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I hereby declare that this research report Is my own work. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university. / This study is a constructive application of Feather's (1985) investigation of the relationship between masculinity, femininity, self-esteem and subclinical depression. As such, it aimed at testing the generaliseability of Feather's finding that self-esteem is "a crucial variable to consider when accounting for the negative linkage between masculinity and depressive symptoms" (Feather 1985 p 498). Data was collected by means of questionnaires administered to English-speakirlg, unmarried, "white", female students (age range 19 - 23) registered at the University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, South Africa). The subjects were all studying English at the second or third year level and at least one of each subject's parents was employed in a professional or managerial capacity. The questionnaire consisted of a form obtaining biographical information, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (the latter rneasuring masculinity and femininity). Complete data was obtained for 103 students. Questionnaires were completed in the subject's own time. Results obtained from the calculated statistics (descriptive, correlation, partial correlation and analysis of variance) led to the conclusion that Feather's principal findings can be ganeralised, at least to the student population investigated here. Hence, given the potential implications of Feather's research for intervention in and prevention of depression, additional effort is Justified to investigate the assumed causal relationship underlying his work and to focus upon clinically depressed individuals. Perhaps the chief conclusion arising from this study, however, is that the nature of the relationship between sex-role orientation and psychological well-belnq needs to be more fully explicated to account adequately for the complexity of psychological life. More specifically, for example, there is a need to define the roles of various mediating variables other than self-esteem in the relationship between sex-role orlentatlon and psychological well-being. It is suggested that a combination of a qualitative with a quantitative approach may be necessary to adequately account for the complexity of the area . / Andrew Chakane 2018

Thesis advisor: Carolyn Thomas / A quasi-experimental study was done to investigate the relative influence of running on the self-esteem and attributional styles of a group of 623 women in Boston. Volunteers from the participants in the 1983 Bonne Bell 10K race formed the runners group while the two control groups, athletic non-runners and non-athletic women, were composed of volunteers randomly self-selected from among patrons in various Boston service organizations. Study participants were tested using Seligmans Attribution Style Questionnaire (1981) and Hudson's Index of Self-Esteem (1982). Results of the ASQ showed that the women who ran consistently tended to have a more internal than external locus of control and had an attributional style associated with an empowered sense of self. Results of the ISE showed that women who run consistently have a significantly higher level of self-esteem than do either the women who are athletic but who do not run or the non-athletic women, with the non-athletic women scoring with lower self-esteem than the athletic non-runners. On a subjective rating for degree of happiness, the consistent runners scored significantly higher than those women in the control groups. Both clinical and policy implications of these findings were discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1987. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Adverse parenting practices have adverse effects on child outcomes, ranging from lower academic success (Dornbusch, Ritter, Leiderman, Roberts, & Fraleigh, 1987) to delinquency behavior (Steinberg, Fletcher & Darling, 1994) to adjustment difficulties (Shumow & Lomax, 2009). There is considerable evidence linking poor parenting practices to increases in adolescent adjustment symptoms (e.g. Barnes, Reifman, Farrell, & Dintcheff, 2000). It is likely that there is an explanatory mechanism driving this relationship. The current study tests the hypotheses that associations between adverse parenting behaviors are both directly associated with adjustment problems, and indirectly associated with maladjustment via changes in self-views. A staggered cohort longitudinal design was employed that included a total of 453 (215 boys, 238 girls) 9th graders and 464 (231 boys, 233 girls) 10th graders at the first assessment in spring, 2013. At the onset of the study, adolescents completed scales describing parental monitoring (Small & Kerns, 1993), parental psychological control (Barber, 1996), and parental connectedness (Arnold, Nott, & Meinhold, 2012). Adolescents also described indices of self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965), self-efficacy (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995), and adjustment behaviors (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). Results from the direct effects models revealed parenting practices have a direct effect on adolescent adjustment. Mediation models revealed indirect links between parenting practices and adolescent adjustment via self-esteem. Greater parental psychological control and less parental connectedness was linked to decreases in selfesteem one year later, and lower levels of self-esteem were in turn, associated with increases in adolescent adjustment problems. This study provides insight on the impact that parenting practices have on adolescents both directly and indirectly. Parents should understand that even though adolescents are seeking autonomy and separation, practicing attentive and meaningful parenting is just as important during adolescence as it is during any other periods of development. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

目標設定理論已被廣泛應用於組織，以提高性能和有效性。然而，採用目標設定可能帶來偏差行為的潛在性還沒有得到深入的探討。本研究旨在探討框架效果和自尊對偏差行為的影響。實驗穫取了114個香港本科生的數據。實驗的目的在於探索目標設定在性能方面和偏差行為潛在的影響。除了審查設定目標的效果，另外兩個條件是目標達到後能避免處罰或得到獎勵。實驗中衡量自尊使用了一個特定任務的自尊量表（Greenhaus & Badin, 1974）。偏差行為定義為虛假報告（誇大）自己在8個字謎任務中的分數。據推測，框架效果（獎勵與處罰）和自尊（高與低），會影響一個人從事偏差行為的可能性。結果表明，四個條件（盡自己所能，被分配目標，被分配獎勵目標和被分配處罰目標）在努力程度上有所不同，在兩個框架條件的參與者相比“盡自己所能“ 和 “被分配目標“ 的參與者創造了更多的字。此外，誇大的虛假報告的頻率和幅度在框架條件中也更為嚴重。自尊水平之間沒有顯著差異。 / Goal setting theory has been widely used in organizations to enhance performance and effectiveness. However, the potential engagement in deviant behavior when concrete goals are adopted has not been thoroughly explored. This study examined the effects of framing and self-esteem on unethical behavior among 114 undergraduate students in Hong Kong. It aimed to underscore the potential pitfalls of goal setting in terms of performance and ethical tradeoffs. Apart from examining the effects of the mere presence of a goal, two other conditions are framed as either offering a reward for goal attainment or a punishment in the case of failure. Self-esteem was measured by an adapted task specific self-esteem scale (Greenhaus & Badin, 1974). Unethical behavior was operationalized as the number of false reporting (overstatement) in completing a series of anagram tasks across eight trials. It was hypothesized that framing (reward versus punishment) and self-esteem (high versus low) would affect the extent to which one engages in unethical behavior. Results showed that the four conditions (do your best, assigned goal, assigned goal with reward and assigned goal with punishment) differed in effort levels; participants in the two framing conditions created more words compared to the “do your best“ and “assigned goal“ conditions. In addition, overstatement of results was also more prevalent among the framing conditions in terms of frequency and magnitude. No differences were found across self-esteem levels. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lau, Ka Yan Stephanie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-50). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Goal Setting Theory and Demonstrated Effort --- p.2 / Workplace Deviance --- p.4 / Goal Setting and Unethical Behavior --- p.5 / Goal Framing and Demonstrated Effort --- p.7 / Goal Framing and Unethical Behavior --- p.10 / Self-esteem and Demonstrated Effort --- p.13 / Self-esteem and Unethical Behavior --- p.15 / Overview of Hypotheses --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.19 / Measurements --- p.19 / Participants --- p.19 / Procedures --- p.20 / Ensuring Anonymity --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.23 / Effort level: goal conditions and self-esteem effects --- p.23 / Overstatement: goal conditions and self-esteem effects --- p.25 / Goal Proximity and Unethical Behavior --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.30 / Goal Conditions and Demonstrated Effort --- p.30 / Self-esteem and Demonstrated Effort --- p.31 / Goal Conditions and Unethical Behavior --- p.32 / Self-esteem and Unethical Behavior --- p.34 / Goal Proximity and Unethical Behavior --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Limitations and Future Directions --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.40 / References --- p.42 / Appendix --- p.51

The purpose of this study was to determine if a correlation existed between reading comprehension and self-esteem in adults with no reading ability to adults reading at the fifth grade level. Reading comprehension was measured by the comprehension section of the Brigance Diagnostic Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills in half year increments after primer level, from lower first to upper third grade. Full year increments were indicated from fourth through ninth grade. Self-esteem was self-reported through use of the Counseling form of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. Data were collected during Fall term, 1989 (September through December) at Portland Community College, Southeast Center in an Adult Basic Education class. T-tests indicated that both reading comprehension and some aspects of self-esteem rose through the study period. However, using the Pearson correlation coefficient, it was determined that a significant correlation did not exist between the variables in question.

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This thesis examines how the reification of the concept of ' self - esteem ' has been achieved discursively. It investigates how the concept of self - esteem has been developed over time and how it operates as an explanatory construct across a rage of areas and disciplines. The analyses in this thesis examine texts coming from psychiatry, self - help publications and public policy. These disciplines have taken up, utilized and, consequently re - constructed the concept of self - esteem according to their own specific needs and their particular discursive organizations. The thesis adopts the assumption that abstract psychological constructs are linguistically achieved and thus can be most effectively studied through focusing on the ' workings of language ', rather than on ' discovering ' some inner phenomena. Informed by Wittgenstein, critical psychology, and critical linguistics, the analyses undertake grammatical investigations into the concept of self - esteem. These investigations, based on the analysis of patterns in the lexico - grammar, examine ' meanings ' accumulated in the concept of self - esteem. These examinations extend to the level of social, cultural, and political contexts which have influenced our understandings of the concept of self - esteem. The investigations of ' meanings ' embedded in the notion of self - esteem make possible an exploration of the values, assumptions and connotations carried by this concept. The analyses demonstrate that self - esteem has been constructed over time as an increasingly more tangible, internalized and cognitive phenomenon. This intensified reification produced a ' self - esteem ' that is not only a consistent and measurable ' feature ' of the human psyche, but is an agentive force shaping human lives. Moreover, these constructions of self - esteem promote particular ethical principles and ultraconservative values. Paradoxically, while discourses of self - esteem have become a part of neo - liberal philosophies emphasizing personal liberty and freedom of choice, they serve to limit the choices of many social groups. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical School, 2005.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-53). Also available via the Internet.

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