Quality is critical to private security personnel employed as receptionists in many organisations, as it plays a vital role in improving organisational productivity. The main objective of the research was to investigate the quality of reception services provided by security personnel to organisations in the Johannesburg area as benchmarked against the appropriate service quality evaluation methodologies when modelling the impact of service quality on satisfaction and loyalty. A questionnaire was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted in a focus group with key informants (business owners, managers and ordinary people) who could provide valuable information for use in the study. The focus group consisted of eight respondents. The sample consisted of 200 participants scattered in seven regions on sites that are managed by Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo (JCPZ). The selection of the 200 participants was random and included JCPZ employees. Primary research shows that the majority of the respondents ranked indicators of service quality below acceptable level; however, customers‘ tastes and preferences constantly change and evolve, as do the number of security companies. Thus such companies should improve conditions in the area of service quality if they want to stay competitive. To remain competitive, the security companies as well as the clients need to analyse customers' expectations and perceptions of the service quality of front office staff, who in this case are often security/guarding personnel. For customer organisations, the empirical findings can be used to develop a framework of service quality indicators, which can be used for monitoring and benchmarking service quality. For organisations, the findings can be used for resource-allocation decisions pertaining to improved service quality, customer satisfaction and ultimately intentions. The study concludes that the quality perceptions of services rendered by security personnel as receptionists are important for customer satisfaction and that quality dimensions are important for clientele management - arguably one of the most important aspects of service quality management. / Business Management / M. Tech.

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T03:18:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kanashiro_MartaMourao_M.pdf: 1988987 bytes, checksum: b6b82fb95441f45b67f0253e0d7f91e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Tendo em vista a proliferação de mecanismos de vigilância e controle nas sociedades contemporâneas ocidentais, esta dissertação busca refletir sobre as representações e discursos associados à inserção das câmeras de monitoramento para segurança no cotidiano brasileiro. A partir de um estudo de caso realizado na região central da cidade de São Paulo (Parque da Luz), do levantamento das proposições e normas legais que versam sobre o tema e do acompanhamento de publicações e feiras do setor de segurança eletrônica, procura-se fazer emergir tais discursos. A transformação da segurança em mercadoria e sua promoção por meio da idéia de prevenção ou antecipação são alguns dos aspectos percebidos na pesquisa como profundamente equacionados com essa prática. Baseando-se em aspectos como esses, argumenta-se que as câmeras de monitoramento participam de uma forma de exercício do poder na atualidade, que focaliza fluxos e mobilidade em detrimento do ¿indivíduo¿ / Abstract: Considering the proliferation of surveillance and control mechanisms in the occidental contemporaneous societies, this dissertation aims at reflecting on the representations and discourses associated with the input of security camera monitoring system (CCTVs) in the Brazilian daily routine. Starting from a case study in the downtown area in São Paulo City (Parque da Luz), a survey of propositions and legal norms which deal with the subject, and going over publications and electronic security sector fairs, it aims at emerging these different discourses. The transformation of security into goods and its promotion by the idea of prevention or anticipation are some of the aspects focused on this research as deeply equated with this practice. Based on aspects like those, it is argued that the monitoring cameras are part of the current power practice, which focused on flows and mobility to the detriment of the "individual" / Mestrado / Mestre em Sociologia

Magister Artium - MA / This dissertation explores the potential contributions of the mechanisms for early warning and intelligence sharing to regional security in Africa. The Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) and the Committee on Intelligence and Security Services of Africa (CISSA) are centrally concerned with the dissemination of information to enable decision-making on continental security. The main focus of the dissertation is on the manner in which the information generated by the CEWS and CISSA can contribute to regional security. In order to analyse the potential contribution of the CEWS and CISSA to regional security, a sound theoretical framework is proposed so as to explore how and why states choose to cooperate, as well as addressing multifaceted cooperation and integration at inter-state, government department and nonstate levels. Constructivist interpretations of international cooperation are utilised to explore the role of ideas, meanings and understandings in shaping behaviour. The focus is placed on the manner in which interaction as provided for by the CEWS and CISSA can shape understandings of reality and potentially impact on the definition of actors' interests. This is based on the assumption drawn from security community and epistemic community theory that, enabling the creation of shared meanings and shared knowledge there is the potential for both the CEWS and CISSA to have a positive influence on the choices that stakeholders take in favour of peaceful change. / South Africa

The lack of scientific research covering the factors contributing to the growth and regulation of the private security industry (PSI) in India and South Africa gave rise to the study. The study used qualitative research methods, a case study design and documentary analysis techniques, including personal interviews supported by a qualitative questionnaire and e-mailing the questionnaires to participants, to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study. The researcher interviewed seven participants from India personally and eight responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher conducted eight one-on-one interviews with South African participants and eleven members responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher carried out a pilot study to identify any shortcomings in the qualitative questionnaire. The study examined various theories on regulations and regulatory frameworks and considered the theoretical aspects of regulating the private security industry. This study confirmed that private security is growing at a rapid pace in India and South Africa, and the common factors encouraging growth include socio-economic factors like rapid growth and infrastructure, increasing urbanisation, growth of the middle class, poverty and unemployment, illegal immigration, growth in private property and increase in personal wealth. Indian participants especially, felt strongly that an increase in terror attacks is a key factor contributing to the rapid growth of the PSI, whilst South African participants confirmed, a fear of political violence and being scared of civil unrest were reasons for the increased presence of the PSI in the country. The participants corroborated that statutory-based legislation imposed by the Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 and the Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 is not wholly effective in regulating the PSI in India. / Ukusweleka kocwaningo lwesisayense olwengamela izinto ezinomthelela ekukhuleni kanye nemitheshwana yolawulo kwimboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese i-private security industry (PSI) eNdiya naseNingizimu Afrika kwenze ukuthi kube nalolu cwaningo. Ucwaningo lusebenzise izindlela ze-qualitative research methods, i-case study kanye nethekniki yohlaziyo lwamadokhumende, okubandakanya nama-interview nabantu ziqu, ngokusekelwa wuhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative kanye nohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe (questionnaires) ethunyelwe nge-email kulabo ababambe iqhaza, ukufezekisa izinhloso nezinjongo zocwaningo. Umcwaningi wenze ama-interview nababambi qhaza abayisikhombisa ziqu baseNdiya kanti abayisishagalombili baphendule imibuzo yohla ebhaliwe ye-qualitative oluthunyelwe nge-email. Umcwaningi ubuye waba nama-interview okubhekana ubusu nobuso nababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika abayisishagalombili, kwathi abayishumi nanye baphendula uhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative ethunyelwe nge-email. Kwenziwe ucwaningo lokulinga (pilot study) ukubheka ukuntengantenga kohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative. Lolu cwaningo luhlole amathiyori ahlukahlukene ngokwenziwa kwemithetho yolawulo kanye nohlaka lwemitheshwana yolawulo, kanye nokubonelela izingxenye zethiyori yemitheshwana yolawulo lwemboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese. Ucwaningo luqinisekise ukuthi imboni yonogada bangasese bezokuvikeleka ikhula ngokuyisimanga eNdiya kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, kanti okuyixhumanisayo nokufanayo, kubandakanya ukukhula kwezinto eziphathelene nabantu nezomnotho njengokukhula ngesivinini kwezingqalasizinda, ukuya kakhulu kwabantu ezindaweni zamadolobha, ukukhula kwe-middle class, inhlupheko nokusweleka kwemisebenzi, ukungena kakhulu kwabantu ababuya kwezinye izindawo ngokungemthetho (illegal migration), ukukhula kwempahla yangasese kanye nokwanda kokunotha kubantu. Ababambi qhaza baseNdiya bona banemizwa eqinile yokuthi uhlaselo lwamaphekulazikhuni (terror attacks) yinto enomthelela kakhulu ukukhuleni kwemboni ye-PSI. Ababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika bona baqinise ukwesaba udlame lwezepolitiki kanye nokwesaba izivungu-vungu zovukelwano lwabantu, yikho okube yizizathu zokukhula kobukhona be-PSI ezweni. Ababambi qhaza baqinise ukuthi imithetho efakelwe ye-Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kanye nomthetho we-Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufanele ukulawula kahle imboni ye-PSI eNdiya. / Esi sifundo sibe ngunozala wokunqongophala kophando lobunzululwazi malunga nezinto ezincedisa ekukhuleni nasekulawulweni korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala, iprivate security industry (PSI), kwilizwe laseIndia naseMzantsi Afrika. Isifundo sisebenzise indlela yophando lomgangatho, uyilo lwenkqubo engumzekelo, uhlalutyo lwemibhalo, udliwano ndlebe lobuso ngobuso nabantu ngabantu, oku kuxhaswa luluhlu lwemibuzo olubhaliweyo noluthunyelwe kubathathi nxaxheba ngeimeyile ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zesi sifundo. Umphandi udlane indlebe nabathathi nxaxheba abasixhenxe abavela eIndia kanti abasibhozo baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Umphandi uqhube udliwano ndlebe ubuso ngobuso nabathathi nxaxheba abasibhozo eMzantsi Afrika kanti abalishumi elinanye bona baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Kwaqhutywa isifundo sokutshayelela ngenjongo yokuqonda ukuba akukho zikhwasilima na kuluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho. Isifundo siphonononge iingcingane okanye iithiyori ezingemigaqo nezakhelo zemigaqo yolawulo kwaza kwaqatshelwa imiba yeengcingane emalunga nokulawulwa norhwebo lokhuseleko lwabucala. Esi sifundo singqine ukuba ukhuselo lwabucala lukhula ngesantya esikhawulezayo eIndia naseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye izinto ezikhuthaza oku kukhula ziquka imiba yezentlalo noqoqosho njengokwanda okukhawulezayo nezibonelelo, ukwanda kweendlela zokuphila budolophu, ukukhula kwezinga loluntu eliphakathi (middle class), ubuhlwempu nentswela ngqesho, ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukwanda kokufumaneka komhlaba wabucala nokwanda kobutyebi babantu. Abathathi nxaxheba baseIndia bathi bacinga ukuba ukwanda kohlaselo ngabagrogrisi kuphambili ekuncediseni ukukhula korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala. AbaseMzantsi Afrika bona bangqina ukuba uloyiko lobundlobogela bezopolitiko nokoyika uvukelo mbuso zizizathu zokwanda kobukho borhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala kweli lizwe. Abathathi nxaxheba bavuma ukuba imigaqo esekelwe emthethweni nebethelelwa nguMthetho Wokhuselo Lwabucala wama-2005, iPrivate Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kunye nePrivate Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufezekileyo ekulawuleni urhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala eIndia. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)

<p>Једна од основних, најзначајнијих претпоставки за укупан друштвени развој и опстанак људског друштва је безбедност. У почетку, безбедност се суштински односила на државу и на међународни политички систем а мање на појединца. Међутим, каснијим развојем процеса глобализације и интернационализације, настала је потреба стварања нових безбедносних политика држава па су се у политичкој и правној теорији и пракси појавиле и нове концепције безбедности као што је концепција безбедности појединца (human securiti concept), која у први план примарно истиче безбедност појединца а не само државе.<br />Данашњи безбедносни ризици и претње по међународни мир и безбедност су вишеструки, а посебно место и значај међу њима, - поред пролиферације оружја за масовно уништење, организованог криминала, регионалних сукоба, дисфункционалних држава, кршења основних права и слобода - припада тероризму. Тероризам као вишедимензионални феномен, показује тенденцију сталног пораста, стално се генерише и усавршава на све већем технолошком нивоу због чега постаје масовнији, перфиднији и ефикаснији.<br />Према статистичким подацима, број терористичких напада је у константном порасту. У извештају Стејт департмента за 2012. и 2013. годину наводи се да је број ових напада порастао за 43%, а у периоду од 2002. до 2012. године само тридесетједна држава у свету није била мета терористичких напада.<br />Идеја за рад под називом &bdquo;Европски модели организације и надлежности служби безбедности у сузбијању тероризма&ldquo;, проистекла је управо из наведених разлога као и из чињенице да је проблем тероризма у времену које долази један од кључних изазова међународне заједнице а посебно у контексту значаја и улоге, националних обавештајно безбедносних система њихове организације и надлежности. Сматрајући да у Републици Србији није дат пуни научни допринос развоју нашег система безбедности, посебно оног дела који се односи на борбу против тероризма, ова тема је покушај да се кроз два аспекта &ndash; правног и институционалног &ndash; покуша дати одговор овом научном изазову.<br />VII<br />Структурално, рад се поред увода састоји од десет тематских целина које појмовно, садржински и истраживачки обрађују основне појмове и институте из ове области &ndash; тероризма, безбедности и обавештјно безбедносних система. У одговору на постављена питања и хипотезе коришћени су методи анализе садржаја, историјско компаративни метод, статистички метод, метод посматрања, анализе и синтезе и индуктивно дедуктивни метод. Поред доступне научне и стручне литературе делом су коришћена и лична искуства стечена током радног ангажовања у служби безбедности и едукативних боравка у безбедносним институцијама појединих страних држава.<br />Кроз &bdquo;Методолошки оквир истраживања&ldquo; постављени су проблем, предмет, циљеви, хипотетички оквир и методе, и друштвена оправданост истраживања. Проблем истраживања је сагледан кроз више основних питања о правним, организационим, функционалним и техничким основама усвајања нове реформске, организационе шеме служби безбедности појединих европских земаља, а предмет истраживања је одређен кроз анализу модела организације, надлежности и правне регулативе предметних служби безбедности. Циљ је дефинисан кроз научну дескрипцију и класификацију истраживачког проблема како би се сагледале карактеристике и ефекти функционисања одређеног модела.<br />С тим у вези, постављена је једна општа и две посебне хипотезе. Општа хипотеза полази од повезаности тероризма са одређеним друштвеним, политичким, економским, верским и идеолошким појавама како би се на противзаконит начин покушали остварити политички циљеви, због чега се у датом тренутку у пракси активирају механизми безбедносно полицијског апарата једне државе. У првој посебној хипотези полази се од констатације да су терористичке организације промениле своју организациону структуру, методе и начин деловања, што је имплицитно изазвало промене и у правној регулатививи, унутрашњој организацији, и надлежности служби безбедности, као и у методама и средствима њеног деловања чиме се бави друга посебна хипотеза.<br />У трећој, четвртој и петој глави дат је приказ теорије организационих система са посебним освртом на системе безбедности као и на безбедност у<br />VIII<br />концепту односа савремених држава. Посебна пажња посвећена је садржинском дефинисању појма безбедности, облицима угрожавања безбедности, субјектима, својствима, карактеристикама и компонентама система безбедности, а наведене су међународно правне основе организације и функционисања система безбедности.<br />Шеста глава рада обрађује &bdquo;Појам и карактеристике савременог тероризма&ldquo;, проблеме у његовом дефинисању у националним и међународним оквирима, мотиве и узроке тероризма, организациону структуру терористичких група, модалитете борбе против тероризма и улогу Европске уније на овом плану. Кроз графички приказ наведене су сличности и разлике тероризма и других облика политичког насиља - терора и гериле.<br />У делу рада под називом &bdquo;Кривично правни аспекти дефинисања тероризма&ldquo;, прво је објашњена законодавно правна еволуција кривичног дела тероризма у кривичном законодавству бивше Југославије и Р Србије, а потом је дат упоредно правни приказ кривичног дела тероризма у кривичним законодавствима Немачке, Италије, Француске, Шпаније и Руске Федерације. Констатовано je да је у последњих десетак година дошло до значајних промена у националним кривичним законодавствима појединих земаља на плану јачања улоге материјалног кривичног права и увођења нових инкриминација које прате нове облике савременог тероризма. Овај тренд је и обележје кривичног законодавства Р Србије.<br />Следећи део рада појмовно обрађује безбедносно обавештајни систем и борбу против тероризма где је дата дефиниција, карактеристике, организације, врсте обавештајних служби, методе, мере и радње обавештајног рада. Указано је на значај позитивних законских прописа и демократских стандарда у раду служби безбедности.<br />Централни део рада односи се на &bdquo;Моделе организације и надлежности служби безбедности&ldquo;, где су објашњени организационо функционални модели служби безбедности у Немачкој, Италији, Француској, Шпанији, Великој Британији, Руској Федерације, Шведској, Хрватској, Црној Гори и Босни и Херцеговини &ndash; с крајњим циљем да се компаративном анализом изабере најоптималнији модел обавештајно безбедносног система у Р Србији, који би<br />IX<br />одговарао свим савременим безбедносним ризицима и био компатибилан степену друштвене опасности наше земље од тероризма. У овом делу, изнето је више констатација о значају и потреби системских реформских процеса посебно у оном делу безбедносно полицијског, политичког и институционалног апарата водећих европских држава, а у контексту сузбијања тероризма. Посебно је указано на иновације у националним кривичним и антитерористичким законодавствима која су била динамично развојна што је опет с друге стране имало импликације и реформски утицај на унутрашње организационо функционално устројство националних безбедносно обавештајних служби.<br />И на крају, предмет разматрања десетог поглавља је међународна сарадња надлежних органа у откривању и спречавању тероризма где је указано на значај међународне и регионалне антитерористичке сарадње а посебно институционалне улоге у УН, ЕУ, ОЕБС-а, НАТО-а и др., као и на значај међународне кривично правне помоћи и размене стратешки важнних, оперативних информација.<br />У закључним разматрањима дато је виђење предметне истраживачке проблематике са посебним акцентом на непостојање позитивно правне законске регулативе која дефинише материју системског сузбијања тероризма. Кроз иницијативно критички осврт указано је на потребу доношења потпуно нових или евентуално, ад хок иновирања постојећих законских прописа а предложена су и друга организационо функционална и институционална решења.</p> / <p>Jedna od osnovnih, najznačajnijih pretpostavki za ukupan društveni razvoj i opstanak ljudskog društva je bezbednost. U početku, bezbednost se suštinski odnosila na državu i na međunarodni politički sistem a manje na pojedinca. Međutim, kasnijim razvojem procesa globalizacije i internacionalizacije, nastala je potreba stvaranja novih bezbednosnih politika država pa su se u političkoj i pravnoj teoriji i praksi pojavile i nove koncepcije bezbednosti kao što je koncepcija bezbednosti pojedinca (human securiti concept), koja u prvi plan primarno ističe bezbednost pojedinca a ne samo države.<br />Današnji bezbednosni rizici i pretnje po međunarodni mir i bezbednost su višestruki, a posebno mesto i značaj među njima, - pored proliferacije oružja za masovno uništenje, organizovanog kriminala, regionalnih sukoba, disfunkcionalnih država, kršenja osnovnih prava i sloboda - pripada terorizmu. Terorizam kao višedimenzionalni fenomen, pokazuje tendenciju stalnog porasta, stalno se generiše i usavršava na sve većem tehnološkom nivou zbog čega postaje masovniji, perfidniji i efikasniji.<br />Prema statističkim podacima, broj terorističkih napada je u konstantnom porastu. U izveštaju Stejt departmenta za 2012. i 2013. godinu navodi se da je broj ovih napada porastao za 43%, a u periodu od 2002. do 2012. godine samo tridesetjedna država u svetu nije bila meta terorističkih napada.<br />Ideja za rad pod nazivom &bdquo;Evropski modeli organizacije i nadležnosti službi bezbednosti u suzbijanju terorizma&ldquo;, proistekla je upravo iz navedenih razloga kao i iz činjenice da je problem terorizma u vremenu koje dolazi jedan od ključnih izazova međunarodne zajednice a posebno u kontekstu značaja i uloge, nacionalnih obaveštajno bezbednosnih sistema njihove organizacije i nadležnosti. Smatrajući da u Republici Srbiji nije dat puni naučni doprinos razvoju našeg sistema bezbednosti, posebno onog dela koji se odnosi na borbu protiv terorizma, ova tema je pokušaj da se kroz dva aspekta &ndash; pravnog i institucionalnog &ndash; pokuša dati odgovor ovom naučnom izazovu.<br />VII<br />Strukturalno, rad se pored uvoda sastoji od deset tematskih celina koje pojmovno, sadržinski i istraživački obrađuju osnovne pojmove i institute iz ove oblasti &ndash; terorizma, bezbednosti i obaveštjno bezbednosnih sistema. U odgovoru na postavljena pitanja i hipoteze korišćeni su metodi analize sadržaja, istorijsko komparativni metod, statistički metod, metod posmatranja, analize i sinteze i induktivno deduktivni metod. Pored dostupne naučne i stručne literature delom su korišćena i lična iskustva stečena tokom radnog angažovanja u službi bezbednosti i edukativnih boravka u bezbednosnim institucijama pojedinih stranih država.<br />Kroz &bdquo;Metodološki okvir istraživanja&ldquo; postavljeni su problem, predmet, ciljevi, hipotetički okvir i metode, i društvena opravdanost istraživanja. Problem istraživanja je sagledan kroz više osnovnih pitanja o pravnim, organizacionim, funkcionalnim i tehničkim osnovama usvajanja nove reformske, organizacione šeme službi bezbednosti pojedinih evropskih zemalja, a predmet istraživanja je određen kroz analizu modela organizacije, nadležnosti i pravne regulative predmetnih službi bezbednosti. Cilj je definisan kroz naučnu deskripciju i klasifikaciju istraživačkog problema kako bi se sagledale karakteristike i efekti funkcionisanja određenog modela.<br />S tim u vezi, postavljena je jedna opšta i dve posebne hipoteze. Opšta hipoteza polazi od povezanosti terorizma sa određenim društvenim, političkim, ekonomskim, verskim i ideološkim pojavama kako bi se na protivzakonit način pokušali ostvariti politički ciljevi, zbog čega se u datom trenutku u praksi aktiviraju mehanizmi bezbednosno policijskog aparata jedne države. U prvoj posebnoj hipotezi polazi se od konstatacije da su terorističke organizacije promenile svoju organizacionu strukturu, metode i način delovanja, što je implicitno izazvalo promene i u pravnoj regulativivi, unutrašnjoj organizaciji, i nadležnosti službi bezbednosti, kao i u metodama i sredstvima njenog delovanja čime se bavi druga posebna hipoteza.<br />U trećoj, četvrtoj i petoj glavi dat je prikaz teorije organizacionih sistema sa posebnim osvrtom na sisteme bezbednosti kao i na bezbednost u<br />VIII<br />konceptu odnosa savremenih država. Posebna pažnja posvećena je sadržinskom definisanju pojma bezbednosti, oblicima ugrožavanja bezbednosti, subjektima, svojstvima, karakteristikama i komponentama sistema bezbednosti, a navedene su međunarodno pravne osnove organizacije i funkcionisanja sistema bezbednosti.<br />Šesta glava rada obrađuje &bdquo;Pojam i karakteristike savremenog terorizma&ldquo;, probleme u njegovom definisanju u nacionalnim i međunarodnim okvirima, motive i uzroke terorizma, organizacionu strukturu terorističkih grupa, modalitete borbe protiv terorizma i ulogu Evropske unije na ovom planu. Kroz grafički prikaz navedene su sličnosti i razlike terorizma i drugih oblika političkog nasilja - terora i gerile.<br />U delu rada pod nazivom &bdquo;Krivično pravni aspekti definisanja terorizma&ldquo;, prvo je objašnjena zakonodavno pravna evolucija krivičnog dela terorizma u krivičnom zakonodavstvu bivše Jugoslavije i R Srbije, a potom je dat uporedno pravni prikaz krivičnog dela terorizma u krivičnim zakonodavstvima Nemačke, Italije, Francuske, Španije i Ruske Federacije. Konstatovano je da je u poslednjih desetak godina došlo do značajnih promena u nacionalnim krivičnim zakonodavstvima pojedinih zemalja na planu jačanja uloge materijalnog krivičnog prava i uvođenja novih inkriminacija koje prate nove oblike savremenog terorizma. Ovaj trend je i obeležje krivičnog zakonodavstva R Srbije.<br />Sledeći deo rada pojmovno obrađuje bezbednosno obaveštajni sistem i borbu protiv terorizma gde je data definicija, karakteristike, organizacije, vrste obaveštajnih službi, metode, mere i radnje obaveštajnog rada. Ukazano je na značaj pozitivnih zakonskih propisa i demokratskih standarda u radu službi bezbednosti.<br />Centralni deo rada odnosi se na &bdquo;Modele organizacije i nadležnosti službi bezbednosti&ldquo;, gde su objašnjeni organizaciono funkcionalni modeli službi bezbednosti u Nemačkoj, Italiji, Francuskoj, Španiji, Velikoj Britaniji, Ruskoj Federacije, Švedskoj, Hrvatskoj, Crnoj Gori i Bosni i Hercegovini &ndash; s krajnjim ciljem da se komparativnom analizom izabere najoptimalniji model obaveštajno bezbednosnog sistema u R Srbiji, koji bi<br />IX<br />odgovarao svim savremenim bezbednosnim rizicima i bio kompatibilan stepenu društvene opasnosti naše zemlje od terorizma. U ovom delu, izneto je više konstatacija o značaju i potrebi sistemskih reformskih procesa posebno u onom delu bezbednosno policijskog, političkog i institucionalnog aparata vodećih evropskih država, a u kontekstu suzbijanja terorizma. Posebno je ukazano na inovacije u nacionalnim krivičnim i antiterorističkim zakonodavstvima koja su bila dinamično razvojna što je opet s druge strane imalo implikacije i reformski uticaj na unutrašnje organizaciono funkcionalno ustrojstvo nacionalnih bezbednosno obaveštajnih službi.<br />I na kraju, predmet razmatranja desetog poglavlja je međunarodna saradnja nadležnih organa u otkrivanju i sprečavanju terorizma gde je ukazano na značaj međunarodne i regionalne antiterorističke saradnje a posebno institucionalne uloge u UN, EU, OEBS-a, NATO-a i dr., kao i na značaj međunarodne krivično pravne pomoći i razmene strateški važnnih, operativnih informacija.<br />U zaključnim razmatranjima dato je viđenje predmetne istraživačke problematike sa posebnim akcentom na nepostojanje pozitivno pravne zakonske regulative koja definiše materiju sistemskog suzbijanja terorizma. Kroz inicijativno kritički osvrt ukazano je na potrebu donošenja potpuno novih ili eventualno, ad hok inoviranja postojećih zakonskih propisa a predložena su i druga organizaciono funkcionalna i institucionalna rešenja.</p> / <p>Security is one of the basic and most vital prerequisites for the general development and continuity of any human society. Originally, security was focused not so much on an individual but rather on the state and international political system. However, in the course of globalization and internationalization, a need has arisen to create new state security policies. As a result, in the political and legal theory and practice new security concepts have appeared, such as the human security concept, which emphasizes the security of an individual and not only of a state as was formerly the case.<br />Nowadays, there are multiple security risks and dangers threatening international peace and security: proliferation of mass destruction weaponry, organized crime, regional conflicts, dysfunctional states, basic human rights and freedom violation, but above all &ndash; terrorism. Terrorism is a complex phenomenon with a tendency to grow and expand. Its technological advancement enables it to be even more widespread, insidious and efficient.<br />Statistics show that the number of terrorist attacks has been on the increase. A report issued by the State Department for the year 2012 and 2013 claims that the number of terrorist attacks rose by 43% , and in the period between 2002 and 2012 only thirty- one states in the world were not a target of terrorist attacks.<br />&bdquo;The European organization models and competences of security services in the combat against terrorism&ldquo; is the result of the aforementioned reasons as well as of the fact that the problem of terrorism in the years to come will be one of the key challenges for the international community, especially in the context of the importance and the role of national intelligence and security systems, their organization and competences. The lack of thorough scientific contribution to the development of the security system of the Republic of Serbia has been recognised, especially in the area of combat against terrorism. This thesis is an attempt to respond to this challenge through both legal and institutional aspects of this topic.<br />Besides the Abstract, the thesis comprises ten thematic units dealing with basic concepts and institutions in the area of terrorism, security and intelligence systems in conceptual, material and research manner. The methods applied in the research are:<br />XI<br />content analysis, comparative historical method, statistical method, observation, analysis and synthesis method and inductive and deductive method. In addition to the available scientific and professional literature, personal experience aquired while working for the security services and the experience aquired while training in the security institutions of some foreign states have been used. &bdquo;The methodological framework of the research&ldquo; states the problem, the subject, the aims, the hypothetical framework, the methods and the social validity of the research. The problem in the research is approached through multiple questions about legal, organisational, functional and technical grounds for adopting a new, reformed organisation scheme of the security services of some European states. The research subject is defined by analysing models of organisation, competences and legal regulations of the security services in question. The aim is defined throught scientific description and classification of the problem of the research in order to understand the features and effects of a certain model.<br />The thesis sets forth one general and two specific hyoptheses. The general hypothesis derives from the connection between terrorism and certain social, political, economic, religious and ideological phenomena which work together in order to illegally realise certain political aims. This triggers mechanisms of security services and police structures of a state. The first specific hypothesis starts from the assumption that terrorist organisations have altered their organisational structure, methods and modes of action which has brought about changes in legal regulations, internal organisation and competences of the security services, as well as in the methods and means of their action. This is the focus of the second specific hypothesis.<br />The third, the fourth and the fifth section give a review of the theory of the organisation systems with special reference to security systems and to security in the relationships among contemporary states. Special attention was given to the definition of the concept of security, forms of security breach, subjects, features, properties and elements of the security system. Furthermore, the international legal basis for organising and functioning of the security system is presented, too. The sixth section deals with &bdquo;The concept and features of contemporary terrorism&ldquo;. It studies the problems of its definition within national and international framework,<br />XII<br />motives and causes of terrorism, organisational structure of terrorist groups, forms of combat against it and the role the European union plays in this struggle. The diagram shows similarities and differences between terrorism and other forms of political violence &ndash; terror and guerrilla.<br />The section named &bdquo;Criminal and legal aspects of defining terrorism&ldquo; first explains the legislative evolution of the criminal act of terrorism in the penal code of the former Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia, and then gives the comparative review of the criminal act of terrorism in the criminal legislation of Germany, Italy, France, Spain and the Russian Federation.<br />The conclusion is that significant changes have taken place over the last ten years in the national criminal legislations of certain countries with a tendency to put more emphasis on the role of substantive law and to introduce new incriminations that result from the new forms of contemporary terrorism. This trend is visible in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia, too.<br />The following section of the thesis features the conceptual approach to the intelligence system and the combat against terrorism and gives the definition, properties, organisations, types of intelligence services, methods, modes and activities of the intelligence operation. The section emphasizes the importance of positive legal regulations as well as the democratic standards in the work of the security services. The central section of the thesis refers to &bdquo;The organisation models and competences of the security services&ldquo;. It explains, compares and analyses the organisational and functional properties of the security service models in Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina with the aim to choose the optimal model of the intelligence and security system for the Republic of Serbia, the model which would respond to all the contemporary security risks and would correspond to the level of danger that terrorism might pose to our country. This section ascertains the importance and the need for systemic reforms especially in the part of police sector, political and institutional sectors that focus on suppression of terrorism. Special emphasis is put on innovations in national criminal and anti - terrorist legislations which have undergone dynamic development over time. This has had implications<br />XIII<br />and reforming influence on the internal organisational and functional structure of the national security and intelligence services.<br />Finally, the subject of the tenth section is international cooperation among the services in charge of discovering and preventing acts of terrorism. It points to the importance of the institutional role played by organisations such as UN, EU, OEBS, NATO, etc. and the importance of international criminal and legal help and exchange of strategically vital, operational information. The final remarks state the fact that there is a complete absence of positive legal regulations which would define the concept of systematic suppression of terrorism. The critical review of the thesis underscores the need for completely new laws or possibly ad hoc alterations of the existing legal regulations. In addition, other organisationally functional and institutional solutions are suggested.</p>

Effective and satisfactory security service is critical to private security officers (PSOs) working in the private, state-owned and public sectors as it plays a pivotal role in improving organisational productivity and helps to promote good working relationships. When PSOs project poor attitudes, clients are seriously affected by such negative behaviour and the level of service rendered will eventually deteriorate. This study sought to understand and explore the factors that contributed to unsatisfactory services rendered by PSOs at GPW in Tshwane. The researcher utilised a nonexperimental quantitative research approach and a self-administered questionnaire survey was used to collect data. Data collected was analysed and interpreted using quantitative methods and procedures. The findings emanating from the research revealed that the levels of service rendered by PSOs at GPW in Tshwane was ineffective and unsatisfactory and various factors contributed to ineffective service delivery. Several recommendations are proposed to improve the level of service rendered by PSOs. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)

The recent emergence and rapid advancement of Cloud Computing (CC) infrastructure and services have made outsourcing Information Technology (IT) and digital services to Cloud Providers (CPs) attractive. Cloud offerings enable reduction in IT resources (hardware, software, services, support, and staffing), and provide flexibility and agility in resource allocation, data and resource delivery, fault-tolerance, and scalability. However, the current standards and guidelines adopted by many CPs are tailored to address functionality (such as availability, speed, and utilization) and design requirements (such as integration), rather than protection against cyber-attacks and associated security issues. In order to achieve sustainable trust for cloud services with minimal risks and impact on cloud customers, appropriate cloud information security models are required. The research described in this dissertation details the processes adopted for the development and implementation of an integrated information security cloud based approach to cloud service models. This involves detailed investigation into the inherent information security deficiencies identified in the existing cloud service models, service agreements, and compliance issues. The research conducted was a multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations on factors such as people, technology, security, privacy, and compliance involved in cloud risk assessment to ensure all aspects are addressed in holistic and well-structured models. The primary research objectives for this dissertation are investigated through a series of scientific papers centered on these key research disciplines. The assessment of information security, privacy, and compliance implementations in a cloud environment is described in Chapters two, three, four, and five. Paper 1 (CCIPS: A Cooperative Intrusion Detection and Prevention Framework for Cloud Services) outlines a framework for detecting and preventing known and zero-day threats targeting cloud computing networks. This framework forms the basis for implementing enhanced threat detection and prevention via behavioral and anomaly data analysis. Paper 2 (A Trusted CCIPS Framework) extends the work of cooperative intrusion detection and prevention to enable trusted delivery of cloud services. The trusted CCIPS model details and justifies the multi-layer approach to enhance the performance and efficiency of detecting and preventing cloud threats. Paper 3 (SOCaaS: Security Operations Center as a Service for Cloud Computing Environments) describes the need for a trusted third party to perform real-time monitoring of cloud services to ensure compliance with security requirements by suggesting a security operations center system architecture. Paper 4 (SecSLA: A Proactive and Secure Service Level Agreement Framework for Cloud Services) identifies the necessary cloud security and privacy controls that need to be addressed in the contractual agreements, i.e. service level agreements (SLAs), between CPs and their customers. Papers five, six, seven, and eight (Chapters 6 – 9) focus on addressing and reducing the risk issues resulting from poor assessment to the adoption of cloud services and the factors that influence such as migration. The investigation of cloud-specific information security risk management and migration readiness frameworks, detailed in Paper 5 (An Effective Risk Management Framework for Cloud Computing Services) and Paper 6 (Information Security, Privacy, and Compliance Readiness Model) was achieved through extensive consideration of all possible factors obtained from different studies. An analysis of the results indicates that several key factors, including risk tolerance, can significantly influence the migration decision to cloud technology. An additional issue found during this research in assessing the readiness of an organization to move to the cloud is the necessity to ensure that the cloud service provider is actually with information security, privacy, and compliance (ISPC) requirements. This investigation is extended in Paper 7 (A Practical Life Cycle Approach for Cloud based Information Security) to include the six phases of creating proactive cloud information security systems beginning with initial design, through the development, implementation, operations and maintenance. The inherent difficulty in identifying ISPC compliant cloud technology is resolved by employing a tracking method, namely the eligibility and verification system presented in Paper 8 (Cloud Services Information Security and Privacy Eligibility and Verification System). Finally, Paper 9 (A Case Study of Migration to a Compliant Cloud Technology) describes the actual implementation of the proposed frameworks and models to help the decision making process faced by the Saudi financial agency in migrating their IT services to the cloud. Together these models and frameworks suggest that the threats and risks associated with cloud services are continuously changing and more importantly, increasing in complexity and sophistication. They contribute to making stronger cloud based information security, privacy, and compliance technological frameworks. The outcomes obtained significantly contribute to best practices in ensuring information security controls are addressed, monitoring, enforced, and compliant with relevant regulations. / Graduate / 0984 / 0790 / fahd333@gmail.com

Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have become increasingly important actors since the end of the Cold War. They provide a wide range of services and are therefore difficult to classify. Many view them as new front companies for mercenaries, which this thesis argues is not the case. Few states have put in place legislation to deal with the problems caused by these companies, and they are therefore generally not accountable to states. This is problematic because their services are within an area where states have traditionally had monopoly. This thesis studies the new South African legislation, the Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act of 2006, which was put in place in order to ban mercenaries and regulate the services offered by the private military and security companies based in the country. By comparing it to the older South African legislation, the thesis evaluates the extent to which the new legislation has been able to close loopholes inherent in the old legislation. The new South African legislation is also compared to the international conventions which bans mercenaries. By banning these actors, South Africa is very much in line with the international community when it designed the conventions. However, PNSCs are not mercenaries. The thesis then compares the new South African legislation to the domestic regulation in place in the United States of America. It finds that despite having many of the same weaknesses as the South African legislation, it is more likely that the American regulation will be abided by than the South African. This is due to the positive relationship between the US government and American PMSCs, and the fact that the government is a major client of the companies. South Africa does not enjoy the same positive relationship with its companies. Finally, the new South African legislation is compared to the UK Green Paper of 2002, which presented options of how to deal with the companies. The ban on mercenaries put in place by the new South African legislation was discouraged in the Green Paper. The licensing regime (as in the USA) that was proposed by the Green Paper, however, is similar to the authorisation scheme established in South Africa.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 8, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

The security of its citizens is often regarded as the democratic state's primary raison d'etre. However, with increasing crime and perceptions of insecurity among citizens, along with actual and perceived state policing inadequacies, citizens around the world have sought to make alternative arrangements for their security. The explosion of private alternatives to state policing has resulted in the need for the replacement of former static definitions of policing by more fluid understandings of what policing entails. Policing is no longer an activity undertaken exclusively by the 'state police.' Policing needs to be understood within a framework which recognises the existence of a variety of state, commercial, community groups and individuals which exist within loose and sometimes informal, sometimes formal, networks to provide for the security of citizens. Preceding the country's transition to democracy in 1994 'state' policing in South Africa was aimed at monitoring and suppressing the black population and as a result it conducted itself in a largely militaristic way. When the government of national unity assumed power in 1994 it was indisputable that the South African Police had to undergo major reform if it was to play an effective, co-operative and accountable role in a democratic South Africa. While state policing has unquestionably undergone enormous changes since the advent of democracy in 1994, so too has non-state policing. It is widely accepted that the dividing line between state and non-state policing in South Africa is increasingly blurred. Policing, by its very nature, holds the potential to threaten democracy. Consequently it is important that policing is democratically controlled. According to the Law Commission of Canada four values and principles - justice, equality, accountability, and efficiency - should support policing in a democracy. This thesis is a case study of policing in Grahamstown, a small city in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. It will be shown that the policing problem that currently plagues Grahamstown, and by extension South Africa, is not simply the result of a shortage of providers but rather a problem of co-coordinating and monitoring security governance to ensure that the city does not further develop into a society where the wealthy have greater access to security than the poor.