieffektivitet i byggnader; byggregler, egenproduktion av el och användarmönster. Naturligt finns ett egenintresse hos olika intressenter inom de båda sektorerna, och detta tycks ha skapat ett förtroendeproblem mellan de olika sektorerna Att byta fokus från egen vinning till gemensamma mål bedöms vara nödvändigt för att öka samarbetet mellan energi- och byggsektorerna. Detta fodrar dock stora förändringar både i nuvarande verksamhet samt i affärsmodellerna. Det har påvisats att utvecklandet av smarta energisystem som tillåter en större interaktion mellan energi- och byggsektorerna genom flexibel energiförsörjning och användning skulle minimera många av de faktorer som inverkar negativt på samarbetet.

As a depletable resource oil is a useful source of economic growth, but may not be relied upon for long-term sustainable development. Diversification from oil is needed to achieve this. This research applies three models to examine the most important determinants of oil and non-oil sector economic growth in two of the largest economies in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), namely Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The empirical analysis applies the Johansen approach and ECM to access the relationship between all variables, both in the long and short-term. Given the governments’ determination to reduce dependence on oil income, this study focuses on the role of non-oil sectors. Explanatory variables in the models included exports, government spending, investment (private and public), tourism (religious and international), labour and capital, while GDP is used as the dependent variable. The results reflect the fact that the main determinants of economic growth in Saudi Arabia are related to the oil sector. The analysis of the long-term relationship between selected variables in the main model find that total exports have the greatest influence on economic growth, while tourism is the least influential variable. Moreover, empirical results show that all variables are important in the growth of the Saudi economy except non-oil exports. The role of religious tourism is not found to be significant in the process of economic growth when the economy as a whole is taken into consideration. Nonetheless, when isolating the non-oil sectors, the effect of religious tourism has a greater influence on economic growth. Concrete evidence also exists as to the importance of the role of an additional variable – government spending – in enhancing economic growth. In the UAE, the impact of both oil and non-oil sectors is highly prominent. This is particularly evident when the economy is divided into two segments (oil and non-oil). With the exception of government spending and public investment in the non-oil sector, the estimated results show that overall both sectors (oil and non-oil) are in fact responsible for this growth. With regard to tourism, the study’s findings confirm its importance in both models. It is found that non-oil exports in the non-oil sectors have the greatest positive impact on economic growth, followed by tourism and private investment respectively. Overall, this study's outcomes suggest that the omission or exclusion of important variables and factors in non-oil sectors such as tourism and the exclusive concentration of empirical studies on the role of oil exports and government spending as the engines of growth, might be both biased and misleading. This thesis has both theoretical and practical implications. Through isolating the non-oil sector from the oil sector, the study is able to detect and highlight the potential role of tourism as a future crucial factor in determining economic growth in oil rich countries, especially in the GCC.

El presente proyecto consiste en la elaboración y comercialización de casacas que tienen la función adicional de convertirse en mochila para hombres y mujeres de entre 18 y 35 años de edad de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B de Lima metropolitana. Se realizaron una serie de encuestas y entrevistas que nos permitieron conocer las características, atributos y precio que nuestro público objetivo estaría buscando en una prenda de vestir. Esta información es vital para la creación de nuestro producto: Pracket. Nuestro público objetivo quiere una casaca que sea cómoda, de calidad, practica y facil de guardar para su uso diario ante los cambios de clima repentinos. Nuestro producto tiene un diseño peculiar, ya que en la parte baja de la espalda se encuentra el material que convierte a la casaca en una mochila. Asimismo, Pracket se encuentra elaborada con distintos tipos de tela dependiendo de la estacionalidad. Para el verano contamos con la tela “French Terry” que se caracteriza por ser delgada y fresca; y para el invierno, una tela afranelada. Nuestro proyecto se encuentra desarrollado en una serie de etapas de validación de con el objetivo de comprobar que nuestro público objetivo está dispuesto a comprar una casaca Pracket frente al resto de casacas. Asimismo, después de validar nuestro producto se pasó al desarrollo del plan de negocio, en el cual identificamos que se requiere una inversión inicial de 81,592 soles. Para la ejecución del negocio, la rentabilidad del accionista es de 852.79%, el cual es un porcentaje que hace rentable a Pracket. / This project consists on the elaboration and merchandizing of jackets that have an additional function of becoming into a backpack for men and women between.18 and 35 years old, that are from the socioeconomic level of A and B of Metropolitan Lima To validate this project, different surveys and interviews were made, which let us know the characteristics, attributes and price that our target audience would be looking for in clothing. This information was relevant for the creation of our product: Pracket. Mainly, our target audience wants a jacket that is comfortable, high quality, practical and easy to storage, in order not to bother them in their daily activities in sudden weather changes. Our product has a peculiar design, because in the bottom of the back, it is a material that lets become the jacket into a backpack. Besides, Pracket is made of different types of cloth depending on the seasonality. For spring and summer, we have the jackets made with “French Terry” that it´s characterized for its lightness and freshness in its daily use. For addition, for winter and fall, Pracket is made with a flannel cloth. Our project is been developed in different stages of validation, in order to prove that our target is disposed to choose Pracket against the rest of jackets. Besides, after the validation, the business plan was developed, in which we identify that we require an initial investment of 81,592 soles. For the execution of the business, the profitability of the shareholder is 852.79%, which is a relevant percentage that makes Pracket profitable. / Trabajo de investigación

After more than two decades of democracy, South Africa is still faced with challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality. The informal sector is one that presents opportunities for making a positive contribution towards solving social problems that South Africa is faced with. While the informal sector is large and offers flexibility in employment, it is associated with low productivity and poor governance as traders in the informal sector are not obliged to register their businesses and therefore cannot make tax contributions. The lack of formalisation of the informal sector not only impacts the government for not being able to account for the sector, but it also creates barriers for those trading in the sector. The study adopted qualitative research methods to gain insights into describing and exploring the meaning research participants use to construct and interpret their world of reality, such as formalising the informal sector to stimulate economic growth in South African Townships. A total of 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with business owners in the retail informal sector, managers of big corporates in retail in the formal sector and government employees from various departments who were represented by those in relevant positions such as directors, heads of departments, regional and board members. Interviews were analysed by means of thematic analysis. The key findings from literature indicated that the informal sector is broad and there is no one definition of the informal sector. It was also established that there is a direct relationship that exists between the state and the informal sector, however there is an indirect relationship that exists between the formal and informal sector as further explained in institutional and stakeholder theory. The lack of development in the informal sector can be attributed to the non-existence of policies to guide and regulate the existence of the informal sector. The insights shared from the interviews pointed to the applicability of the proposed model in terms of formalising the informal sector. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

El problema que se describe en la presenta tesis es la alta generación de desperdicios en el proceso de confección de prendas de vestir en las MYPES peruanas. El sector de la confección textil genera el 1.9 % del PBI total y es el responsable de generar puestos de trabajo de más de 400 mil puestos directos y 2,8 millones de manera indirecta. Considerando la importancia que representa este sector para el desarrollo económico del Perú, se requiere fortalecer el desempeño de este sector a través de nuevos modelos o métodos que ayuden a confrontar el problema de la alta generación de desperdicios que presenta las MYPES peruanas. Por ello, se realizó una revisión de literatura para identificar diversos modelos que den solución al problema. Entre las investigaciones realizadas se encontró estudios en donde se implementa el Value Stream Mapping, Lean manufacturing, redutex y Programación lineal. Estos modelos han proporcionado mejoras al problema; sin embargo, no han considerado variables particulares que presentan las MYPES peruanas en la actualidad, tales como la gestión del cambio, deficiencias económicas, tecnológicas y factores negativos que influyen en su implementación. Por todo lo anteriormente expuesto, en la presente tesis se propone un método ágil y sostenible que contribuya a reducir los desperdicios de producción en MYPES textiles dedicadas a la confección de prendas de vestir. Este método consta de 4 etapas: crear conciencia y cultura de NO desperdicios, implementación de las 6S, mantener el cambio y mejora continua. Cada etapa se compone de conocimientos extraídos de la revisión de la literatura, el cual consiste en la aplicación de varias herramientas en conjunto como gestión del cambio, 6S, gestión visual y W-AMEF. La aplicación del método se desarrolló en una MYPE de confección peruana, la cual está compuesto por 8 colaboradores. Esta aplicación tuvo un tiempo de duración de 3 meses y los resultados registrados fueron la reducción del 52.13 % de la generación de mermas y el 54.88 % en la generación de lotes reprocesados; asimismo, la productividad laboral pasó de ser de 4.2 p/H a 4.8 polos por hora. / The problem described in this thesis is the high generation of waste in the process of making garments in Peruvian MYPES. The textile manufacturing sector generates 1.9% of total GDP and is responsible for 400,000 direct jobs and 2.8 million people indirectly. Considering the importance that this sector represents for the economic development of Peru, new models or methods that help to confront the problem of the high generation of waste presented by Peruvian MYPES are required. Therefore, a literature review was conducted to identify various models that provide a solution to the problem. Among them were studies where Value Stream Mapping, Lean manufacturing, REDUTEX, Linear programming is implemented. These models have provided improvements to the problem; however, they have not considered particular variables of the MYPES such as change management, economic, technological deficiencies and negative barriers in their implementation. This thesis proposes an agile and sustainable method that helps reduce production waste in textile MYPES. This method consists of 4 stages: create awareness and culture of NO waste, 6S implementation, maintain change and continuous improvement. Each stage consists of knowledge extracted from the literature review, which consists of the application of several tools together as change management, 6S and W-AMEF. The method was applied in a Peruvian made MYPE. This application had a duration of 3 months and the recorded results were a reduction of 52.13% in the generation of waste and 54.88% in the generation of unnecessary movements; also, labor productivity went from being 4.2 p / H to 4.8 poles per hour. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Los conflictos ocurridos en la región Cajamarca durante los años 2011 y 2012 pusieron en jaque al gobierno del entonces presidente Ollanta Humala y llamó la atención de todos los medios de comunicación del país. Hubo varios muertos en el proceso en que la minera Yanacocha intentó empezar un nuevo proyecto llamado Conga. Por errores de la minería en el pasado, los pobladores cajamarquinos se mostraron reacios a que un nuevo proyecto minero abra sus puertas y de esa forma ponga en riesgo el recurso hídrico que era tan importante para ellos. En ese sentido, esta investigación planteó analizar el tratamiento noticioso que el diario La República, el medio con una línea política marcada de izquierda, hizo durante estos meses de conflicto que abarcan los años 2011 y 2012. Luego de analizar 35 portadas con sus interiores publicadas durante este periodo se concluyó que no necesariamente este diario se mostró favorable respecto a los manifestantes cajamarquinos por lo que se realizó un tratamiento noticioso más complejo donde se trató de visibilizar a todos los actores involucrados. / The conflicts that occurred in the Cajamarca region during the years 2011 and 2012 put the government of then President Ollanta Humala in check and called the attention of all the media in the country. There were several dead in the process in which the Yanacocha miner tried to start a new project called Conga. Due to mining mistakes in the past, Cajamarquinos residents were reluctant for a new mining project to open its doors and thus put the water resource that was so important to them at risk. In that sense, this research proposed analyzing the news treatment that the newspaper La República, the medium with a political line marked on the left, made during these months of conflict that cover the years 2011 and 2012. After analyzing 35 covers with its published interiors During this period, it was concluded that this newspaper was not necessarily favorable with respect to the Cajamarca protesters, so a more complex news treatment was carried out where all the actors involved were made visible. / Tesis

La industria de confección textil tiene gran importancia, particularmente en los países en desarrollo como Perú, ya que ocupa el segundo lugar con respecto al sector que más aporta al PBI en el ámbito manufacturero. En el 2017 los problemas del sector textil representaron el 19% del sector manufacturero, de los cuales el 15.8% eran enfermedades musculo esqueléticas generando trastornos musculo esqueléticos (TME), esto debido a las malas prácticas y un inadecuado diseño de estaciones de trabajo. La importancia de trabajar en un adecuado ambiente laboral está relacionada directamente a la prevención de desórdenes músculo esqueléticos y a las ausencias laborales. En varios estudios se señala la importancia de un adecuado diseño, así como el correcto uso de metodologías ergonómicas, para poder evaluarlos y validarlos, sin embargo, estos se enfocan en la validación de la metodología y no del proceso que abarca desde la formulación de propuestas hasta la validación de este. Es por ello, que el presente estudio está enfocado en un modelo de rediseño de estación de trabajo que abarca desde las propuestas de diseño hasta la validación del mismo; utilizando técnicas ergonómicas observacionales como REBA, RULA y NIOSH y herramientas de ingeniería como Sistema de Manipulación de Materiales (SMM), Estudio de Métodos, Técnica de Interrogatorio Sistemático (TIS) y Economía de Movimientos. Se obtuvo un Shape44.42 % de reducción de los TME en los puestos de trabajo de Tendido, Remalle y en el proceso de Abastecimiento de Rollo, asimismo, una reducción de 849 horas de ausentismo y un ahorro de 5096 soles por año. / The textile manufacturing industry is of great importance, particularly in developing countries such as Peru, since it is the second biggest contributor to GDP in the manufacturing. In 2017, problems in the textile sector accounted for 19% of the issues in the manufacturing sector, of which 15.8% were health problems; namely, skeletal muscle diseases generating skeletal muscle disorders (MSD), this was due to bad practices and an inadequate design of work stations. The importance of working in an adequate work environment is directly related to the prevention of skeletal muscle disorders and work absences. Several studies indicate the importance of an adequate work station design, as well as the correct use of ergonomic methodologies, to be able to evaluate and validate them. However, these focus on the validation of the methodology and not of the process that it encompasses; from the formulation of proposals until validation of them. That is why, the present study is focused on a workstation redesign model that ranges from design proposals to its validation; using observational ergonomic techniques such as REBA, RULA and NIOSH and engineering tools such as Material Handling System (MHS), Method Study, Systematic Interrogation Technique (SIT) and Movement Economics. A 44.42% reduction of the TME was obtained in the jobs of “Tendido”, “Remalle” and in the process of “Abastecimiento de rollo”, also, a reduction of 849 hours of absenteeism and a saving of 5096 soles per year. / Trabajo de investigación

Haciendo un análisis de la zona en cuestión es importante desarrollar ingeniería geotécnica, en específico la estabilidad de taludes, puesto que hay variedad de suelos en la zona peruana, donde la capacidad portante del terreno dependerá de la historia de formación del suelo. Hasta la actualidad hay diversas formas de resolver la inestabilidad de taludes, pero lo que se busca es solucionar efectivamente en cuanto a tiempo, costo y durabilidad. Este trabajo de tesis presenta una propuesta efectiva para mitigar el riesgo de la falla Global en el acantilado de la costa verde-Chorrillos usando muro de tierra mecánicamente estabilizada, siendo la particularidad del terreno un suelo gravoso de relleno no controlado con material proveniente del desmonte ocasionado durante la construcción de las principales avenidas de la ciudad de lima en los años 60. La estructura tiene la finalidad de comprender las herramientas necesarias y adecuadas para una propuesta de diseño de sistemas de estabilidad. Se parte del reconocimiento de la zona, con una descripción general del proyecto con los parámetros geotécnicos necesarios como datos de entrada para cumplir con nuestros objetivos planteados. Asimismo, se presenta una descripción teórica de los parámetros de ingeniería básica y su campo de aplicación. También, se hace un enfoque detallado del diseño en este tipo de estructuras a través de la metodología LRFD, con los elementos necesarios para garantizar su estabilidad global. Finalmente se presenta un modelo estructural con la comprobación de los principales factores haciendo uso de herramientas digitales de ingeniería: SOFTWARE MSEW y SLIDE 6.0. / Making an analysis of the area in question, it is important to develop geotechnical engineering, specifically the slope stability, since there is a variety of soils in the Peruvian area, where the bearing capacity of the land will depend on the history of soil formation. Until today there are several ways to solve the instability of slopes, but what is sought is extremely difficult solutions in time, cost and durability. This thesis work presents an effective proposal to mitigate the risk of the Global fault in the cliff of the green coast-Chorrillos using the mechanically stabilized earth wall, the land's peculiarity being a land of uncontrolled landfill with material from the dismantling caused during the construction of the main avenues of the city of Lima in the 60s. The structure intends to understand the necessary and appropriate tools for a design proposal for stability systems. It is based on the recognition of the area, with a general description of the project with the necessary geotechnical parameters as input data to meet our stated objectives. Likewise, a theoretical description of the basic engineering parameters and their field of application is presented. Also, a detailed approach to design is made in this type of structures through the LRFD methodology, with the necessary elements to specify its overall stability. Finally, a structural model is presented with the verification of the main factors using digital engineering tools: MSEW 3.0 and SLIDE 6.0. / Trabajo de investigación

Magíster en Gobierno y Gerencia Pública

La presente investigación de tesis tiene como objetivo determinar la viabilidad de estructurar el Fideicomiso de Titulización, y su impacto en la gestión financiera en las empresas del Sector Agrícola del año 2017, para ello es indispensable realizar la identificación de las alternativas de financiamiento que existen en el mercado, compararlas, y optar por la mejor alternativa de financiamiento. El presente estudio se encuentra agrupado por cinco capítulos, los cuales se menciona a continuación: Capítulo I Marco Teórico, se realiza una investigación a través de diversas fuentes primarias, en donde se definen las dimensiones y factores de los patrimonios en Fideicomiso, su estructuración y alcances; y un análisis de las alternativas de financiamiento que existen en el mercado. Capítulo II Plan de investigación, se formula la situación problemática de la tesis, el problema principal, problemas específicos, objetivo general y objetivos específicos, la hipótesis inicial e hipótesis específicos. Capítulo III Metodología de investigación se definió la población, la muestra para las investigaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas. Capítulo IV Desarrollo de Investigación, se realizó la investigación de nuestra tesis a través de la entrevista a profundidad con expertos del tema, preguntas y el desarrollo del caso práctico. Capítulo V Análisis de Resultados, se elabora el análisis de los instrumentos y el caso práctico. Se concluye con la validación de la hipótesis general y especificas en base a los resultados obtenidos en las tablas cruzadas y el CHI cuadrado. / The objective of this thesis research is to determine the viability of structuring the Securitization Trust, and its impact on financial management in the Agricultural Sector companies of the year 2017, for this it is essential to identify the financing alternatives that exist in The market, compare them, and opt for the best financing alternative. The present study is grouped by five chapters, which are mentioned below: Chapter I Theoretical Framework, an investigation is carried out through diverse primary sources, where the dimensions and factors of the patrimonies in trust, its structuring and scopes are defined; and an analysis of financing alternatives that exist in the market. Chapter II Research plan, the problematic situation of the thesis is formulated, the main problem, specific problems, general objective and specific objectives, the initial hypothesis and specific hypotheses. Chapter III Research methodology population was defined, the sample for quantitative and qualitative research. Chapter IV Research Development, the research of our thesis was carried out through an in-depth interview with subject experts, questions and the development of the practical case. Chapter V Analysis of Results, the analysis of the instruments and the practical case is elaborated. It concludes with the validation of the general and specific hypothesis based on the results obtained in the crossed tables and the square CHI. / Tesis