Secularization is an ambiguous concept. An important part of the Swedes' self-understanding is about a larger secularization process that forms the basis of Swedish society. The link between revival movements and secularization indicates a paradoxical relationship, since "revival" may have meant religious renewal; repentance or spiritual awakening. Spiritualism has been hijacked by religion, an individual spiritual center does not have to mean an "invisible religion". The release from the supremacy of religion can mean the prophet, the pope, the priest, the church or the state religion. This essay has a western and a secularized perspective, as the essay also emphasizes that secularization is a western phenomenon. The thesis examines Gustavi's congregation in the dioceses of Gothenburg during the years 1860 to 1903. The thesis investigates how the number of communion guests has changed during these years. The question is how much has the number of communion guests changed as a percentage from 1860 to 1903 as well as what the priests' views on the sects in the congregation were. The question regarding the number of communion guests has been answered by statistical calculations. The question of the priests' view of the sects within the congregation has been answered by reading the priesthood documents. The essay also provides a deeper understanding of the concept of secularization, as this concept is widely debated. The revival movements undermined the unified power of the state church. The collectivist state church was replaced by individualists who, in their revival, sought a spiritual awakening. In the Gustavi congregation there was a liberation from a religious authority.

Comment la catégorie «judéo-chrétienne», née dans l'exégèse allemande du début du XIXe siècle, a pu progressivement définir une morale, une tradition et même une «civilisation» dite «occidentale» dans l'entre-deux-guerres en Europe et aux États-Unis ? Nous tâchons de montrer que ces différentes notions sont issues d'un processus complexe de redéfinition des religions juive et chrétienne par l'État-nation, tout particulièrement au sein des nations française et américaine qui ont séparé les Églises de l'État et émancipé, pour la première fois, les juifs sur leurs continents respectifs. La morale ou la tradition judéo-chrétiennes ne sont pas forgées en réaction à un antisémitisme nazi qui nie la judéité de Jésus ou à un communisme soviétique qui se veut athée. Elles ne sont pas non plus le seul témoignage d'une réévaluation des sources juives du christianisme confinée au champ de la critique biblique. La catégorie « judéo-chrétien » signifie davantage que le terme d'«hébraïsme» ou que l'idée d'une tradition «juive et chrétienne». Le trait d'union renvoie, en France, à la construction d'une égalité institutionnelle entre le culte juif et les cultes chrétiens au regard de l'État et aux processus intellectuels et socioculturels qui l'accompagnent : la filiation entre judaïsme et christianisme antiques est redécouverte sous un prisme particulier qui vient rattacher les communautés religieuses aux valeurs de la France républicaine. L'histoire de la tradition judéo-chrétienne ouvre alors une perspective nouvelle sur la construction de la laïcité française et le processus de sécularisation sur les deux rives de l'Atlantique. / How has the category “Judeo-Christian”, born in the Protestant exegesis in 19th century Germany, been able to gradually define a tradition, and even a civilization called "western" during the interwar period in Europe and the United States? We try to show that these different notions are derived from a complex process of a redefinition of the Jewish and Christian religions by the Nation-State, particularly the French and American nations which have separated Church and State and emancipated Jews on both continents for the first time. The Judeo-Christian tradition has neither been forged out of a reaction to Nazi anti-Semitism which denies Jesus' Jewishness nor soviet atheistic communism. They are neither the only result of a re-evaluation of the Jewish sources of Christianity limited to the field of biblical criticism. "Judeo-Christian" means much more than the term “Hebraic” or the idea of a “Jewish and Christian tradition”. In France, this hyphenation refers to the construction of an institutional equality between the Synagogue and Christian churches and to intellectual and sociocultural processes that accompany them: the connection between antique Judaism and Christianity is rediscovered under a particular prism that reattaches both religious communities to the republican values of the French state. The history of the Judeo-Christian tradition therefore opens a new perspective on the construction of French secularism and the secularization process on both sides of the Atlantic.

The process of secularization has brought significant changes to the religious landscape in Sweden. The influence of the dominant Lutheran Church has diminished, paving the way for individual belief systems such as Satanism. Secularization has made the mediatization of religion possible, which in turn has anticipated changes in the public representation of religion. Media has played a crucial part in the public representation of Satanism in Sweden, mainly during the 1990s, which created the phenomenon Satanic panic. The Satanic panic spread through media outlets which reported crimes such as church and graveyard vandalisms and connected them to satanists. The panic was in some cases based on actual incidents; however, the cases were often merely rumors. This study examines how Satanism is portrayed in daily press and Religion education textbooks for Upper Secondary school in Sweden. Further, this study analyzes the change in the portrayal in these text types from 1980 to 2020 and investigates whether the secularization process in Sweden has contributed to the potential change. The reason for including textbooks in the study is to compare them to the daily press in order to discover potential differences in their portrayal of the religious movement, which provides a pedagogical aspect as well.