Abstract  Aim: To determine the shear bond strength of two commercially available self-adhesive resin cements on four different materials and to analyse the degree of conversion (DC) of those resin cements.  Materials and Methods: A total of 45 embedded specimens made of four different materials were prepared for the notched-edge shear bond strength test. Ten specimens each of resin composite, glass-ionomer, zirconia and 15 of human dentine. Pillars of two different self-adhesive resin cements were luted onto these specimens. Five of the dentine specimens were treated with Katana Cleaner before being luted with Panavia. A single sample from each self-adhesive resin cement was used to determine the DC using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. The samples were measured uncured, right after being light cured and 10 min thereafter. Results: The highest shear bond strength values were seen for RelyX, irrespective of the material tested. This difference was statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was seen between the dentine specimens pre-treated with Katana Cleaner and luted with Panavia, compared to no pre-treatment. No statistically significant differences were found regarding DC between Panavia and RelyX.  Conclusion: The bond between the dental materials and the tooth structure is extremely important for the longevity of the restoration. The bond strength of RelyX for all materials tested were 2.1 to 37.5 times higher than that for Panavia and the differences were statistically significant. Panavia had virtually no bonding to the dentine in this study which might be due to the treatment of the dentine. The differences regarding the degree of conversion between the two resin cements were not statistically significant. However, the DC 10 min after curing was 1.3 times higher than directly after curing for both resins.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dureza de um cimento resinoso dual autoadesivo (RelyX U200) e um cimento resinoso dual convencional (RelyX ARC) fotoativados sob materiais restauradores indiretos, utilizando unidades fotoativadoras com diferentes comprimentos de ondas (LED Elipar Freelight 2, LED Bluephase, Laser AccuCure 3000TM), por meio de teste de nanoendentação. Para a obtenção dos espécimes foram utilizados incisivos bovinos que após profilaxia, foram submetidos a cortes no limite amelo-cementário para a separação da porção coronária. Após inclusão, os espécimes foram submetidos ao desgaste para exposição de dentina e padronização do substrato. Para simular clinicamente restaurações indiretas foram confeccionadas peças em cerâmica IPS e.max® Press (Ivoclar Vivadent) e em resina composta indireta SR Adoro (Ivoclar Vivadent) que foram cimentadas nas superfícies dentinárias. Os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente em baixa velocidade e constante irrigação e polidos em politriz. Foi estabelecido um grupo controle positivo, no qual o cimento foi fotoativado sem a interposição de material restaurador indireto e um grupo controle negativo, no qual, após a cimentação do material restaurador indireto, a fotoativação foi suprimida, ocorrendo apenas a polimerização química do cimento. Todos os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37°C durante 7 dias e após esse período, foram submetidos ao teste de nanoendentação na linha de cimentação, com o auxílo do ultra-microdurômetro (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). O ciclo aplicado foi de 100mN. Foram realizadas cinco nanoendentações em cada espécime, cujas médias resultaram nos valores de cada superfície. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Podese concluir que o cimento RelyX ARC apresentou maiores valores de dureza do que o RelyX U200 e este foi mais dependente da fotoativação para alcançar uma polimerização adequada. A dureza dos cimentos resinosos avaliados foi influenciada negativamente pela interposição do material restaurador indireto e apenas os LEDs foram capazes de manter o mesmo grau de polimerização dos cimentos quando interposto um material restaurador indireto. / This study aimed to evaluate the hardness of a dual cure self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200) and a dual cure conventional resin cement (RelyX ARC) light curing units with different wavelengths (Elipar Freelight 2 LED, Bluephase LED, AccuCure 3000TM Laser) through nanoindentadion test. To obtain the specimens bovine incisors were used after prophylaxis. The tooth were sectioned at the limit amelocement for the separation of the coronal portion. After inclusion, the dentin surface of the specimens were exposed to standardize the substrate. To clinically simulate indirect restorations ceramic pieces were made (IPS e.max® Press/Ivoclar Vivadent) and indirect composite resin (SR Adoro/Ivoclar Vivadent) were cemented on dentin surfaces. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally at low speed with constant irrigation and polished. A positive control group was stablished, in which the cement was light cured without the interposition of indirect restorative material, and a negative control group, in which, after cementation of the indirect restorative material, the light curing was removed, occurring only the chemical polymerization of the cement. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. Nanoindentadion hardness of the cement layer was measured under 100mN load (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). Five nanoindentations in each specimen were obtained, which resulted in the average values of each surface. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0,05). RelyX ARC pesented higher values of hardness than RelyX U200 and this was more dependent on the polymerization. The hardness of the evaluated resin cements was negatively influenced by the interposition of an indirect restorative material and only the LEDs were able to maintain the same degree of polymerization of the cement when an indirect restorative material was used.

Este estudo objetivou analisar o grau de conversão (GC) e a microdureza de um cimento resinoso utilizando diferentes protocolos de ativação, e, caracterizar o cimento quanto à composição monomérica, diâmetro médio das partículas inorgânicas e porcentagem em peso das frações orgânica e inorgânica. Foram preparados quarenta espécimes (8mm de diâmetro, 0,5mm de espessura), sendo metade usada para a determinação do GC e a outra metade usada no teste de microdureza. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos: GR1 fotoativação realizada diretamente sobre o cimento por 20s, GR2 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 20s, GR3 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 40s, e GR4 fotoativação foi omitida e o material foi polimerizado exclusivamente por seus componentes químicos. A dureza Vickers (HV) e o GC, determinado através de FTIR-ATR, foram realizados imediatamente após a fotoativação (GR1, GR2 e GR3) ou cinco minutos após o início da polimerização (GR4). Após armazenagem em ambiente seco e escuro por 24h, os espécimes foram novamente submetidos aos testes de HV e GC. Para a caracterização do material avaliado, foram realizadas as análises: Termogravimétrica, Espectrometria no Infravermelho, Espectrometria de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA, teste t e teste de Bonferroni (P&#8804;0,05). Os valores do GC nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. Os valores de HV nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. A baixa polimerização para o GR4 não permitiu a determinação da dureza inicial e após 24h este valor foi 10.65HV 0.92. O modo de ativação autopolimerizável influenciou negativamente o GC e a HV em relação ao modo de ativação no qual foi utilizada a fotoativação. A restauração simulada de porcelana não influenciou o GC, porém interferiu negativamente na microdureza. O tempo de fotoativação não influenciou os valores do GC e da HV. O GC e microdureza sofreram um aumento significativo após 24h da polimerização inicial, com exceção do GC no período inicial, quando a fotoativação foi realizada através de um disco de porcelana por um tempo de exposição de 20s. Houve uma correlação linear e positiva entre a HV e o GC para o cimento RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Caracterização química: porção orgânica composta por uma mistura de monômeros, tendo o Bis-GMA como monômero-base. Presença de um monômero dimetacrilato contendo hidroxila para se ligar ao ácido fosfórico sob a forma de fosfato. Partículas inorgânicas variando entre 0,4 a 11,2&#61549;m. A fração sólida do material é composta por 96% de partículas inorgânicas. Na fração líquida, a porção orgânica corresponde a 84%. Restou um resíduo incombustível de 16% devido à queima do material em atmosfera de nitrogênio. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and the microhardness of a self-adhesive resin cement under different activation protocols, immediately and after 24 hours of the beginning of the polymerization, and, defining cement regarding monomer composition, average diameter of the inorganic fillers and the percentage by weight of the organic and inorganic portions. Forty specimens (8 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in height) were prepared. Half of them were used to determine DC and the other half were used on the microhardness test. The specimens were divided into four groups: GR1 direct photoactivation for 20s, GR2 photoactivation through 2mm porcelain disc for 20s, GR3 photoactivation through 2 mm porcelain disc for 40 s, and GR4 photoactivation was omitted and curing was reliant on the chemical reaction only. Vickers microhardness (HV) and DC, by FTIR-ATR, were determined immediately after photoactivation (GR1, GR2 e GR3) or after five minutes from the beginning of the polymerization (GR4). After dry storage in the dark, for 24 hours, the samples were submitted to the tests again. In order to define the studied cement, the Thermogravimetric method was applied, as well as the Infrared Spectometry, Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, t-Test and Bonferroni Test (P&#8804;0,05) and the degree of conversion values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. HV values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. The low DC for GR4 do not permitted to quantify the initial HV value and after 24 hours this values was 10.65HV 0.92. The chemical curing mode showed DC and HV results for both period (initial and after 24 hours), statistically lower than the other groups where the photoactivation was used. The simulated ceramic restoration did not influence monomer conversion, however it negatively influence resin cement hardness. The exposure time did not influence resin cement hardness and monomer conversion. The inical DC and HV were significantly greater than after 24 hours, except for DC for initial period, when the photoactivation was realizded through a porcelain disc for 20s.There was a linear and positive correlation between degree of conversion and microhadness for the self-adhesive resin cement RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Defining the cement: organic portion composed by a mixture of monomers. Bis-GMA is the main monomer. Presence of a dimethacrylate containing hydroxyl to connect to the phosphoric acid as a phosphate. Inorganic fillers raging between 0,4 to 11,2&#61549;m. Powder is composed by 96% of inorganic particles. In liquid fraction, the organic portion corresponds to 84%. There were 16% of waste that did not burn due to nitrogen atmosphere.

Este estudo objetivou analisar o grau de conversão (GC) e a microdureza de um cimento resinoso utilizando diferentes protocolos de ativação, e, caracterizar o cimento quanto à composição monomérica, diâmetro médio das partículas inorgânicas e porcentagem em peso das frações orgânica e inorgânica. Foram preparados quarenta espécimes (8mm de diâmetro, 0,5mm de espessura), sendo metade usada para a determinação do GC e a outra metade usada no teste de microdureza. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos: GR1 fotoativação realizada diretamente sobre o cimento por 20s, GR2 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 20s, GR3 fotoativação através de um disco de porcelana com 2mm de espessura por 40s, e GR4 fotoativação foi omitida e o material foi polimerizado exclusivamente por seus componentes químicos. A dureza Vickers (HV) e o GC, determinado através de FTIR-ATR, foram realizados imediatamente após a fotoativação (GR1, GR2 e GR3) ou cinco minutos após o início da polimerização (GR4). Após armazenagem em ambiente seco e escuro por 24h, os espécimes foram novamente submetidos aos testes de HV e GC. Para a caracterização do material avaliado, foram realizadas as análises: Termogravimétrica, Espectrometria no Infravermelho, Espectrometria de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA, teste t e teste de Bonferroni (P&#8804;0,05). Os valores do GC nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. Os valores de HV nos períodos imediato e 24h foram, respectivamente: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. A baixa polimerização para o GR4 não permitiu a determinação da dureza inicial e após 24h este valor foi 10.65HV 0.92. O modo de ativação autopolimerizável influenciou negativamente o GC e a HV em relação ao modo de ativação no qual foi utilizada a fotoativação. A restauração simulada de porcelana não influenciou o GC, porém interferiu negativamente na microdureza. O tempo de fotoativação não influenciou os valores do GC e da HV. O GC e microdureza sofreram um aumento significativo após 24h da polimerização inicial, com exceção do GC no período inicial, quando a fotoativação foi realizada através de um disco de porcelana por um tempo de exposição de 20s. Houve uma correlação linear e positiva entre a HV e o GC para o cimento RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Caracterização química: porção orgânica composta por uma mistura de monômeros, tendo o Bis-GMA como monômero-base. Presença de um monômero dimetacrilato contendo hidroxila para se ligar ao ácido fosfórico sob a forma de fosfato. Partículas inorgânicas variando entre 0,4 a 11,2&#61549;m. A fração sólida do material é composta por 96% de partículas inorgânicas. Na fração líquida, a porção orgânica corresponde a 84%. Restou um resíduo incombustível de 16% devido à queima do material em atmosfera de nitrogênio. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and the microhardness of a self-adhesive resin cement under different activation protocols, immediately and after 24 hours of the beginning of the polymerization, and, defining cement regarding monomer composition, average diameter of the inorganic fillers and the percentage by weight of the organic and inorganic portions. Forty specimens (8 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in height) were prepared. Half of them were used to determine DC and the other half were used on the microhardness test. The specimens were divided into four groups: GR1 direct photoactivation for 20s, GR2 photoactivation through 2mm porcelain disc for 20s, GR3 photoactivation through 2 mm porcelain disc for 40 s, and GR4 photoactivation was omitted and curing was reliant on the chemical reaction only. Vickers microhardness (HV) and DC, by FTIR-ATR, were determined immediately after photoactivation (GR1, GR2 e GR3) or after five minutes from the beginning of the polymerization (GR4). After dry storage in the dark, for 24 hours, the samples were submitted to the tests again. In order to define the studied cement, the Thermogravimetric method was applied, as well as the Infrared Spectometry, Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, t-Test and Bonferroni Test (P&#8804;0,05) and the degree of conversion values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 29.64% 4.05 / 32.58% 2.99; GR2: 27.07% 2.39 / 28.9%1 3.9 / GR3: 28.18% 3.6 / 32.34% 4.04; GR4: 7.94% 2.4 / 20.38% 4.89. HV values obtained immediately after polymerization and after 24 hours were, respectively: GR1: 7.98HV 1.8 / 14.88HV 2.33; GR2: 4.84HV 0.13 / 9.06HV 1.63; GR3: 6.53HV 2.51 / 11.42HV 1.97. The low DC for GR4 do not permitted to quantify the initial HV value and after 24 hours this values was 10.65HV 0.92. The chemical curing mode showed DC and HV results for both period (initial and after 24 hours), statistically lower than the other groups where the photoactivation was used. The simulated ceramic restoration did not influence monomer conversion, however it negatively influence resin cement hardness. The exposure time did not influence resin cement hardness and monomer conversion. The inical DC and HV were significantly greater than after 24 hours, except for DC for initial period, when the photoactivation was realizded through a porcelain disc for 20s.There was a linear and positive correlation between degree of conversion and microhadness for the self-adhesive resin cement RelyX&#61668; Unicem. Defining the cement: organic portion composed by a mixture of monomers. Bis-GMA is the main monomer. Presence of a dimethacrylate containing hydroxyl to connect to the phosphoric acid as a phosphate. Inorganic fillers raging between 0,4 to 11,2&#61549;m. Powder is composed by 96% of inorganic particles. In liquid fraction, the organic portion corresponds to 84%. There were 16% of waste that did not burn due to nitrogen atmosphere.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dureza de um cimento resinoso dual autoadesivo (RelyX U200) e um cimento resinoso dual convencional (RelyX ARC) fotoativados sob materiais restauradores indiretos, utilizando unidades fotoativadoras com diferentes comprimentos de ondas (LED Elipar Freelight 2, LED Bluephase, Laser AccuCure 3000TM), por meio de teste de nanoendentação. Para a obtenção dos espécimes foram utilizados incisivos bovinos que após profilaxia, foram submetidos a cortes no limite amelo-cementário para a separação da porção coronária. Após inclusão, os espécimes foram submetidos ao desgaste para exposição de dentina e padronização do substrato. Para simular clinicamente restaurações indiretas foram confeccionadas peças em cerâmica IPS e.max® Press (Ivoclar Vivadent) e em resina composta indireta SR Adoro (Ivoclar Vivadent) que foram cimentadas nas superfícies dentinárias. Os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente em baixa velocidade e constante irrigação e polidos em politriz. Foi estabelecido um grupo controle positivo, no qual o cimento foi fotoativado sem a interposição de material restaurador indireto e um grupo controle negativo, no qual, após a cimentação do material restaurador indireto, a fotoativação foi suprimida, ocorrendo apenas a polimerização química do cimento. Todos os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37°C durante 7 dias e após esse período, foram submetidos ao teste de nanoendentação na linha de cimentação, com o auxílo do ultra-microdurômetro (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). O ciclo aplicado foi de 100mN. Foram realizadas cinco nanoendentações em cada espécime, cujas médias resultaram nos valores de cada superfície. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Podese concluir que o cimento RelyX ARC apresentou maiores valores de dureza do que o RelyX U200 e este foi mais dependente da fotoativação para alcançar uma polimerização adequada. A dureza dos cimentos resinosos avaliados foi influenciada negativamente pela interposição do material restaurador indireto e apenas os LEDs foram capazes de manter o mesmo grau de polimerização dos cimentos quando interposto um material restaurador indireto. / This study aimed to evaluate the hardness of a dual cure self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200) and a dual cure conventional resin cement (RelyX ARC) light curing units with different wavelengths (Elipar Freelight 2 LED, Bluephase LED, AccuCure 3000TM Laser) through nanoindentadion test. To obtain the specimens bovine incisors were used after prophylaxis. The tooth were sectioned at the limit amelocement for the separation of the coronal portion. After inclusion, the dentin surface of the specimens were exposed to standardize the substrate. To clinically simulate indirect restorations ceramic pieces were made (IPS e.max® Press/Ivoclar Vivadent) and indirect composite resin (SR Adoro/Ivoclar Vivadent) were cemented on dentin surfaces. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally at low speed with constant irrigation and polished. A positive control group was stablished, in which the cement was light cured without the interposition of indirect restorative material, and a negative control group, in which, after cementation of the indirect restorative material, the light curing was removed, occurring only the chemical polymerization of the cement. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. Nanoindentadion hardness of the cement layer was measured under 100mN load (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). Five nanoindentations in each specimen were obtained, which resulted in the average values of each surface. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0,05). RelyX ARC pesented higher values of hardness than RelyX U200 and this was more dependent on the polymerization. The hardness of the evaluated resin cements was negatively influenced by the interposition of an indirect restorative material and only the LEDs were able to maintain the same degree of polymerization of the cement when an indirect restorative material was used.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in-vitro, the shear bond strength (SBS) and the resultant failure pattern after debonding of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement and RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement to pre-treated (35% ortho-phosphoric acid and silane coupling agent application) IPS eMax and porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Material and methodology: A Typhodont maxillary lateral incisor was used and prepared in a conventional manner to receive a full ceramic crown. A CAD (computer aided design)/ CAM (computer aided manufacturing) machine was used to scan the prepared tooth and manufacture 40 IPS eMax crowns and 40 porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Half the number of IPS eMax crown specimens (ie. 20) and half the number of porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens (ie. 20) were thermocycled (ie. to mimic thermal changes which occur in the mouth), from 5 to 55o for 500 cycles as recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6872, 2008). The remaining 20 IPS eMax crown specimens and 20 porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens remained new and unexposed to thermal changes. The facial surfaces of all the thermocycled and non-thermocycled crown specimens were then etched. Etching of all the ceramic bonding surfaces was performed by the application of 35 per cent ortho-phosphoric acid liquid for 2 minutes, followed by a thin layer of a ceramic primer. A lateral incisor metal bracket with a bracket base area of 9mm2 (as confirmed by the manufacturer) was bonded to each of the etched and silane treated ceramic crown specimens and separated in the following manner: Group 1: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 2: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 3: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 4: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens. After bonding all samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours before being submitted to the shear bond strength test. Debonding forces in Newtons (N) was determined by using a shear testing machine and converted into Mega Pascals (MPa). Results: The results after debonding were compared. The mean shear bond strength for RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 3) ranged from a low of 5.1 MPa (45.5 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns to a high of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. The mean shear bond strength for Transbond XT adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 4) ranged from a low of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns to a high of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns. The side by side Box-and-Whisker plots of the shear bond strengths show wide and overlapping dispersions of the crown/adhesive resin combinations which consequently lessen the probability of significant differences between the crown/adhesive resin combinations in all 4 groups. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05), and the Bonferroni Test the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive resin combinations do not differ significantly. Study of the mean ARI (Adhesive Remnant Index) values for the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive combinations shows that brackets bonded with Rely-XTM Unicem 2 to non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crowns failed entirely at the ceramic/adhesive interface and for all the other non-thermocycled ceramic/adhesive combinations most of the failures of the bond (70%) occurred at the bracket/adhesive interface, ie. cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted. The results of the thermocycled groups (Group 1 and Group 2) show the TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the highest overall mean shear bond strength of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (46.1 Newtons) (36.4% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled porcelain veneerd zirconia crown combination yielded the second highest overall mean shear bond strength of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) and dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (45.8 Newtons) (19.3% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crown combination yielded the third highest overall mean shear bond strength of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) but dropped significantly to a mean shear bond strength of 3.2 MPa (29.1 Newtons) (a significant 43.8% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. Lastly, the RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the fourth highest mean shear bond strength of 5.1MPa (45.5 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 4.9 MPa (44.5 Newtons) (a drop in shear bond strength of only 3%) when the crowns were thermocyled prior to bonding. Relaxing the significance level (p-value) somewhat demonstrates the negative influence of thermocycling on the shear bond strength of the crown/adhesive combinations. The non-thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive combinations showed mean ARI values of between 1.3 and 2.1 indicating cohesive fractures within the composite resin and efficient bonding of the adhesive material to the porcelain surface. However, all the thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive treatment combinations showed mean ARI values of between 0 and 0.8 indicating a bond failure between adhesive and porcelain and highlighting the negative influence of thermocycling on bond strength of both adhesive resin cements. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that: 1.There was no significant difference in the shear bond strengths of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement and metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement to IPS eMax and porcelain-veneered zirconia crowns which were conditioned with 35 % phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent. 2. Conditioning the porcelain surface with 35% phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent (which is safer to use than Hydrofluoric acid) is sufficient for bonding metal orthodontic brackets to all ceramic crowns, and should make it simpler for clinicians to remove the remaining adhesive from the porcelain surface after debonding. 3. The negative influence of thermocycling prior to bonding can be seen on shear bond strength values. 4. Most of the failures of the bond occurred at the ceramic/adhesive interface and cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted.

O presente estudo hipotetiza que cimentos resinosos com diferentes sistemas de ativação e mecanismo de condicionamento da estrutura dentária, têm a mesma resistência adesiva a uma cerâmica. Objetivos: avaliar a resistência de união de agentes de fixação resinosos, cimento resinoso autopolimerizável (C&B- Bisco), dual (Panavia F- Kuraray) e auto-adesivo (Relyx U-100-3M ESPE) frente a uma cerâmica a base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS Empress-Ivoclar Vivadent). Metodologia: nove blocos de cerâmica e 9 de compósito foram confeccionados com dimensões 6mmx6mmx6mm e fixados por meio de um agente de fixação resinoso (Panavia F, C&B, RelyX U-100). As superfícies da porcelana e do compósito foram tratadas, o sistema adesivo e o agente de fixação resinoso foram aplicados. O bloco de compósito foi posicionado e foi realizada a fotoativação, por quarenta segundos, em cada face dos blocos. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37C por vinte e quatro horas. As amostras foram fixadas às placas de acrílico e seccionadas em uma cortadeira metalográfica. Foram obtidas fatias em forma de palito com 1mm de espessura, num total de 15 por grupo. Decorrido trinta dias foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração em uma máquina de ensaio universal Kratos e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. O padrão de fratura foi analisado em lupa estereoscópica, classificados quanto ao tipo. Resultados: O cimento de dupla cura (Panavia F) apresentou maior resistência adesiva. O cimento auto-adesivo (Relyx U- 100- 3M ESPE) apresentou adesão inferior aos outros cimentos do estudo. A maioria das fraturas ocorreu dentro da zona adesiva, caracterizando a eficiência e confiabilidade deste teste, na avaliação dos cimentos. Conclusões: O agente de fixação auto-adesivo apresentou adesão inferior aos outros e o cimento dual se apresentou um pouco melhor que o quimicamente ativado. / This study hypothesized that resin cements with different activation modes and mechanisms have the same bond strength towards ceramic interface. Objectives: To evaluate the tensile bond strength of resin-fixing agent, self cured resin cement (C & B, Bisco), dual cement (Panavia, Kuraray) and self-adhesive (Relix U-100) towards the base of a ceramic of lithium disilicate (IPS-Empress Ivoclar Vivadent). Methodology: Nine blocks of ceramics and composite resins were prepared with dimensions 6mmx6mmx6mm. The surface of the porcelain and the composite was treated and the fixing agent (Panavia, C & B, ReLyX U-100), was applied. The composite block was photopolymerized for forty seconds on each side of the block. All samples were stored in deionized water at 37C for twenty-four hours. Afterwards, samples were cut to form matchstick slices 1mm -thick, with a total de 15 per group (n=15). The samples were submitted to microtensile testing at a Kratos universal testing machine (0.05mm/min) and the results were analyzed statistically. The pattern of fracture was observed in stereoscopic and classified. Result: The dual-cure cement (Panavia F) showed higher bond strengths whereas the self-adhesive cement (Relyx U-100) showed the lowest bond strength among groups. Most of the fracture occurred inside the adhesive interface, characterizing the efficiency and reliability of this test in the evaluation of cements. Conclusions: The self-adhesive cement exhibited lower bond strength compared to the other agents. The dual cured cement system presented a slightly better performance than the self-cured cement.

Este estudo comparou a performance de quarto agentes cimentantes com diferentes estratégias adesivas para cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro em canais radiculares, através do teste de resistência adesiva e avaliando a dureza em diferentes profundidades. Para isto, foram utilizadas 60 raízes bovinas tratadas endodonticamente. Foram cimentados pinos de fibra de vidro Rebilda Post 20 de acordo com os seguintes protocolos divididos nos seguintes grupos: Grupos QM: Adesivo autocondicionante dual Futurabond DC + cimento resinoso dual Bifix QM; Group SE: Cimento resinoso autocondicionante de polimerização dual Bifix SE; Group RB: Adesivo autocondicionante de polimerização dual Futurabond DC + Resina Rebilda; Group XB: aplicação do adesivo autocondicionante de polimerização dual Futurabond DC + resina composta do tipo \"bulk fill\" X-tra Base. As raízes foram cortadas em fatias de 1mm e separadas em terços, sendo obtidos 2 corpos de prova por terço. Foram avaliadas a resistência adesiva (n=10) e a microdureza (n=5), após uma semana e após 4 meses de armazenamento em água. Para o teste de resistência adesiva (push- out) uma fatia de cada terço foi testada depois de uma semana e as outras 3 fatias provenientes do mesmo dente avaliadas após 4 meses. O ensaio de push out foi realizado a uma velocidade de 0,5mm/min até o deslocamento do pino e/ou fratura da interface adesiva. Para o teste de microdureza 20 dentes foram selecionados aleatoriamente e de cada dente foram obtidas seis 6 fatias que foram armazenadas em água destilada por uma semana até a mensuração em microdurômetro, após uma semana e após 4 meses. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de microdureza Knoop em microdurômetro HMV-2000 (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), cinco endentações foram realizadas na camada de cimento de cada fatia. Os dados referentes aos testes de resistência adesiva (push- out) e microdureza foram submetidas análise de variância 3 fatores (ANOVA), teste de tukey (p<0,05) e teste de correlação de Person. Os valores de resistência adesiva não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes quando observado os valores de resistência adesiva entre os grupos QM, RB e XB (p>=0.05), porém menores valores de resistência adesiva foram observados no Grupo SE. Quando considerada a variável envelhecimento não foram encontradas diferenças na resistência adesiva medida em uma semana e 4 meses (p>=0.05). Para a microdureza diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas nos diferentes terços da raiz (p<0.05). Os agentes cimentantes apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes na dureza (p<0.05). O grupo XB apresentou os maiores valores seguido por QM, RB e SE. Os grupos SE, RB e XB não apresentaram 80% da dureza máxima nas fatias correspondentes a região apical do canal radicular. O teste de Person mostrou haver correlação positiva linear entre a resistência adesiva e a dureza medidas antes e após o envelhecimento. O uso cimento resinoso dual, associado a uma aplicação anterior do sistema adesivo, ainda é a escolha mais segura, pois apresentou valores de força de adesão elevados, associados a valores de dureza adequados, mesmo em regiões apicais do canal radicular. / This study compared the performance of four cementitious agents with different adhesive strategies for cementing fiberglass pins in root canals, through the adhesive strength test and evaluating the hardness at different depths. For this, 60 endodontically treated bovine roots were used. Rebilda Post 20 fiberglass pins were cemented according to the following protocols divided into the following groups: QM groups: dual self-etching adhesive Futurabond DC + resin cement Bifix QM; Group SE: Dual polymerization resin cement Bifix SE; Group RB: application of self-etching dual-polymerization adhesive Futurabond DC + resin Rebilda; Group XB: application of the self-etching adhesive for dual polymerization Futurabond DC + composite resin of the bulk fill type X-tra Base. The roots were cut into 1mm slices and separated into thirds, obtaining 2 specimens per third. Bond strength (n =10) and microhardness (n = 5) were evaluated after one week and after 4 months of storage in water. For the push-out test one slice of each third was tested after one week and the other 3 slices from the same tooth evaluated after 4 months. The push out test was performed at a speed of 0.5mm / min until the pin displacement and / or fracture of the adhesive interface. For the microtensile test, 20 teeth were randomly selected and six slices were obtained from each tooth, which were stored in distilled water for one week until microdurometer measurement, after one week and after four months. The specimens were submitted to the Knoop microhardness test in HMV-2000 microdurometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), five indentations were performed in the cement layer of each slice. The data for the tests of bond strenght (push-out) and microhardness were submitted to analysis of variance 3 factors (ANOVA) and Tukey test (p <0.05) and Person correlation test. The bond strength values did not present significant statistical differences when the adhesive strength values were observed between the groups QM, RB and XB (p>=0.05), but lower values of adhesive strength were observed in the SE Group. When the aging variable was considered, differences in adhesive strength measured at one week and 4 months (p>=0.05) were not found. For microhardness, statistically significant differences were found in the different thirds of the root (p <0.05). The cementing agents presented significant statistical differences in the hardness (p <0.05). The XB group presented the highest values followed by QM, RB and SE. The groups SE, RB and XB did not present 80% of the maximum hardness in the slices corresponding to the apical region of the root canal. The Person test showed a linear positive correlation between the adhesive strength and the hardness measured before and after aging. The use of dual resin cement, combined with a previous application of the adhesive system, is still the safest choice, since it presented high values of bond strength, associated with adequate hardness values, even in apical regions of the root canal.

O objetivo desde estudo foi analisar a microdureza e as características morfológicas da interface de união entre uma resina composta flow autoadesiva (Vertise Flow) e a dentina humana hígida ou afetada por cárie, em comparação às interfaces formadas por outros dois materiais: um cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Fuji II LC) e um sistema adesivo universal (Single Bond Universal). Foram realizadas cavidades do tipo classe I na dentina oclusal de molares humanos e dentina afetada por cárie foi produzida na parede pulpar das cavidades por meio do método microbiológico. Os espécimes foram restaurados de acordo com os grupos experimentais e cortados no sentido vestíbulo-lingual para evidenciação da interface adesiva. Os espécimes foram submetidos aos ensaios de microdureza Knoop (n=5) e analisados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (n=3) e microscopia confocal de varredura a laser (n=10). A análise de variância dois fatores e teste de Tukey foram realizados para a análise estatística quantitativa da variável dureza (p<0,05%). As características morfológicas foram descritas após análise qualitativa. A dureza da camada de material variou em função da composição de cada material. A dureza da camada híbrida foi influenciada de acordo com o material e os maiores valores de dureza foram obtidos quando o sistema adesivo universal foi utilizado. A camada híbrida formada pela dentina afetada por cárie apresentou dureza inferior independente do material utilizado. Quanto à morfologia, os materiais testados promoveram a formação de interfaces com características diferentes entre si, entretanto, todos os materiais foram capazes de formar tags na camada híbrida. Porém, quando a interface envolveu a dentina afetada por cárie, observou-se maior quantidade de falhas e as camadas apresentaram-se irregulares. / The aim of this study was to analyze the microhardness and morphological characteristics of the bonding interface between a self-adhesive flowable composite (Vertise Flow) and sound or caries-affected dentin, comparing to interfaces formed by other materials: a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC) and a universal adhesive system (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive). Class I cavities were made in the occlusal dentin of human molars and dentin affected by caries was produced in their pulp wall, using the microbiological method. The specimens were restored according to the experimental groups and cut in the vestibular-lingual direction to expose the adhesive interface. The specimens were submitted to transversal Knoop microhardness tests (n=5) and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (n=3) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (n=10). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey\'s post-hoc tests were performed for the hardness results (?:0.05). Morphological characteristics were qualitative analyzed. The hardness of the material layer varied according to the composition of each material. The hardness of the hybrid layer was influenced according to the material and the highest values of hardness were obtained when the universal system was used (p<0.05). The hybrid layer formed by dentin caries-affected presented low hardness values independently of the material used. Morphologically, the tested materials promoted the formation of interfaces with different characteristics, although all the materials were able to form tags in dentin. However, when the interfaces involved caries-affected dentin, a greater number of defects were observed and the layers were irregular.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do tipo de sistema de cimentação (condicionamento ácido total ou autoadesivo), do modo de ativação (autoativado ou dual), do terço do conduto radicular (cervical, médio ou apical) e da espessura do filme de cimento sobre a resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados em dentes humanos. Quarenta raízes foram incluídas em resina epóxi, submetidas a tratamento endodôntico e obturadas com guta percha e cimento endodôntico sem eugenol. Decorridos sete dias, os condutos foram preparados a uma profundidade de 10mm com brocas padronizadas do sistema dos pinos de fibra (WhitePost DC #2) e aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos, conforme o sistema de cimentação e o modo de ativação: (G1) RelyX ARC/Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (condicionamento ácido total), ativação dual, (G2) RelyX ARC/Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, autoativado, (G3) RelyX U100 (autoadesivo), dual e (G4) RelyX U100, autoativado. Após uma semana, cada raiz foi seccionada em máquina de corte, originando 6 fatias de 1 mm de espessura (n=60). Antes do ensaio de push-out cada fatia foi fotografada em ambas as faces, para determinação do raio dos pinos e da espessura do filme de cimento. Após o ensaio mecânico, novas imagens foram capturadas para determinação do modo de falha. Para automatizar a determinação da espessura de cimento, foi desenvolvida uma macro no software KS 400. Os dados foram estatisticamente analisados com ANOVA 3 fatores (resistência de união) e teste de Kruskall-Wallis (espessura do cimento). Comparações múltiplas foram realizadas com o teste Student-Newman-Keuls. Análise de regressão, modelo linear, foi empregada para verificar a correlação entre espessura do cimento e resistência de união. Todos os testes foram aplicados com &#945; = 0,05. O fator cimento exerceu influência significativa para a resistência de união (p = 0,0402): o RelyX U100 apresentou a maior média. A ativação dual elevou os valores de resistência de união em comparação ao modo quimicamente ativado (p < 0,0001). Houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos, sendo G1 (22,4 4,0 MPa) > G3 (20,4 3,6 MPa) > G4 (17,8 5,2 MPa) > G2 (13,5 4,3 MPa). O terço do conduto não exerceu influência significativa sobre a resistência adesiva (p = 0,4749). As espessuras dos filmes de cimento foram estatisticamente diferentes nos diferentes terços: cervical (102 45 m) > médio (75 29 m) > apical (52 28m). Não foi observada forte correlação entre os valores de espessura e os de resistência ao push-out (r = - 0,2016, p = 0,0033). O tipo de falha predominante foi a mista, exceto para o G2, que apresentou 74% das falhas na interface cimento-pino. Dessa forma, o cimento autoadesivo apresentou melhor desempenho que o convencional, e ambos os sistemas duais, sobretudo o RelyX ARC, apresentaram dependência da fotoativação para atingirem maiores valores de resistência de união. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of adhesive cementation system approach (total-etch or self-adhesive), activation mode (self-cure or dual-cure), canal third (cervical, middle or apical) and cement thickness on push-out bond strength of glass fiber post bonded on human roots. Forty roots were embebed in epoxy resin and endodontically treated (filled with guta percha and non-eugenol endodontic sealer). Following 7 days, the post spaces were prepared with low-speed post drills provided by the manufacturer (WhitePost DC #2, FGM) at a depth of 10 mm and the roots were randomly divided in 4 groups, according to cementation system and activations mode: (G1) RelyX ARC/Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (total-etch), dual-cure (G2) RelyX ARC/Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, self-cure, (G3) RelyX U100 (self-adhesive), dual-cure and (G4) RelyX U100, self-cure. After 7 days, each root was sectioned with water-cooled diamond blade, generating six 1-mm thickness slices (n=60). Before push-out bond strength test, digital images of both sides of the slices were captured with digital camera, in order to measure the post radius and the cement thickness. After mechanical test, new images were captured to evaluate the failure mode. A macro was developed in KS 400 software to speed and standardize the evaluation of cement thickness. Results were analyzed using three-way ANOVA (push-out) and Kruskall-Wallis test (cement thickness). Post-hoc multiple comparisons were performed using the Student-Newman-Keuls test. The correlation between resin cement thickness and bond strength was evaluated with regression analysis, linear model. All tests were performed with significance level set at 0.05. Push-out bond strength was significantly influenced by cement type (p= 0.0402): the RelyX U100 cement presented higher mean value. The dual-activated mode increased the bond strength in comparison to self-activated mode (p < 0.0001). Statically differences were observed between groups: G1 (22.4 4.0 MPa) > G3 (20.4 3.6 MPa) > G4 (17.8 5.2 MPa) > G2 (13.5 4.3 MPa). Bond strength was not affected by post space depth (p = 0,4749). The resin cement thicknesses were significantly different in root thirds: cervical (102 45 m) > middle (75 29 m) > apical (52 28m). No strong correlation between cement thickness and push-out bond strength was observed (r = - 0.2016, p = 0.0033). The main failure mode was mixed, except for G2 (74% adhesive failures at post-cement interface). It was concluded tha the self-adhesive cement showed a better performance than the conventional one, and both dual resin systems, specially the RelyX ARC, presented photo-activation dependence to attain greater adhesive bond strength.