Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PPHT), an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis (Smyth and Heron 2006; Nordestgaard, Benn et al. 2007), is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Kolovou, Anagnostopoulou et al. 2005). It has been proposed that elevated triglycerides after a high-fat meal may be a postprandial phenomenon (Zilversmit 1979). PPHT are commonly concurrent with sedentary behaviors, such as extended sitting, which amplify PPHT (Levine, Vander Weg et al. 2006). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of prolonged sitting with or without a balanced caloric diet and walking with a balanced diet on postprandial triglycerides (PPTG). Seven healthy, young men (age, 25.6 ± 3.7 y; height, 174 ± 5 cm; weight, 71.4 ± 6.2kg; VO2max, 49.3 ± 7.7 ml/kg/min) were recruited from a college and from within the Austin community. After 2 days of food and activity control (D1and D2), subjects performed one of three trials in a randomized, cross-over design for 2 days (D3 and D4); (1) active walking with a balanced diet (WB), (2) prolonged sitting with a hyper-caloric diet (SH), and (3) prolonged sitting with a balanced diet (SB). High fat tolerance tests (HFTT) were conducted on the following day, (D5), after 13 hour over-night fasting. Blood samples were obtained in the fasting state and every hour for 6 hours after subjects had eaten a high fat test meal consisting of 1.2 g fat, 1.1 g CHO, 0.2 g protein/kg body mass. All food was provided during the 5-day duration of the study. Body postures, heart rate, and daily steps were monitored. In both sit trials (SH and SB), subjects sat ~320 minutes longer and took 10 times fewer steps than WB. In WB, the total area under the curves for plasma triglycerides (AUC[subscript T] TG) was lower, compared to SH by 21.3% (p<0.001) and to SB by 19.7% (N.S.; p = 0.055), respectively. In WB, the incremental AUC TG (AUC[subscript I] TG), an index of postprandial response, was lower than both SH by 17.4% (p <0.005) and SB by 20.1% (p <0.05), respectively. Postprandial plasma insulin concentration was lower in WB, compared to SH by 19.4% (p <0.005) in AUC[scubscript T] and 18.8 % (p < 0.05) in AUC[subscript I]. No differences were shown in the metabolic responses between SB and SH despite the diet modifications. These findings indicate that two days of prolonged sitting significantly amplifies PPTG and suppresses insulin action. / text

Background: Insufficient physical activity is a public health problem. Nordic healthcare professionals use physical activity on prescription (PaP) to increase physical activity. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PaP that includes organized exercise. Method: Prospective data was obtained from four Swedish counties during fall 2009 and spring 2010. The study population comprised 98 patients whose healthcare professional prescribed PaP to prevent or treat disease. Questionnaires administered at baseline, three and six months after initiating PaP evaluated self-reported physical activity levels, adherence, factors influencing adherence, and experience of PaP. Results: Although the majority of patients receiving PaP including organized exercise are middle-age women, there are a wide distribution regarding e.g., age, socioeconomic status and reason of receiving PaP. Most participants received initial support from healthcare providers and activity organizers, and most were satisfied with the support they got. Approximately 70% participated in several activities at all measuring points. Although PaP including organized exercise increased activity levels only marginally, sedentary behavior decreased significantly. Six months after initiating PaP including organized exercise, 68% adhered to the prescribed physical activity level. Most participants deemed PaP including organized exercise a good method for becoming physically active. However, there is a need for regularly and longer support. Importantly, individualized instruction, adjusted exercise regimens, and support from other participants provide positive reinforcement. On the other hand, PaP with organized exercise imposes additional costs and decreases flexibility including both time commitment and scheduling constraints. Conclusion: Adherence levels to PaP with organized exercise are similar to those achieved by other chronic disease treatments. PaP including organized exercise can decrease sedentary behavior, an important factor in promoting public health in the Nordic countries. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-16-4</p>

Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. Though a great body of research has focused on this area, little is still known about the factors that influence this phenomenon in rural settings. Sedentary behavior and parenting factors are just two factors that influence this trend toward obesity. However, even less is known about how the intersection of parenting influences affects child sedentary behaviors in rural communities. This study examines the relationship between parenting factors and child sedentary behaviors within the context of rurality. This study was completed in two parts. Part one consisted of a comprehensive review of the literature that provided background on the current practices and set the stage for the statistical analysis that followed. Part two included the statistical analysis, which focused on examining the relationships between parents’ TV and behavior rules, and child’s sedentary activity behaviors. Pearson correlation and Spearman’s rank were used to assess whether relationships existed between variables. Correlations between weekday and weekend activity and gender were not found to be significant. Also, relationships between rule enforcement and activity were not found to be significant. This study found a glaring gap in the literature that examines how parenting factors influence child sedentary behaviors in rural settings. Also, the statistical analysis revealed that parental rules have no associations with child sedentary activity, despite medium rates of enforcement.

Submitted by EDNER FERNANDO ZANUTO null (edner_fernando@hotmail.com) on 2016-02-01T19:06:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Edner_Final.pdf: 809072 bytes, checksum: b94ba1d1a765669a1d8659e99afc5152 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-02-02T16:02:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 zanuto_ef_me_prud.pdf: 809072 bytes, checksum: b94ba1d1a765669a1d8659e99afc5152 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-02T16:02:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 zanuto_ef_me_prud.pdf: 809072 bytes, checksum: b94ba1d1a765669a1d8659e99afc5152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução: A frequência cardíaca de repouso é um marcador clínico importante e de fácil mensuração, servindo também como uma ajuda no prognóstico de alerta a uma precoce deterioração clínica, entretanto ressalta-se que são limitados os números de estudos epidemiológicos que tiveram como objetivo verificar a frequência cardíaca de repouso em populações jovens e fatores de risco associados. Outro fator importante que ainda consiste em uma lacuna na literatura é o uso de aparelhos oscilométricos de pressão arterial na medição da FCR. Objetivos: Analisar a sensibilidade e especificidade do aparelho de pressão arterial na detecção da FCR em adolescentes. Examinar se a prática de atividade física constante nos diferentes domínios (escola, prática esportiva e ocupacional) é associada a menores valores de frequência cardíaca nesses jovens. Métodos: No primeiro estudo participaram 55 indivíduos, com idade entre 10 e 15 anos, foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e a avaliação da frequência cardíaca de repouso, utilizando de forma simultânea o aparelho oscilométrico de pressão arterial e o monitor de frequência cardíaca. No segundo estudo 1011 indivíduos entre 10 e 17 anos, sendo que 454 eram do sexo masculino e 557 eram meninas. Foram realizadas avaliações da frequência cardíaca de repouso, antropométricas, comportamento sedentário, prática habitual de atividade física, hábitos tabagistas. Resultados e conclusão: Média/alta correlações foram encontrados (r = 0,80) entre o monitor de frequência cardíaca e aparelho oscilométrico. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse apresentou valores de 0,88 (0,66-0,96) para as meninas e 0,90 (0,82-0,95) para os meninos. A sensibilidade foi de 70,0 (34,8-93,3) e 80,4 (28.4- 99.5) e a especificidade de 86,6 (69,3-96,2) e 90,0 (55,5-99,7) para meninos e meninas. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na diminuição dos valores de frequência cardíaca de repouso com a atividade esportiva nos meninos -0.58 (-1.05; -0.11), nas meninas -0.87 (-1.34; -0.39), ao verificar a prática de atividade física ocupacional, foi detectado somente para os meninos -1.60 (-3.05; -0.18) e na atividade física total em ambos os sexos, meninos -0.52 (-0.92; -0.12) e de -0.67 (-1.07; -0.28). O aparelho oscilométrico mostrou boa reprodutibilidade e moderada sensibilidade e especificidade para medir a frequência cardíaca de repouso em adolescentes. Supõe-se que a prática de atividade física esportiva e total para os dois sexos e no ocupacional para a amostra do sexo masculino, são associados a menores valores de frequência cardíaca de repouso. / Introduction: The resting heart rate is an important clinical marker and easy to measure, also serving as an aid to alert prognosis early clinical deterioration, however it is noteworthy that the number of epidemiological studies that aimed to are limited check resting heart rate in young populations and associated risk factors. Another important factor which still consists of a gap in the literature is the use of devices oscillometric blood pressure measurement of HRR. Objectives: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of blood pressure device to detect the FCR in adolescents. Examine the practice of constant physical activity in the various areas (school, sports and occupational practice) is associated with lower values of heart rate in these young people. Methods: In the first study participated 55 individuals, aged between 10 and 15 years, were carried out anthropometric measurements and the evaluation of resting heart rate, using simultaneously the oscillometric device for blood pressure and heart rate monitor. In the second study 1011 individuals between 10 and 17 years, and 454 were male and 557 were girls. Evaluations were carried out of the resting heart rate, anthropometric, sedentary behavior, habitual physical activity, smoking habits. Results and conclusion: Medium / High correlations were found (r = 0.80) between heart rate monitor and oscillometric device. The intraclass correlation coefficient showed values of 0.88 (from 0.66 to 0.96) for girls and 0.90 (0.82-0.95) for boys. The sensitivity was 70.0 (34.8 to 93.3) and 80.4 (28.4- 99.5) and specificity of 86.6 (69.3 to 96.2) and 90.0 (55,5- 99.7) for boys and girls. Significant differences were found in the reduction of heart rate values of home with the sporting activity in boys -0.58 (-1.05, -0.11), in girls -0.87 (-1.34, -0.39), to verify the practice of occupational physical activity, It was detected only for boys -1.60 (-3.05, -0.18) and total physical activity in both sexes, boys -0.52 (-0.92, -0.12) and -0.67 (-1.07, -0.28). The oscillometric device showed good reproducibility and moderate sensitivity and specificity to measure the resting heart rate in adolescents. It is assumed that the practice of sport and physical activity overall for both sexes and for occupational male sample, are associated with lower values of heart rate at rest.

abstract: Physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep are often associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers commonly found in metabolic syndrome. These relationships are well studied, and yet there are still questions on how each activity may affect cardiometabolic biomarkers. The objective of this study was to examine data from the BeWell24 studies to evaluate the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviors and cardiometabolic biomarkers in middle age adults, while also determining if sleep quality and duration mediates this relationship. A group of inactive participants (N = 29, age = 52.1 ± 8.1 years, 38% female) with increased risk for cardiometabolic disease were recruited to participate in BeWell24, a trial testing the impact of a lifestyle-based, multicomponent smartphone application targeting sleep, sedentary, and more active behaviors. During baseline, interim (4 weeks), and posttest visits (8 weeks), biomarker measurements were collected for weight (kg), waist circumference (cm), glucose (mg/dl), insulin (uU/ml), lipids (mg/dl), diastolic and systolic blood pressures (mm Hg), and C reactive protein (mg/L). Participants wore validated wrist and thigh sensors for one week intervals at each time point to measure sedentary behavior, physical activity, and sleep outcomes. Long bouts of sitting time (>30 min) significantly affected triglycerides (beta = .15 (±.07), p<.03); however, no significant mediation effects for sleep quality or duration were present. No other direct effects were observed between physical activity measurements and cardiometabolic biomarkers. The findings of this study suggest that reductions in long bouts of sitting time may support reductions in triglycerides, yet these effects were not mediated by sleep-related improvements. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Public Health 2017

abstract: This body of research sought to explore relationships between cognitive function and physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep, independently and in conjunction, in mid-life to older adults with no known cognitive impairment. Aging is associated with cognitive decline, and lifestyle behaviors such as PA, SB, and sleep, may mitigate this decline. First, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect of aerobic PA interventions on memory and executive function in sedentary adults. Second, a longitudinal study was conducted to examine the association between SB and odds of incident cognitive impairment, and SB and cognitive decline in older adults. Last, a cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the joint associations between different levels of sleep with levels of PA, and sleep with levels of sedentary time on memory and executive function. This body of research provided evidence to support the association between aerobic PA and improved cognitive function, SB and incident cognitive impairment and cognitive function declines, and the joint association of sleep and different levels of PA and ST on cognitive function by hypertension status. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Healthcare Innovation 2020

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Poor diet, sedentary behaviors, sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) and alcohol intake seem to co‐exist in complex ways that are not well understood. The aim of this study was to provide an understanding of the extent to which unhealthy behaviors cluster in eight Latin America countries. A secondary aim was to identify socio‐demographic characteristics associated with these behaviors by country. Data from adolescents and adults from the “Latin American Health and Nutrition Study” was used and the prevalence of screen‐time, occupational and transportation–sedentary time, socializing with friends, poor diet, SSB and alcohol intake, alone and in combination, were identified. The eight Latin America (LA) countries added to analyses were: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between ≥2 behaviors clustering, socio‐demographics and weight status. Among 9218 individuals, the most prevalent behaviors were transportation and occupation–sedentary time, SSB and alcohol intake. Younger, female, married/living with a partner, low and middle‐income and obese individuals had higher chances for these clustering behaviors. These results provide a multi-country level of understanding of the extent to which behaviors co‐occur in the LA population. / University of San Francisco / Revisión por pares

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of after-school sedentary versus active play on activation in the reward and cognitive control regions of the brain to pictures of high- and low-calorie foods. METHODS: 32 children (12 girls, 20 boys; age 8.7 ± 0.5 years; height 137.9 ± 6.9 cm; weight 32.4 ± 6.2 kg) participated in a randomized crossover study with counterbalanced treatment conditions. Conditions took place on separate days after school and included three hours of active or sedentary play. After each condition, neural activation in reward and cognitive control regions of the brain were assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants completed a go/no-go task involving pictures of high- and low-calorie foods. General response inhibition was measured by the Stroop task. Hunger was measured upon arrival to the testing facility and just prior to fMRI scans. Mixed effects models were used to evaluate main and interaction effects. RESULTS: Significant stimulus by condition interactions were found in the right superior parietal cortex, right postcentral gyrus and accumbens area (p <<> 0.05). High- versus low-calorie pictures of food elicited significantly different activation bilaterally in the orbitofrontal cortex (p <<> 0.01). Stroop task performance diminished significantly following the sedentary condition compared to the active condition (F = 6.79, p <<> 0.01). Subjective feelings of hunger were not different between conditions at any point. CONCLUSION: Sedentary behavior significantly decreased response inhibition and brain activation to pictures of high-calorie foods in areas of the brain important to the modulation of food intake. Decreased attention, reward, and response inhibition, following sedentary behavior, may contribute to disinhibited eating that can lead to overweight and obesity.