Background The process of mainstreaming the informal sector into the formal sector in Kenya has been considered and evaluated from as early as the 1970 as a means of poverty reduction and job creation. Information available on mainstreaming from the formal sector and government in Kenya indicate that both these sectors appreciate the value of mainstreaming the informal sector, however both parties have been unable to successfully mainstream the informal sector into the formal sector more than 40 years on. The relationship between the three sectors has also been reviewed and both the formal and government sector are cognizant of the need to create an enabling environment that would foster the mainstreaming process through an appropriate legal and regulatory framework. Methods The study follows a case study approach underpinned by an interpretive foundation. An extensive published literature, secondary data on the informal sector and grey-literature search on mainstreaming was conducted between 2006 and 2010. Between 2007 and 2008 a survey was conducted a threepronged approach to allow independent surveys of the informal sector as represented by the three largest jua kali (Kiswahili words for 'hot sun' which signifies outdoor exposure characterising the informal sector trade) markets in Kenya, namely Gikomba, Kariobangi and Kawangware. The government institutions mandated with various responsibilities for the informal sector as represented by blue chip companies on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE), today known as The Nairobi Securities Exchange and the government sector represents the formal sector. Stringent criteria were applied to select the sample data where random sampling was used for the informal sector in the three named markets. Survey sample size for the informal sector was 539. The survey was conducted between 2007-2008. The survey for the selected blue chip companies was conducted in 2008. The findings from the survey precipitated the need to conduct a survey within the government sector, specifically with the government bodies and ministries with the mandate to facilitate the development of the jua kali sector. Face to face interviews using open-ended questionnaires was used to collect the data and identify opportunities for mainstreaming and integration amongst the three sectors. The effects of this association was interrogated and evaluated in order to identify opportunities that can establish a sustainable and long-term mainstreaming process for the informal sector in Kenya.

The literature related to benchmarking since the year 1986 is examined, classified, and analyzed. A total of 415 articles, abstracts, and books are considered for this investigation. The status of benchmarking processes, activities, practices, and developments is examined for the manufacturing, service, and public sectors, while conclusions related to the state of benchmarking are drawn, gaps are identified, and recommendations are made. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of benchmarking in the public sector, with both an example that illustrates the utility of applying benchmarking to the public sector and a set of conceptual frameworks provided.

La nature de l’énergie noire et de la matière noire est encore un mystère. De futures missions spatiales nous permettrons d’observer les propriétés et la distribution de milliards de galaxies mais quelle est la meilleure manière de contraindre la physique de ces composantes inconnues avec une telle quantité de données ? Le but de cette thèse est de chercher de nouvelles sondes du secteur sombre de l’univers dans le régime linéaire et non-linéaire de la formation des structures. La physique du secteur sombre laisse des empreintes dans la distribution des grandes structures à un temps donné (espace réel). Cependant leur distribution apparente telle que vue par un observateur (espace des redshifts) est légèrement différente de celle dans l’espace réel. En effet, les messagers (comme la lumière) sont perturbés pendant leur trajet depuis une source vers un observateur. Dans ce cas, quelle est la relation entre espace réel et espace des redshifts ? Comment extraire des informations cosmologiques de cette transformation ? L’essentiel de mon travail était de simuler des observables tout en prenant en compte tous les effets relativistes au premier ordre dans l’approximation de champs faible. Le lentillage gravitationnel faible modifie la position apparente des sources ainsi que leurs propriétés (forme, luminosité) tandis que les perturbations en redshift changent la distance radiale apparente des objets. Pour aborder ces questions, nous avons réalisé une simulation N-corps de grande taille et très résolue, idéale pour étudier les halos de taille entre la Voie Lactée et les amas de galaxie. Ensuite, nous avons suivi le trajet de photons dans la simulation en intégrant directement les équations de géodésique en utilisant comme seule approximation l’approximation de champs faible. Nous avons développé un algorithme qui nous permet de connecter un observateur à des sources via des géodésiques nulles. Par la suite, la matrice de lentillage est calculée grâce à un faisceaux lumineux tandis que le décalage spectral vers le rouge est directement calculé via sa définition donnée par la relativité générale. Grâce à cette bibliothèque de suivi de rayons lumineux, nous avons pu construire des catalogues de halos qui prennent en compte les effets relativistes. Grâce à ces catalogues nous avons pu retrouver des résultats standard à propos des distorsions dans l’espace des redshifts, du lentillage, et de l’effet Sachs Wolfe intégré avec grande précision. Nous avons également étudié le couplage subtil entre les distorsions dans l’espace des redshifts et le lentillage : Le lentillage Doppler. Enfin, nous avons exploré en détail les distorsions dans l’espace des redshifts dû aux effets relativistes. Avec notre simulation nous avons pu, pour la première fois, calculer le dipole de la function de corrélationcroisée entre 5 et 150 h − 1 Mpc, en incluant tous les termes relativistes. Aux grandes échelles nous retrouvons les résultats de la théorie linéaire : le dipole est dominé par l’effet Doppler dû à la présence d’un observateur à distance finie. Cependant, aux échelles non linéaires le dipole est dominé par l’effet de décalage spectral vers le rouge gravitationnel. Le dipole peut être une sonde du potentiel et dans ce cas du secteur sombre. Ce travail trouve beaucoup d’applications : la fonction de corrélation croisée entre différents observables (liées aux effets relativistes) pour différentes sources à des positions différentes peut être une nouvelle sonde intéressante pour le secteur sombre. / The nature of dark energy and dark matter is still a mystery. Future surveys will observe the property and distribution of billions of galaxies but what is the best way to constrain the physics of these unknown components from this data deluge? The goal of this thesis is to search for new probes of the dark sector of the universe within the linear and non-linear regime of structure formation. The physics of the dark sector leaves specific imprints in the distribution of Large-Scale Structures (LSS) at a given time (i.e. in real space). However their apparent distribution as seen by a given observer (i.e. in redshift space) slightly differs from the real one. This is because messengers (light) are perturbed in their path from the sources to the observer. What is the relation between real space and redshift space? How to extract cosmological information from these subtle Redshift-Space Distortions (RSD)? The main part of my work was to produce simulated observables taking into account all relativistic effects at first order in the weak field approximation. Weak Lensing (WL) modifies the apparent angular position of an object, as well as its properties (shape, luminosity). Redshift perturbations change the apparent radial distance of an object. To address these questions, we perform a large and highly resolved N-body simulation ideal to investigate halos from Milky-Way size to galaxy cluster size. We then perform backward ray-tracing directly integrating the geodesic equations using as its only assumption the weak field approximation. We develop a geodesic-finder to guaranty that light-rays connect all the sources to the observer. The lensing distortion matrix is then computed by launching a beam of light-rays while the redshift is directly computed from its definition in general relativity. Thanks to this unique ray-tracing library we construct halo catalogs including relativistic effects. Based on these catalogs we are able to recover standard results about RSD, WL and Integrated Sachs Wolfe (ISW) effect with high accuracy. We also investigate the subtle coupling between RSD and lensing: Doppler lensing. Finally we explore in detail relativistic RSD. Thanks to the large statistics of our simulations we are able for the first time to compute the dipole of the halo cross-correlation from 5 to 150 h − 1 Mpc including all relativistic terms. At large-scale we recover the results from linear calculation: the dipole is dominated by Doppler effect in the presence of a finite distant observer. However at smaller non-linear scales the dipole is dominated by the gravitational redshift perturbation. The dipole can therefore be a new probe of the potential and therefore of the dark sector. This work opens a wide range of applications: the cross-correlation between each observable (related to relativistic effects) for different sources at different location can possibly be new powerful probe of the dark sector.

This dissertation proposes that Dr. Mary C. Gentilel's (1998) descriptive Reframing Diversity model provides for the development of a public sector diversity program. The Reframing Diversity model does not suggest that diversity programs conform to a "one-size-fits all" design. The dissertation applied the lenses (motivation, mindset, method, and measure) of Gentile's Reframing Diversity model to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) diversity program. The lenses of Gentile's model offer questions that are straightforward, easy to understand, and organizationally specific. Additionally, the project utilized the generally accepted approach for qualitative inquiry supported by Rubin and Rubin (1995) to develop an interview protocol for selected FDIC employees. The most salient characteristic of Gentile's model, the lenses, apply to any program regardless of the target audience. The lenses of Gentile's model are the architecture upon which a public sector organization could build a successful diversity program. The model's descriptive nature allows public organizations to develop diversity programs that are voluntary in nature; inclusive of its total employee population; and incorporated into its day-to-day activities. / Ph. D.

Culture plays an integral role in shaping Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and policies within any organisation. This role is manifested through determining the norms and accepted behaviours in any given society. However, the extent of this societal cultural influence has been deemed to be greatly unexplored among researchers. Societal culture has been defined by Prasad and Babbar (2000) as the compilation of values and ideologies that are shared among an assembly of individuals in a certain country or region. Researchers have been concerned by the relationship between societal culture and HRM practices in developing countries; HRM practices are defined by Armstrong (2006) as all aspects associated with the management of people within the organisation. Therefore, this research represents an investigation of the link between Saudi Arabian societal culture and existing HRM practices within the public and private sectors. Taking into consideration elements affecting Saudi societal culture, such as changing economy and globalisation, these elements impact organisations in Saudi Arabia on two levels. First, the local level, where public organisations are gradually transforming into private organisations with a focus on profitability. Second, the global level, represented through multinational organisations adapting to societal culture elements in order to achieve success. As a result of both levels, HRM practices are changing in order to be effective. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore this particular development and discover how Saudi societal culture impacts five specific HRM practices – highlighted following a comprehensive review of literature – and the role they play in shaping those practices. These practices are: job desirability, recruitment sources, performance appraisal, compensation and rewards, and training programmes. For the purposes of this research, a case study has been conducted in order to provide an in-depth examination. This benefits from a unique opportunity to investigate an ongoing privatisation process within a leading organisation in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Airlines (SAA) represents an ideal candidate for this study, as the technical services section of the company, SAEI, is going through a privatisation process; this started in 2009 with expected completion in 2015. As the research data collection took place over seven weeks in 2013, this timeline allowed the examination of the transition from public to private sector within one organisation with the same workplace environment. Furthermore, having both sectors within the same organisation creates the possibility of making comparisons between them, as it would have been impossible to find two organisations from each sector possessing the same organisational structure, financial level and operational levels. Moreover, this study involved adopting a mixed-methods approach to incorporate qualitative and quantitative methods. This approach included semi-structured type interviews with eight senior HR managers as well as non-HR managers, and disseminating questionnaires among 200 engineers within the SAEI department. The findings and results of this case study have shown the extent to which each HRM practice interacts with Saudi societal culture. There have been HRM themes greatly influenced by the societal element, while other themes remained neutral and did not reflect any cultural influence. Furthermore, the findings produced mixed results when compared to those in the existing literature. As for the HRM practices affected by societal culture, three were affected based on the collected data: compensation and rewards, job desirability, and training programmes. These practices show clear indication they were influenced by Saudi Arabian societal culture. As for the HRM practices that remained neutral – performance appraisal and recruitment sources – they remained independent of any societal influence. However, after concluding the study and its discussion, this research provides several contributions to the field of HRM practices in Saudi Arabia on two main levels. On the theoretical level, the outcomes confirm a link between Saudi Arabian societal culture and compensation and rewards, training programmes, and job desirability practices. On the other hand, recruitment sources and performance appraisal practices are not greatly influenced. A further contribution is the up-to-date investigation of the impact that Saudi Arabian societal culture has on HRM practices, which helps to address well-known and documented gaps in the literature. As for practical contributions, one contribution is providing a first-hand review of the ongoing transition using primary and secondary research methods for SAA. This is 00considered beneficial for practitioners and multi-national corporations, as this study provides an action guide and insight into preferred HRM practices in Saudi Arabia. Further practical contribution is associated with the developed framework utilised in this research, where this particular framework can be used in the future to accommodate similar privatisation processes or make comparisons with international organisations.

No description available.

In this thesis we have studied China's financial sector globalisation by analysing the determinants of Chinese banking sector profitability, and the relationship between GDP growth and FDI inflows. For estimating the Chinese banking sector profitability, we applied system GMM estimation on the annual data of 56 banks currently in China. The time period of the data is from 2002-2011. We found out that both internal and external factors have impact on the Chinese banking sector profitability. As we have expected financial sector globalisation has positive impact on the profitability of banking industry. For analysing the impacts of financial sector globalisation in terms of FDI contribution to the Chinese economy, we have tested the relationship between FDI and GDP by running the VAR model on the macro data over the time period of 1987-2011. We have found that GDP growth explains the rapid development of FDI, and FDI indirectly influences the GDP growth by influencing the domestic investments.

This research report is an account of the results of investigations into the critical analysis of the private sector’s Financial Sector Charter (FSC) and the government’s Community Reinvestment Bill (CRB) in comparing their anticipated advantages towards housing and housing finance for the low income sector in South Africa. 2 stages of data gathering were adopted; namely interviews with 5 Banking Council officials and 5 Ministry of Housing officials and a questionnaire survey with representatives from SACC, NALEDI, SANGOCO, COSATU and SANCO which are independent organizations, which amongst other duties, generally assist in serving the social needs of disadvantaged individuals in the society. Multi-criteria analysis and SWOT analysis techniques were used to analyse the qualitative data. Results showed that the most critical aspect of the FSC is the establishment of risk sharing responsibilities between the government and the private sector, which still needs to be resolved. The private sector views the CRB as a forceful mechanism with strict requirements, which would result in the private sector’s participation in provision of housing finance to the low income sector to be ineffective as they would be acting unwillingly. Independent organizations view the CRB as being lenient on the private sector. Evaluation of the CRB and FSC showed that ultimate success lies in the combined efforts between the government and private sector, which in turn lies in the settling of the Memorandum of Understanding on-going negotiations. Key recommendations for addressing the low income sector housing and housing finance problems include; cultural adjustment of the banks towards low income sector individuals, formation of partnerships in dealing with housing and housing finance problems, establishment of efficient secondary property markets through amenities provision and infrastructure upgrading, identification of effective default management models, accommodation of new intellectual ideas and provision of different mortgage securities by banks and the government.

El presente trabajo de investigación está orientado a establecer el nivel de importancia de la adecuada implementación de la NTP ISO 37001 (NTP), tanto en el sector público como en el privado, teniendo en consideración que nuestro país es considerado como uno de los más corruptos de Latinoamérica. El trabajo desarrolla como primera parte el marco teórico, el concepto de corrupción, tipos de delitos, casos de corrupción de relevancia nacional y rol del Estado, a fin de conocer la problemática y el impacto de la misma en la sociedad y en el país, así como el avance respecto a la lucha contra la corrupción, lo cual nos servirá de base, para la adecuada implementación de la NTP. En el segundo capítulo se aborda fundamentalmente la descripción, análisis y diagnóstico de la problemática actual, el rol que ejerce el estado, los organismos de control, el OCDE, la CAN y la responsabilidad penal de las Personas Jurídicas, producto de la corrupción y finalmente, los índices de percepción de la corrupción en el Perú. Por tanto, una vez analizado el impacto de la corrupción, nos centraremos en la aplicación e implementación efectiva de la NTP. Finalmente, como tercer capítulo plantearemos nuestra propuesta, que servirá de medida para enfrentar la corrupción, a través de un sistema de gestión Antisoborno, lo cual servirá para alinear esfuerzos, mejorar la gestión y establecer políticas que ayuden a mitigar y prevenir la comisión de actos de corrupción, concientizando a todos contra la lucha contra la corrupción. / This academic work is aimed to establish the level of importance of the implementation of the NTP ISO 37001 (NTP), not only in the public side but also at the private companies, taking into consideration that our country is considered one of the most corrupt places in Latin America. First of all, we have the theoretical framework of the meaning of corruption, types of corruption, emblematic corruption cases in Perú and the role of the State, in order to get into the problem and be able to understand the impact of it in our society, as well as to analyze the progress of the legal fight against corruption, which will serve everyone as basis for the proper implementation of the NTP. The second chapter initiate with the description, analysis and diagnosis of the current problems, the role of the State, the control of public entities, OECD and its importance, CAN and the criminal responsibility of companies including its legal representatives, and finally, the national and international perceptions of corruption in Peru. Therefore, once the impact of corruption has been analyzed, we will focus on the application and effective implementation of the NTP. Finally, in the third chapter we offer our proposal, which will serve as a tool to deal with corrupt behaviors, through an Anti- bribery management system, aligning efforts, improving management and establishing policies that help mitigate and prevent the commission of acts of corruption, raising awareness to all our political system, so we can really fight against corruption. / Trabajo de investigación

Poco se ha estudiado sobre la adquisición de tejidos para la fabricación de prendas en Perú, pese a ser una actividad fundamental dentro del sector. En este sentido, no se ha abordado antes el análisis de los factores decisorios para su compra; por lo que consideramos relevante la realización del presente estudio. Para contextualizar nuestro tema, en el primer capítulo, se analiza el desarrollo y evolución del sector textil a nivel mundial; las importaciones de tejidos desde China a Perú, particularmente la subpartida nacional 6004100000; y la situación actual del Tratado de Libre Comercio con China y sus implicancias para la subpartida en cuestión. En el segundo capítulo, se propone una investigación de método inductivo bajo un enfoque cualitativo, en donde se exponen los objetivos, problemas e hipótesis de esta; así como también, los grupos de actores considerados: importadores, proveedores y/o fabricantes; sector público; expertos y gremios. Como parte del levantamiento de información, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. En el tercer capítulo, se detallan y analizan los resultados de las entrevistas. En el cuarto capítulo, presenta el procesamiento de la información levantada y se exponen los hallazgos. También, se especifican las limitaciones y brechas de información en la investigación, y las futuras líneas de estudio que nacen a partir de ella. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo, se concluye que los principales determinantes en la decisión de compra son la mayor variedad de tejidos y precios más competitivos de China; además, se presentan las recomendaciones de la investigación. / Little has been studied on fabric acquisition for garment manufacturing in Peru, despite being a fundamental activity within the sector. In this sense, the analysis of the decision factors for its purchase has not been addressed before; reason why we consider the realization of this study relevant. To contextualize our topic, in the first chapter, we analyze the development and evolution of the textile sector worldwide; fabric import from China to Peru, particularly the national subheading 6004100000; and the current situation of the Free Trade Agreement with China and its implications for the subheading in question. In the second chapter, an inductive research method is proposed under a qualitative approach, and its objectives, problems and hypotheses are exposed; as well as, the groups of relevant actors: importers, suppliers and/or manufacturers; public sector, experts and guilds. As part of the information gathering, semi-structured interviews were conducted. In the third chapter, the interviews’ results are detailed and analyzed. In the fourth chapter, we present the information processing. Limitations and information gaps on this study are specified; as well as, future research opportunities based on it. Finally, in the fifth chapter, it is concluded that the main determinants in the purchase decision are the larger variety of fabric and the more competitive prices from China; besides, the recommendations of the investigation are presented. / Tesis