Abstract  Aim: To determine the shear bond strength of two commercially available self-adhesive resin cements on four different materials and to analyse the degree of conversion (DC) of those resin cements.  Materials and Methods: A total of 45 embedded specimens made of four different materials were prepared for the notched-edge shear bond strength test. Ten specimens each of resin composite, glass-ionomer, zirconia and 15 of human dentine. Pillars of two different self-adhesive resin cements were luted onto these specimens. Five of the dentine specimens were treated with Katana Cleaner before being luted with Panavia. A single sample from each self-adhesive resin cement was used to determine the DC using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. The samples were measured uncured, right after being light cured and 10 min thereafter. Results: The highest shear bond strength values were seen for RelyX, irrespective of the material tested. This difference was statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was seen between the dentine specimens pre-treated with Katana Cleaner and luted with Panavia, compared to no pre-treatment. No statistically significant differences were found regarding DC between Panavia and RelyX.  Conclusion: The bond between the dental materials and the tooth structure is extremely important for the longevity of the restoration. The bond strength of RelyX for all materials tested were 2.1 to 37.5 times higher than that for Panavia and the differences were statistically significant. Panavia had virtually no bonding to the dentine in this study which might be due to the treatment of the dentine. The differences regarding the degree of conversion between the two resin cements were not statistically significant. However, the DC 10 min after curing was 1.3 times higher than directly after curing for both resins.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dureza de um cimento resinoso dual autoadesivo (RelyX U200) e um cimento resinoso dual convencional (RelyX ARC) fotoativados sob materiais restauradores indiretos, utilizando unidades fotoativadoras com diferentes comprimentos de ondas (LED Elipar Freelight 2, LED Bluephase, Laser AccuCure 3000TM), por meio de teste de nanoendentação. Para a obtenção dos espécimes foram utilizados incisivos bovinos que após profilaxia, foram submetidos a cortes no limite amelo-cementário para a separação da porção coronária. Após inclusão, os espécimes foram submetidos ao desgaste para exposição de dentina e padronização do substrato. Para simular clinicamente restaurações indiretas foram confeccionadas peças em cerâmica IPS e.max® Press (Ivoclar Vivadent) e em resina composta indireta SR Adoro (Ivoclar Vivadent) que foram cimentadas nas superfícies dentinárias. Os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente em baixa velocidade e constante irrigação e polidos em politriz. Foi estabelecido um grupo controle positivo, no qual o cimento foi fotoativado sem a interposição de material restaurador indireto e um grupo controle negativo, no qual, após a cimentação do material restaurador indireto, a fotoativação foi suprimida, ocorrendo apenas a polimerização química do cimento. Todos os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37°C durante 7 dias e após esse período, foram submetidos ao teste de nanoendentação na linha de cimentação, com o auxílo do ultra-microdurômetro (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). O ciclo aplicado foi de 100mN. Foram realizadas cinco nanoendentações em cada espécime, cujas médias resultaram nos valores de cada superfície. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Podese concluir que o cimento RelyX ARC apresentou maiores valores de dureza do que o RelyX U200 e este foi mais dependente da fotoativação para alcançar uma polimerização adequada. A dureza dos cimentos resinosos avaliados foi influenciada negativamente pela interposição do material restaurador indireto e apenas os LEDs foram capazes de manter o mesmo grau de polimerização dos cimentos quando interposto um material restaurador indireto. / This study aimed to evaluate the hardness of a dual cure self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200) and a dual cure conventional resin cement (RelyX ARC) light curing units with different wavelengths (Elipar Freelight 2 LED, Bluephase LED, AccuCure 3000TM Laser) through nanoindentadion test. To obtain the specimens bovine incisors were used after prophylaxis. The tooth were sectioned at the limit amelocement for the separation of the coronal portion. After inclusion, the dentin surface of the specimens were exposed to standardize the substrate. To clinically simulate indirect restorations ceramic pieces were made (IPS e.max® Press/Ivoclar Vivadent) and indirect composite resin (SR Adoro/Ivoclar Vivadent) were cemented on dentin surfaces. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally at low speed with constant irrigation and polished. A positive control group was stablished, in which the cement was light cured without the interposition of indirect restorative material, and a negative control group, in which, after cementation of the indirect restorative material, the light curing was removed, occurring only the chemical polymerization of the cement. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. Nanoindentadion hardness of the cement layer was measured under 100mN load (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). Five nanoindentations in each specimen were obtained, which resulted in the average values of each surface. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0,05). RelyX ARC pesented higher values of hardness than RelyX U200 and this was more dependent on the polymerization. The hardness of the evaluated resin cements was negatively influenced by the interposition of an indirect restorative material and only the LEDs were able to maintain the same degree of polymerization of the cement when an indirect restorative material was used.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Alfonso Arana Gordillo.pdf: 1025463 bytes, checksum: 5c067b2343a2b540759fb0b3f54a82f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the treatment of dentin with EDTA on the bond strength of a fiber post to dentin, using two different types of resin cements. A total of 40 single canal, sound extracted human bicuspids were selected. After extraction the teeth were stored in water until use. Post spaces were prepared in extracted premolars and then the root canals were subjected to one of the following four groups (n = 10): Group 1 - self-adhesive cement RelyXTM U100, Group 2 - etching with 24% EDTA for 60 s before applying the cement RelyXTM U100, Group 3 - cementation as recommended by the manufacturer with Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix and self-etching adhesive, Group 4 - etching with 24% EDTA for 60 s before application of Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix cement and self-etching adhesive. The 10 roots per group were cut perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth in 6 slides 1 mm for push-out test (two slides for root third). After cutting one slide for each third was subjected to thermal cycling test of 5000 cycles at 5 º C and 55 ° C the slides were randomly divided into two subgroups, depending on testing time (imMédiate vs. termocycling ), for push-out test. The push out test was performed at a speed of 0.5 mm / min. Data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test. ANOVA revealed that canal surface treatment with EDTA 24% affected the bond strength negatively at the cervical third of the two cements, but did not alter the bond strength of dentin cements tested in the middle and apical thirds in the imMédiate group, the group of thermocycling was no significant difference when compared with the group imMédiately with or without EDTA 24% for all groups tested Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix and self-etching adhesive showed higher bond strength values when compared with RelyXTM U100 resin cement. It was concluded that treatment with EDTA did not affect the bond strength except at the cervical third , EDTA 24% did not alter the of bond strength values in the groups of thermocycling test, the Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix and self-etching adhesive cement had better performance when compared with cement RelyXTM U100. / A proposição deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do tratamento da dentina radicular com EDTA na retenção de pinos de fibra de vidro utilizando dois tipos diferentes de cimentos resinosos. Foram utilizados 40 dentes humanos pré-molares hígidos. Após a extração os dentes foram armazenados em água até seu uso. Em seguida, os dentes foram tratados endodonticamente com técnica step back para ser obturados por condensação lateral com cones de guta percha e cimento endodôntico AH Plus. Após a obturação os dentes foram cortados perpendicularmente ao longo eixo do dente 2 mm acima da linha cemento esmalte e divididos em quatro grupos (n=10): grupo 1 - cimento autoadesivo RelyXTM U100; grupo 2 - condicionamento com EDTA 24% por 60 s antes da aplicação do cimento RelyXTM U100; grupo 3 - cimentação segundo as recomendações do fabricante com Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix e adesivo autocondicionante Para Bond e grupo 4 - condicionamento com EDTA 24% por 60 s antes da aplicação do cimento Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix e adesivo autocondicionante Para Bond. As 10 raízes por grupo foram cortadas perpendicularmente ao longo eixo do dente em 6 discos de 1 mm para teste de push out (dois discos por terço radicular). Após o corte um disco por cada terço foi submetido ao teste de termociclagem 5000 ciclos 5º C e 55º C obtendo assim um disco de cada terço submetido a teste de push out iMédiato e o disco restante foi submetido a teste de push out após a fadiga térmica o teste de push out foi realizado a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Após o teste os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com o teste de ANOVA e pos teste de Tukey dando como resultado que o tratamento de superfície dentinária com EDTA 24% alterou negativamente os valores de resistência de união para o terço cervical dos dois cimentos, mas não alterou a resistência de união a dentina dos cimentos testados nos terços médio e apical no grupo iMédiato, para o grupo de termociclagem não houve diferença significativa quando comparado com o grupo iMédiato com ou sem aplicação do EDTA 24%, para todos os grupos testados o cimento Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix obteve maiores valores de resistência de união quando comparado com o cimento RelyXTM U100. Concluiu-se que o tratamento com EDTA não afetou os valores de resistência de união exceto para o terço cervical; o EDTA 24% não alterou os valores de resistência de união nos grupos submetidos ao teste de termociclagem; o cimento Para Post® Para CoreTM Automix teve melhor comportamento quando comparado com o cimento RelyXTM U100.

Este estudo objetivou analisar o grau de conversão (GC) e a microdureza de um cimento resinoso utilizando diferentes protocolos de ativação, e, caracterizar o cimento quanto à composição monomérica, diâmetro médio das partículas inorgânicas e porcentagem em peso das frações orgânica e inorgânica. Foram preparados quarenta espécimes (8mm de diâmetro, 0,5mm de espessura), sendo metade usada para a determinação do GC e a outra metade usada no teste de microdureza. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos: GR1 fotoativação realizada diretamente sobre o cimento por 20s, GR2 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 20s, GR3 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 40s, e GR4 fotoativação foi omitida e o material foi polimerizado exclusivamente por seus componentes químicos. A dureza Vickers (HV) e o GC, determinado através de FTIR-ATR, foram realizados imediatamente após a fotoativação (GR1, GR2 e GR3) ou cinco minutos após o início da polimerização (GR4). Após armazenagem em ambiente seco e escuro por 24h, os espécimes foram novamente submetidos aos testes de HV e GC. Para a caracterização do material avaliado, foram realizadas as análises: Termogravimétrica, Espectrometria no Infravermelho, Espectrometria de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA, teste t e teste de Bonferroni (P&#8804;0,05). Os valores do GC nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. Os valores de HV nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. A baixa polimerização para o GR4 não permitiu a determinação da dureza inicial e após 24h este valor foi 10.65HV 0.92. O modo de ativação autopolimerizável influenciou negativamente o GC e a HV em relação ao modo de ativação no qual foi utilizada a fotoativação. A restauração simulada de porcelana não influenciou o GC, porém interferiu negativamente na microdureza. O tempo de fotoativação não influenciou os valores do GC e da HV. O GC e microdureza sofreram um aumento significativo após 24h da polimerização inicial, com exceção do GC no período inicial, quando a fotoativação foi realizada através de um disco de porcelana por um tempo de exposição de 20s. Houve uma correlação linear e positiva entre a HV e o GC para o cimento RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Caracterização química: porção orgânica composta por uma mistura de monômeros, tendo o Bis-GMA como monômero-base. Presença de um monômero dimetacrilato contendo hidroxila para se ligar ao ácido fosfórico sob a forma de fosfato. Partículas inorgânicas variando entre 0,4 a 11,2&#61549;m. A fração sólida do material é composta por 96% de partículas inorgânicas. Na fração líquida, a porção orgânica corresponde a 84%. Restou um resíduo incombustível de 16% devido à queima do material em atmosfera de nitrogênio. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and the microhardness of a self-adhesive resin cement under different activation protocols, immediately and after 24 hours of the beginning of the polymerization, and, defining cement regarding monomer composition, average diameter of the inorganic fillers and the percentage by weight of the organic and inorganic portions. Forty specimens (8 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in height) were prepared. Half of them were used to determine DC and the other half were used on the microhardness test. The specimens were divided into four groups: GR1 direct photoactivation for 20s, GR2 photoactivation through 2mm porcelain disc for 20s, GR3 photoactivation through 2 mm porcelain disc for 40 s, and GR4 photoactivation was omitted and curing was reliant on the chemical reaction only. Vickers microhardness (HV) and DC, by FTIR-ATR, were determined immediately after photoactivation (GR1, GR2 e GR3) or after five minutes from the beginning of the polymerization (GR4). After dry storage in the dark, for 24 hours, the samples were submitted to the tests again. In order to define the studied cement, the Thermogravimetric method was applied, as well as the Infrared Spectometry, Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, t-Test and Bonferroni Test (P&#8804;0,05) and the degree of conversion values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. HV values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. The low DC for GR4 do not permitted to quantify the initial HV value and after 24 hours this values was 10.65HV 0.92. The chemical curing mode showed DC and HV results for both period (initial and after 24 hours), statistically lower than the other groups where the photoactivation was used. The simulated ceramic restoration did not influence monomer conversion, however it negatively influence resin cement hardness. The exposure time did not influence resin cement hardness and monomer conversion. The inical DC and HV were significantly greater than after 24 hours, except for DC for initial period, when the photoactivation was realizded through a porcelain disc for 20s.There was a linear and positive correlation between degree of conversion and microhadness for the self-adhesive resin cement RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Defining the cement: organic portion composed by a mixture of monomers. Bis-GMA is the main monomer. Presence of a dimethacrylate containing hydroxyl to connect to the phosphoric acid as a phosphate. Inorganic fillers raging between 0,4 to 11,2&#61549;m. Powder is composed by 96% of inorganic particles. In liquid fraction, the organic portion corresponds to 84%. There were 16% of waste that did not burn due to nitrogen atmosphere.

Este estudo objetivou analisar o grau de conversão (GC) e a microdureza de um cimento resinoso utilizando diferentes protocolos de ativação, e, caracterizar o cimento quanto à composição monomérica, diâmetro médio das partículas inorgânicas e porcentagem em peso das frações orgânica e inorgânica. Foram preparados quarenta espécimes (8mm de diâmetro, 0,5mm de espessura), sendo metade usada para a determinação do GC e a outra metade usada no teste de microdureza. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos: GR1 fotoativação realizada diretamente sobre o cimento por 20s, GR2 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 20s, GR3 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 40s, e GR4 fotoativação foi omitida e o material foi polimerizado exclusivamente por seus componentes químicos. A dureza Vickers (HV) e o GC, determinado através de FTIR-ATR, foram realizados imediatamente após a fotoativação (GR1, GR2 e GR3) ou cinco minutos após o início da polimerização (GR4). Após armazenagem em ambiente seco e escuro por 24h, os espécimes foram novamente submetidos aos testes de HV e GC. Para a caracterização do material avaliado, foram realizadas as análises: Termogravimétrica, Espectrometria no Infravermelho, Espectrometria de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA, teste t e teste de Bonferroni (P&#8804;0,05). Os valores do GC nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. Os valores de HV nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. A baixa polimerização para o GR4 não permitiu a determinação da dureza inicial e após 24h este valor foi 10.65HV 0.92. O modo de ativação autopolimerizável influenciou negativamente o GC e a HV em relação ao modo de ativação no qual foi utilizada a fotoativação. A restauração simulada de porcelana não influenciou o GC, porém interferiu negativamente na microdureza. O tempo de fotoativação não influenciou os valores do GC e da HV. O GC e microdureza sofreram um aumento significativo após 24h da polimerização inicial, com exceção do GC no período inicial, quando a fotoativação foi realizada através de um disco de porcelana por um tempo de exposição de 20s. Houve uma correlação linear e positiva entre a HV e o GC para o cimento RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Caracterização química: porção orgânica composta por uma mistura de monômeros, tendo o Bis-GMA como monômero-base. Presença de um monômero dimetacrilato contendo hidroxila para se ligar ao ácido fosfórico sob a forma de fosfato. Partículas inorgânicas variando entre 0,4 a 11,2&#61549;m. A fração sólida do material é composta por 96% de partículas inorgânicas. Na fração líquida, a porção orgânica corresponde a 84%. Restou um resíduo incombustível de 16% devido à queima do material em atmosfera de nitrogênio. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and the microhardness of a self-adhesive resin cement under different activation protocols, immediately and after 24 hours of the beginning of the polymerization, and, defining cement regarding monomer composition, average diameter of the inorganic fillers and the percentage by weight of the organic and inorganic portions. Forty specimens (8 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in height) were prepared. Half of them were used to determine DC and the other half were used on the microhardness test. The specimens were divided into four groups: GR1 direct photoactivation for 20s, GR2 photoactivation through 2mm porcelain disc for 20s, GR3 photoactivation through 2 mm porcelain disc for 40 s, and GR4 photoactivation was omitted and curing was reliant on the chemical reaction only. Vickers microhardness (HV) and DC, by FTIR-ATR, were determined immediately after photoactivation (GR1, GR2 e GR3) or after five minutes from the beginning of the polymerization (GR4). After dry storage in the dark, for 24 hours, the samples were submitted to the tests again. In order to define the studied cement, the Thermogravimetric method was applied, as well as the Infrared Spectometry, Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, t-Test and Bonferroni Test (P&#8804;0,05) and the degree of conversion values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. HV values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. The low DC for GR4 do not permitted to quantify the initial HV value and after 24 hours this values was 10.65HV 0.92. The chemical curing mode showed DC and HV results for both period (initial and after 24 hours), statistically lower than the other groups where the photoactivation was used. The simulated ceramic restoration did not influence monomer conversion, however it negatively influence resin cement hardness. The exposure time did not influence resin cement hardness and monomer conversion. The inical DC and HV were significantly greater than after 24 hours, except for DC for initial period, when the photoactivation was realizded through a porcelain disc for 20s.There was a linear and positive correlation between degree of conversion and microhadness for the self-adhesive resin cement RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Defining the cement: organic portion composed by a mixture of monomers. Bis-GMA is the main monomer. Presence of a dimethacrylate containing hydroxyl to connect to the phosphoric acid as a phosphate. Inorganic fillers raging between 0,4 to 11,2&#61549;m. Powder is composed by 96% of inorganic particles. In liquid fraction, the organic portion corresponds to 84%. There were 16% of waste that did not burn due to nitrogen atmosphere.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dureza de um cimento resinoso dual autoadesivo (RelyX U200) e um cimento resinoso dual convencional (RelyX ARC) fotoativados sob materiais restauradores indiretos, utilizando unidades fotoativadoras com diferentes comprimentos de ondas (LED Elipar Freelight 2, LED Bluephase, Laser AccuCure 3000TM), por meio de teste de nanoendentação. Para a obtenção dos espécimes foram utilizados incisivos bovinos que após profilaxia, foram submetidos a cortes no limite amelo-cementário para a separação da porção coronária. Após inclusão, os espécimes foram submetidos ao desgaste para exposição de dentina e padronização do substrato. Para simular clinicamente restaurações indiretas foram confeccionadas peças em cerâmica IPS e.max® Press (Ivoclar Vivadent) e em resina composta indireta SR Adoro (Ivoclar Vivadent) que foram cimentadas nas superfícies dentinárias. Os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente em baixa velocidade e constante irrigação e polidos em politriz. Foi estabelecido um grupo controle positivo, no qual o cimento foi fotoativado sem a interposição de material restaurador indireto e um grupo controle negativo, no qual, após a cimentação do material restaurador indireto, a fotoativação foi suprimida, ocorrendo apenas a polimerização química do cimento. Todos os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37°C durante 7 dias e após esse período, foram submetidos ao teste de nanoendentação na linha de cimentação, com o auxílo do ultra-microdurômetro (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). O ciclo aplicado foi de 100mN. Foram realizadas cinco nanoendentações em cada espécime, cujas médias resultaram nos valores de cada superfície. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Podese concluir que o cimento RelyX ARC apresentou maiores valores de dureza do que o RelyX U200 e este foi mais dependente da fotoativação para alcançar uma polimerização adequada. A dureza dos cimentos resinosos avaliados foi influenciada negativamente pela interposição do material restaurador indireto e apenas os LEDs foram capazes de manter o mesmo grau de polimerização dos cimentos quando interposto um material restaurador indireto. / This study aimed to evaluate the hardness of a dual cure self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200) and a dual cure conventional resin cement (RelyX ARC) light curing units with different wavelengths (Elipar Freelight 2 LED, Bluephase LED, AccuCure 3000TM Laser) through nanoindentadion test. To obtain the specimens bovine incisors were used after prophylaxis. The tooth were sectioned at the limit amelocement for the separation of the coronal portion. After inclusion, the dentin surface of the specimens were exposed to standardize the substrate. To clinically simulate indirect restorations ceramic pieces were made (IPS e.max® Press/Ivoclar Vivadent) and indirect composite resin (SR Adoro/Ivoclar Vivadent) were cemented on dentin surfaces. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally at low speed with constant irrigation and polished. A positive control group was stablished, in which the cement was light cured without the interposition of indirect restorative material, and a negative control group, in which, after cementation of the indirect restorative material, the light curing was removed, occurring only the chemical polymerization of the cement. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. Nanoindentadion hardness of the cement layer was measured under 100mN load (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). Five nanoindentations in each specimen were obtained, which resulted in the average values of each surface. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0,05). RelyX ARC pesented higher values of hardness than RelyX U200 and this was more dependent on the polymerization. The hardness of the evaluated resin cements was negatively influenced by the interposition of an indirect restorative material and only the LEDs were able to maintain the same degree of polymerization of the cement when an indirect restorative material was used.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in-vitro, the shear bond strength (SBS) and the resultant failure pattern after debonding of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement and RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement to pre-treated (35% ortho-phosphoric acid and silane coupling agent application) IPS eMax and porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Material and methodology: A Typhodont maxillary lateral incisor was used and prepared in a conventional manner to receive a full ceramic crown. A CAD (computer aided design)/ CAM (computer aided manufacturing) machine was used to scan the prepared tooth and manufacture 40 IPS eMax crowns and 40 porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Half the number of IPS eMax crown specimens (ie. 20) and half the number of porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens (ie. 20) were thermocycled (ie. to mimic thermal changes which occur in the mouth), from 5 to 55o for 500 cycles as recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6872, 2008). The remaining 20 IPS eMax crown specimens and 20 porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens remained new and unexposed to thermal changes. The facial surfaces of all the thermocycled and non-thermocycled crown specimens were then etched. Etching of all the ceramic bonding surfaces was performed by the application of 35 per cent ortho-phosphoric acid liquid for 2 minutes, followed by a thin layer of a ceramic primer. A lateral incisor metal bracket with a bracket base area of 9mm2 (as confirmed by the manufacturer) was bonded to each of the etched and silane treated ceramic crown specimens and separated in the following manner: Group 1: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 2: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 3: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 4: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens. After bonding all samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours before being submitted to the shear bond strength test. Debonding forces in Newtons (N) was determined by using a shear testing machine and converted into Mega Pascals (MPa). Results: The results after debonding were compared. The mean shear bond strength for RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 3) ranged from a low of 5.1 MPa (45.5 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns to a high of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. The mean shear bond strength for Transbond XT adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 4) ranged from a low of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns to a high of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns. The side by side Box-and-Whisker plots of the shear bond strengths show wide and overlapping dispersions of the crown/adhesive resin combinations which consequently lessen the probability of significant differences between the crown/adhesive resin combinations in all 4 groups. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05), and the Bonferroni Test the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive resin combinations do not differ significantly. Study of the mean ARI (Adhesive Remnant Index) values for the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive combinations shows that brackets bonded with Rely-XTM Unicem 2 to non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crowns failed entirely at the ceramic/adhesive interface and for all the other non-thermocycled ceramic/adhesive combinations most of the failures of the bond (70%) occurred at the bracket/adhesive interface, ie. cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted. The results of the thermocycled groups (Group 1 and Group 2) show the TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the highest overall mean shear bond strength of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (46.1 Newtons) (36.4% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled porcelain veneerd zirconia crown combination yielded the second highest overall mean shear bond strength of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) and dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (45.8 Newtons) (19.3% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crown combination yielded the third highest overall mean shear bond strength of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) but dropped significantly to a mean shear bond strength of 3.2 MPa (29.1 Newtons) (a significant 43.8% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. Lastly, the RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the fourth highest mean shear bond strength of 5.1MPa (45.5 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 4.9 MPa (44.5 Newtons) (a drop in shear bond strength of only 3%) when the crowns were thermocyled prior to bonding. Relaxing the significance level (p-value) somewhat demonstrates the negative influence of thermocycling on the shear bond strength of the crown/adhesive combinations. The non-thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive combinations showed mean ARI values of between 1.3 and 2.1 indicating cohesive fractures within the composite resin and efficient bonding of the adhesive material to the porcelain surface. However, all the thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive treatment combinations showed mean ARI values of between 0 and 0.8 indicating a bond failure between adhesive and porcelain and highlighting the negative influence of thermocycling on bond strength of both adhesive resin cements. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that: 1.There was no significant difference in the shear bond strengths of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement and metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement to IPS eMax and porcelain-veneered zirconia crowns which were conditioned with 35 % phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent. 2. Conditioning the porcelain surface with 35% phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent (which is safer to use than Hydrofluoric acid) is sufficient for bonding metal orthodontic brackets to all ceramic crowns, and should make it simpler for clinicians to remove the remaining adhesive from the porcelain surface after debonding. 3. The negative influence of thermocycling prior to bonding can be seen on shear bond strength values. 4. Most of the failures of the bond occurred at the ceramic/adhesive interface and cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted.

O presente estudo hipotetiza que cimentos resinosos com diferentes sistemas de ativação e mecanismo de condicionamento da estrutura dentária, têm a mesma resistência adesiva a uma cerâmica. Objetivos: avaliar a resistência de união de agentes de fixação resinosos, cimento resinoso autopolimerizável (C&B- Bisco), dual (Panavia F- Kuraray) e auto-adesivo (Relyx U-100-3M ESPE) frente a uma cerâmica a base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS Empress-Ivoclar Vivadent). Metodologia: nove blocos de cerâmica e 9 de compósito foram confeccionados com dimensões 6mmx6mmx6mm e fixados por meio de um agente de fixação resinoso (Panavia F, C&B, RelyX U-100). As superfícies da porcelana e do compósito foram tratadas, o sistema adesivo e o agente de fixação resinoso foram aplicados. O bloco de compósito foi posicionado e foi realizada a fotoativação, por quarenta segundos, em cada face dos blocos. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37C por vinte e quatro horas. As amostras foram fixadas às placas de acrílico e seccionadas em uma cortadeira metalográfica. Foram obtidas fatias em forma de palito com 1mm de espessura, num total de 15 por grupo. Decorrido trinta dias foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração em uma máquina de ensaio universal Kratos e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. O padrão de fratura foi analisado em lupa estereoscópica, classificados quanto ao tipo. Resultados: O cimento de dupla cura (Panavia F) apresentou maior resistência adesiva. O cimento auto-adesivo (Relyx U- 100- 3M ESPE) apresentou adesão inferior aos outros cimentos do estudo. A maioria das fraturas ocorreu dentro da zona adesiva, caracterizando a eficiência e confiabilidade deste teste, na avaliação dos cimentos. Conclusões: O agente de fixação auto-adesivo apresentou adesão inferior aos outros e o cimento dual se apresentou um pouco melhor que o quimicamente ativado. / This study hypothesized that resin cements with different activation modes and mechanisms have the same bond strength towards ceramic interface. Objectives: To evaluate the tensile bond strength of resin-fixing agent, self cured resin cement (C & B, Bisco), dual cement (Panavia, Kuraray) and self-adhesive (Relix U-100) towards the base of a ceramic of lithium disilicate (IPS-Empress Ivoclar Vivadent). Methodology: Nine blocks of ceramics and composite resins were prepared with dimensions 6mmx6mmx6mm. The surface of the porcelain and the composite was treated and the fixing agent (Panavia, C & B, ReLyX U-100), was applied. The composite block was photopolymerized for forty seconds on each side of the block. All samples were stored in deionized water at 37C for twenty-four hours. Afterwards, samples were cut to form matchstick slices 1mm -thick, with a total de 15 per group (n=15). The samples were submitted to microtensile testing at a Kratos universal testing machine (0.05mm/min) and the results were analyzed statistically. The pattern of fracture was observed in stereoscopic and classified. Result: The dual-cure cement (Panavia F) showed higher bond strengths whereas the self-adhesive cement (Relyx U-100) showed the lowest bond strength among groups. Most of the fracture occurred inside the adhesive interface, characterizing the efficiency and reliability of this test in the evaluation of cements. Conclusions: The self-adhesive cement exhibited lower bond strength compared to the other agents. The dual cured cement system presented a slightly better performance than the self-cured cement.

Background . Little is known about the long-term clinical bonding effectiveness of the Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts cemented with self-etch adhesive systems. Bond stability and longevity of the cemented post are adversely affected by physical and chemical factors over time, such as expansion and contraction stresses caused by thermal changes and occlusal load. This clinical condition can be simulated in vitro by thermocyclic loading; and bonding effectiveness can be evaluated by applying the micropush out test. Therefore, more in vitro studies are needed to evaluate the bond strength of the fiber posts cemented with different resin cement systems after simulating the artificial aging induced by thermocycling. The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of two different resin cement systems (total etch, and self-etch resin cement system) used for cementation of fiber reinforced composite posts in three different aging periods using thermocycling. Methods . Following IRB approval, sixty freshly extracted bicuspid single rooted natural teeth were endodontically treated, and the post-spaces were prepared to receive a fiber-post cemented with either a total etch resin cement (Rely-X Ultimate) or with a self-etch resin cement (Rely-X Unicem). No thermocycling, 20,000 and 40,000 cycles was used to age the specimens. Teeth were randomly allocated into six different groups: G1 - Control: Rely-X Ultimate cement with no thermocycling. G2: Rely-X Ultimate cement with 20,000 thermocycling. G3: Rely-X Ultimate cement with 40,000 thermocycling. G4: Rely-X Unicem cement. G5: Rely-X Unicem cement. G6: Rely-X Unicem cement. Microtensile bond strength determined using a micropush out test on a universal testing machine (MTS). Additionally, the failure mode of each specimen was observed under a stereomicroscope (Olympus) at 40x magnification. Finally, one representative sample was randomly selected from each of the five failure modes for scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the surface morphology in order to obtain SEM images of the failure patterns at 29-70x magnifications. Statistical analysis: Nested general linear and generalized linear model was created to look for statistical significance. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results . No significant differences were found on the bond strength between the two types of resin cement systems (total etch and self-etch). Regarding the thermocycling effect, the bond strengths of the group of 40,000 cycles was significantly lower than the 20,000 cycle group. In addition, the bond strengths of the specimens collected from the coronal third of the root were significantly lower than the specimens from the apical third. A Fisher's Exact test was applied to evaluate the failure mode differences, and showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusions . The bond strength to the root canal dentin did not vary with the type of resin cement systems (total-etch vs self-etch). The microtensile bond strength values of FRC posts were significantly affected by increasing the thermocycling, and were significantly different among the different longitudinal levels of the root canal.

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis explores the innovation survival issue. As role players in an increasingly global marketplace, businesses acknowledge that regular and constant innovation is the key to remaining competitive. In other words, in order to be successful, businesses are compelled to operate and produce products that will satisfy the changing market requirements and exploit new technology opportunities. The study also investigates the difficulties and risks associated with innovation activities. Secondly, with the goal of addressing the identified problems and risks, a study is made of formal innovation models. The different innovation models are then compared with each other and plotted on a general Innovation Landscape. The populated Innovation Landscape thus serves as a positioning guide to innovators, so that they can select the best-suited innovation model for a specific industry and project. A case study is then undertaken to test the level of applicability and the possible support that formal innovation models can offer to a real industrial problem. The case study focuses on the front-end of innovation and the formal innovation model studied was the W-Model. The W-Model is also critically evaluated, based on the results of the case study, in order to propose improvements so that it can better support future industry innovation applications.