Neste trabalho estudamos os mecanismos de geração de massa para os neutrinos. Inicialmente discorremos sobre o setor eletrofraco do Modelo Padrão dando ênfase para sua construção e os mecanismo de geração de massa das partículas, onde salientamos os limites deste modelo e sua percepção da natureza do neutrino. Utilizando campos do Modelo Padrão, vimos que é possível construir um operador de dimensão 5 que gera termos de massa de Majorana para partículas. Estudamos três realizações renormalizáveis que são pequenas extensões do Modelo Padrão e que a baixas energias exibiam o mesmo padrão que este operador de dimensão 5 que, através de um mecanismo de seesaw, gera massas para partículas neutras leves que são candidatas a neutrino de Majorana. / In this work we studied the mechanism of mass generation for neutrinos. Initially we studied the electroweak sector of the Standard Model giving emphasis to its construction and the mass generation mechanism of particles, where we show the limits of this model and its perception of the nature of neutrinos. Using _elds of the Standard Model, we saw that it is possible to construct a dimension 5 operator that generates Majorana mass terms for the particles. We studied three renormalizable realizations which are small extensions of the Standard Model and that, at low energies, exhibit the same pattern as this dimension 5 operator that, through a Seesaw mechanism, generates mass for the light neutral particles that are the candidates to Majorana\'s neutrinos.

Neste trabalho estudamos os mecanismos de geração de massa para os neutrinos. Inicialmente discorremos sobre o setor eletrofraco do Modelo Padrão dando ênfase para sua construção e os mecanismo de geração de massa das partículas, onde salientamos os limites deste modelo e sua percepção da natureza do neutrino. Utilizando campos do Modelo Padrão, vimos que é possível construir um operador de dimensão 5 que gera termos de massa de Majorana para partículas. Estudamos três realizações renormalizáveis que são pequenas extensões do Modelo Padrão e que a baixas energias exibiam o mesmo padrão que este operador de dimensão 5 que, através de um mecanismo de seesaw, gera massas para partículas neutras leves que são candidatas a neutrino de Majorana. / In this work we studied the mechanism of mass generation for neutrinos. Initially we studied the electroweak sector of the Standard Model giving emphasis to its construction and the mass generation mechanism of particles, where we show the limits of this model and its perception of the nature of neutrinos. Using _elds of the Standard Model, we saw that it is possible to construct a dimension 5 operator that generates Majorana mass terms for the particles. We studied three renormalizable realizations which are small extensions of the Standard Model and that, at low energies, exhibit the same pattern as this dimension 5 operator that, through a Seesaw mechanism, generates mass for the light neutral particles that are the candidates to Majorana\'s neutrinos.

Enquanto todos os modelos com neutrinos massivos de Majorana levam ao mesmo operador efetivo de dimensão d = 5, que não conserva número leptônico, os operadores de dimensão d = 6, obtidos a baixas energias, conservam número leptônico e são diferentes dependendo do modelo de alta energia da nova física. Derivamos os operadores de dimensão d = 6 que são característicos de modelos Seesaw genéricos, no qual a massa do neutrino resulta do intercâmbio de campos pesados que podem ser tanto singletos fermiônicos, tripletos fermiônicos ou tripletos escalares. Os operadores resultantes podem conduzir a efeitos observáveis no futuro próximo, se os coeficientes dos operadores de dimensão d = 5 e d = 6 são desacoplados. Neste trabalho apresentamos o modelo violação mínima de sabor no contexto do modelo seesaw tipo III, no qual é possível obter tal desacoplamento. Isto permite reconstruir a estrutura de sabor a partir dos valores das massas dos neutrino leves e dos parâmetros de mistura, mesmo na presença de fases de violação CP. / While all models of Majorana neutrino masses lead to the same dimension five effective operator, which does not conserve lepton number, the dimension six operators induced at low energies conserve lepton number and differ depending on the high energy model of new physics. We derive the low-energy dimension six operators which are characteristic of generic Seesaw models, in which neutrino masses result from the exchange of heavy fields which may be either fermionic singlets, fermionic triplets or scalar triplets. The resulting operators may lead to effects observable in the near future, if the coefficients of the dimension five and six operators are decoupled. In this work we present the model of minimal avor violation in the context of the type III seesaw model, in which it is possible to obtain the decoupling mentioned before. This allows to reconstruct the avour structure of the model from the values of the light neutrino masses and mixing parameters, even in the presence of CP-violating phases.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 354736 bytes, checksum: 7cf5aa1bfd0c39f4aa895f8ab4ba7e67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / For a long time it is known that neutrinos have mass and are also able to oscilate between their flavor states. However, the Standard Model only contain massless neutrinos, what lead us to believe that, among other known issues of the model, it is not the final theory. If we want to give an explanation to the neutrino masses we would have to extend the Standard Model in such a way to naturally accommodate these tiny masses. A great number of mechanisms appeared for such matters and the Canonical Seesaw Mechanism was highly accepted for its simplicity and beautifulness. Simple because it demands the addition of a minimal set of fields possible to obtain the neutrino mass at the order of sub-eV. Beautiful because it requires the breaking of lepton number at the scale of Great Unification Theories, bringging effects of high energy theories to low energy ones. Nevertheless, its beauty has a price. It will be impossible for the Canonical Seesaw Mechanism to be tested in recent and future experiments, hence new mechanisms emerged with the possibility of being probed by the experiments. We propose a mechanism based on the Inverse Seesaw Mechanism, which gives rise to the neutrino mass at sub-eV relying on a tiny leptonic breaking scale μ ∼ KeV. The Inverse Seesaw is not able to explain, in a natural way, the smallness of the μ parameter and it is here that our modifications emerge. With the introduction of new scalar fields and assuming a Z5⊗Z2 symmetry it is possible to dinamicaly explain the smallness of μ and also recover the Canonical Seesaw formula for the neutrino masses. Along with that, the right-handed neutrinos are able to be at the eletroweak scale, hence it is possible to test the model in actual experiments. / Sabemos há vários anos que os neutrinos possuem massa, bem como oscilam entre seus estados de sabor. No entanto, o Modelo Padrão contém apenas neutrinos sem massa, o que nos leva a crer, juntamente com outros problemas conhecidos da teoria, que ele não é a teoria final. Se quisermos explicar as massas dos neutrinos, devemos estender o Modelo Padrão de tal forma a acomodar estas pequenas massas naturalmente. Muitos mecanismos com este fim surgiram e o Mecanismo Seesaw Canônico se destacou por sua simplicidade e beleza. Simples por exigir a menor modificação possível do Modelo Padrão para que ele seja realizado. Belo pois requer a quebra explícita do número leptônico em uma escala de energia da ordem da escala das Teorias de Grande Unificação, trazendo efeitos de teorias a altas energias para teorias a baixas energias. Contudo, sua beleza tem um preço. Em experimentos recentes e futuros é impossível que o Mecanismo Seesaw Canônico seja testado, consequentemente novos mecanismos surgiram com a possibilidade de que os experimentos possam comprová-los. Nossa proposta é baseada no Mecanismo Seesaw Inverso, cujo objetivo é gerar a massa dos neutrinos da ordem de sub-eV através de uma pequena escala de quebra do número leptônico μ ∼ KeV. O Seesaw Inverso não é capaz de explicar de uma forma natural a pequenez do parâmetro μ e é neste ponto que nossas modificações surgem. Com a introdução de novos campos escalares e assumindo uma simetria Z5 ⊗ Z2 é possível explicar dinamicamente a pequenez de μ e também recuperar a fórmula para as massas dos neutrinos obtidas no Seesaw Canônico. Juntamente com isso, os neutrinos de mão-direita podem ter massas até da ordem da escala Eletro-Fraca, portanto passa a ser possível que este modelo seja testado em experimentos atuais.

Enquanto todos os modelos com neutrinos massivos de Majorana levam ao mesmo operador efetivo de dimensão d = 5, que não conserva número leptônico, os operadores de dimensão d = 6, obtidos a baixas energias, conservam número leptônico e são diferentes dependendo do modelo de alta energia da nova física. Derivamos os operadores de dimensão d = 6 que são característicos de modelos Seesaw genéricos, no qual a massa do neutrino resulta do intercâmbio de campos pesados que podem ser tanto singletos fermiônicos, tripletos fermiônicos ou tripletos escalares. Os operadores resultantes podem conduzir a efeitos observáveis no futuro próximo, se os coeficientes dos operadores de dimensão d = 5 e d = 6 são desacoplados. Neste trabalho apresentamos o modelo violação mínima de sabor no contexto do modelo seesaw tipo III, no qual é possível obter tal desacoplamento. Isto permite reconstruir a estrutura de sabor a partir dos valores das massas dos neutrino leves e dos parâmetros de mistura, mesmo na presença de fases de violação CP. / While all models of Majorana neutrino masses lead to the same dimension five effective operator, which does not conserve lepton number, the dimension six operators induced at low energies conserve lepton number and differ depending on the high energy model of new physics. We derive the low-energy dimension six operators which are characteristic of generic Seesaw models, in which neutrino masses result from the exchange of heavy fields which may be either fermionic singlets, fermionic triplets or scalar triplets. The resulting operators may lead to effects observable in the near future, if the coefficients of the dimension five and six operators are decoupled. In this work we present the model of minimal avor violation in the context of the type III seesaw model, in which it is possible to obtain the decoupling mentioned before. This allows to reconstruct the avour structure of the model from the values of the light neutrino masses and mixing parameters, even in the presence of CP-violating phases.

Cette thèse aborde quelques scénarios de nouvelle physique, ainsi que leurs manifestations dans le secteur des leptons.Le fait que les neutrinos soient massifs est un des problèmes non élucidés par le Modèle Standard. Une des solutions possibles est le mécanisme de seesaw, qui fait intervenir de nouveaux états lourds dont la désintégration viole le nombre leptonique. À cause de ce dernier point, ces états peuvent jouer un rôle clé dans la leptogenèse, un des scénarios susceptibles d'expliquer l'origine de l'asymétrie observée entre matière et antimatière dans l'univers. Nous étudions ici la leptogenèse avec un triplet scalaire et nous intéressons tout particulièrement l'impact des effets de saveur.Dans un second temps, nous considérons des théories supersymétriques. Nous étudions un modèle où le partenaire fermionique d'un pseudo-boson de Goldstone joue le rôle d'un neutrino stérile, qui pourrait expliquer certaines anomalies expérimentales. Enfin, pour être viable, la supersymétrie doit être brisée dans un secteur caché, et cette brisure doit ensuite être transmise aux champs de la théorie à basse énergie. Un des scénarios les plus élégants pour cela est la médiation de jauge. Malheureusement, celle-ci peine à reproduire la masse du boson de Higgs mesurée au LHC. Nous nous intéressons ici à des extensions susceptibles de réhabiliter ce scénario tout en le reliant mécanisme de seesaw. / This thesis addresses some scenarios of new physics as well as their consequences on the lepton sector. The fact that neutrinos are massive is one of the problems left unsolved by the Standard Model. One of the possible solutions is the seesaw mechanism, that involves new heavy states whose decay violates lepton number. Because of this, these states can participate in leptogenesis, one of the scenarios that could explain the origin of the asymmetry between matter and antimatter in our universe. Here, we study leptogenesis with a scalar triplet and consider especially the impact of flavour effects. After that, we turn to supersymmetric models. We consider a model in which the fermionic partner of a pseudo-Goldstone boson, associated to a symmetry broken at high energy, plays the role of a sterile neutrino, that could explain some experimental anomalies. Finally, to be viable, supersymmetry should be broken in a hidden sector, and this breaking should be transmitted to the fields of the low energy theory. One of the most elegant scenarios for this is gauge mediation. Unfortunately, it cannot easily reproduce the mass of the Higgs boson measured at LHC. We study here extensions that could rehabilitate this scenario and relate it to the seesaw mechanism.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1204809 bytes, checksum: 5976a34278e9533ed5bacae174865cb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis we study some extensions of the Standard Model to accommodate mass for neutrinos. In order to explain the deficit of atmospheric and solar neutrinos observed on Earth, the phenomenon of flavor oscillation between families requires that neutrinos have physical mass eigenstates. For this, we constructed possible mass terms of Majorana or Dirac. We also develop type I-II seesaw mechanisms to generate neutrino masses. Analyzing the applicability of these seesaw mechanisms, we observe, for example, that the type I seesaw requires the existence of heavy right-handed neutrinos mass with the scale of grand unification. Next, we study the triple seesaw mechanism, where we show the possibility of generating neutrino mass using the TeV energy accelerators. We also examine the scalar sector of this mechanism, which is based on a Two Higgs Doublet Model, in addition to standard model content. Finally, we derive the mass spectrum of the scalar, obtaining a stable pseudoscalar with mass close to 10 GeV, as a possible cold dark matter candidate. / Nesta dissertação estudamos algumas extensões do Modelo Padrão que acomodam massa para neutrinos. Para a explicação do déficit de neutrinos solares e atmosféricos observados na Terra, o fenômeno da oscilação de sabores entre as famílias requer que neutrinos tenham autoestados físicos massivos. Para isso, construímos possíveis termos de massa de Dirac ou Majorana e desenvolvemos os mecanismos seesaw dos tipos I e II para geração de massa para neutrinos. Analisando as aplicabilidades destes mecanismos seesaw, observamos, por exemplo, que o seesaw do tipo I requer a existência de neutrinos pesados de mão-direita com massa na escala das teorias de grande unificação. Em seguida, estudamos o mecanismo seesaw Triplo, que tem como base um modelo com dois dubletos e um singleto de escalares, além do conteúdo padrão. Neste modelo, mostramos a possibilidade de geração de neutrinos massivos usando os aceleradores com energia na escala de TeV. Finalmente, analisamos o setor escalar do modelo que realiza este seesaw, onde derivamos o espectro de massa dos escalares, obtendo um pseudoescalar estável com massa próxima a 10 GeV, que é um possível candidato a matéria escura fria.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 978847 bytes, checksum: 3c8166c6c938e9a2ddd388bff2104829 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Studied in this work two mechanisms for generating mass for the neutrinos which are extentions of the SM. The first chapter is a presentation of the Standard Model with its contents and properties. The second chapter discusses an extension with the insertion of the right-handed neutrino component that implies in Dirac s massive particle and a Majorana mass term, which combines with the first term to result in Type I Seesaw. In The third chapter the extension is made by adition of a triplet of scalars that generates to a Majorana mass term for neutrinos leading to Type II Seesaw. In The last chapter we study the effective operator at low energies that generates as a more elegant and short mass for neutrinos associate without which the fundamental theory that leads to that operator. / Estudamos neste trabalho dois mecanismos para geração de massa para neutrinos que são extensões do MP. O segundo capítulo é uma apresentação do Modelo Padrão com seu conteúdo e principais aspectos. No terceiro capítulo abordamos uma extensão com a inserção da componente de mão-direita do neutrino implicando em neutrinos massivos de Dirac, e num termo de massa de Majorana cuja combinação com o primeiro termo resulta no Mecanismo de Seesaw tipo I. No quarto capítulo a extensão é feita pela adição de um tripleto de escalares por SU(2) fornecendo um termo de massa de Majorana para os neutrinos levando ao Mecanismo de Seesaw tipo II. O último capítulo apresentamos o operador efetivo em baixas energias que fornece a massa pequena dos neutrinos sem associar qual a teoria fundamental que leva a este operador.

La masse non-nulle des neutrinos rend nécessaire l'introduction de nouvelle physique pour expliquer celle-ci. Par exemple, l'ajout de neutrinos lourds avec une masse de l'ordre du GeV permettrait d'expliquer à la fois la masse des neutrinos et l'asymétrie matière-antimatière dans l'Univers, comme cela est proposé dans le modèle nuMSM.Un domaine de masse particulièrement intéressant pour ces nouvelles particules est celui entre 140 et 493 MeV/c^2, qui est accessible avec les expériences actuelles, en particulier avec le détecteur proche ND280 de l'expérience T2K, expérience d'oscillation des neutrinos située au Japon.L'analyse vise à isoler un échantillon de désintégrations de neutrinos lourds dans ND280, après leur production dans la désintégration de kaons chargés dans le faisceau de T2K. Le bruit de fond provenant d'interactions de neutrinos a été réduit à quelques événements dans l'ensemble des données de T2K (2010-2017), ce qui permet de contraindre l'espace des paramètres des neutrinos lourds de manière compétitive par rapport aux expériences dédiées comme PS191.Une des étapes importantes de l'analyse consiste à valider les algorithmes de reconstruction et les simulations du bruit de fond attendu, ce qui a nécessité d'étudier les interactions de neutrinos actifs dans les murs des TPCs; Cet échantillon a également pu être utilisé pour des études de physique.Un dernier travail effectué durant cette thèse concerne la mise à niveau du détecteur ND280, prévue d'ici 2021, dans le but d'augmenter la précision des mesures de section efficace d'interaction des neutrinos afin d'améliorer les analyses des oscillations. / Non-zero neutrino mass requires the introduction of new physic beyond the Standard Model. For instance, the nuMSM (Neutrino Minimal Standard Model) predicts the existence of new heavy neutrinos, with masses at GeV-scale, that would explain both neutrino masses and baryon asymmetry in the Universe.A particularly interesting mass domain is between 140 and 493 MeV/c^2, which is accessible to current experiments, in particular with the near detector ND280 of the T2K experiment, which is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment located in Japan.The analysis aims at the selection of a sample containing heavy neutrino decays, after they have been produced in kaon decays along the standard T2K neutrino beam. Background coming from standard neutrino interactions has been reduced to few events in the current dataset (2010-2017), which allow to constrain heavy neutrino parameter space quite well with respect to dedicated experiments such as PS191.An important step in the analysis consists in the validation of the reconstruction algorithms and of the expected background. It has been done with the study of active neutrino interactions in the walls of the TPCs. This sample is also interesting per se for physics.A last topic in this thesis concerns the upgrade of the near detector, that is scheduled for 2021. The goal is to improve neutrino cross-section measurements in order to get more precise determination of oscillation parameters.

Experiments on neutrino oscillations have confirmed that neutrinos have small, but non-zero masses, and that the interacting neutrino states do not have definite masses, but are mixtures of such states.The seesaw models make up a group of popular models describing the small neutrino masses and the corresponding mixing.In these models, new, heavy fields are introduced and the neutrino masses are suppressed by the ratio between the electroweak scale and the large masses of the new fields. Usually, the new fields introduced have masses far above the electroweak scale, outside the reach of any foreseeable experiments, making these versions of seesaw models essentially untestable. However, there are also so-called low-scale seesaw models, where the new particles have masses above the electroweak scale, but within the reach of future experiments, such as the LHC.In quantum field theories, quantum corrections generally introduce an energy-scale dependence on all their parameters, described by the renormalization group equations. In this thesis, the energy-scale dependence of the neutrino parameters in two low-scale seesaw models, the low-scale type I and inverse seesaw models, are considered. Also, the question of whether the neutrinos are Majorana particles, \ie , their own antiparticles, has not been decided experimentally. Future experiments on neutrinoless double beta decay could confirm the Majorana nature of neutrinos. However, there could also be additional contributions to the decay, which are not directly related to neutrino masses. We have investigated the possible future bounds on the strength of such additional contributions to neutrinoless double beta decay, depending on the outcome of ongoing and planned experiments related to neutrino masses. / QC 20110812