Researchers have traditionally used two measures of self-objectification, the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) and the Objectified Body Consciousness Body Surveillance subscale (McKinley & Hyde, 1996), to demonstrate that self-objectification is related to body shame and dissatisfaction, appearance anxiety, decreased awareness of internal states, decreased flow experiences, disordered eating, depression and sexual dysfunction. Although the SOQ and OBC have been used widely, they also have several limitations, including problems with missing data, lack of generalizability, and concerns about content validity. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a new measure of self-objectification called the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (SOBBS). Male and female college students (473 women and 202 men) completed an online questionnaire including a pool of items designed to measure self-objectification. The item pool was constructed through focus groups and consultation with subject matter experts. Participants also completed two existing measures of self-objectification and related constructs (i.e., interpersonal sexual objectification, body image, disordered eating behavior, depressive symptoms, and sexual functioning), and a subset of participants completed the new measure at a two-week interval. A 12-item, 2-factor measure of self-objectification was derived through exploratory factor analysis. Overall, the newly developed measure demonstrated excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Data also supported the convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the scale as a measure of self-objectification for women and men. Implications for research in the area of self-objectification and for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders will be discussed.

The relationship between self-objectification, grooming behaviors, and body image disturbance was examined among 389 female students at the University of Central Florida. Self-objectification positively predicted body image disturbance, as well as the average amount of time and money that women reported investing into grooming behaviors (i.e. hair-styling, hair-removal, makeup application, nail adornment and other grooming behaviors). Body mass index (BMI) was also found to positively predict body image disturbance and time spent on grooming, however, no relationship was found between self-objectification and BMI. Furthermore, lower socioeconomic status (SES) was found to be associated with body-dissatisfaction and more frequent negative body image emotions in comparison to participants with higher SES. A significant negative correlation was also found between time spent on grooming and grade point average (GPA).

The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and flow among female athletes on all-women's and coed ultimate frisbee teams at different competitive levels, and (b) examine the objectification theory model across groups. Participants (n = 112) completed online surveys including a demographic questionnaire, trait and state versions of the Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Body Surveillance and Body Shame subscales of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Flow State Scale. No differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, or body shame were found, although highly competitive athletes experienced more flow than lower competitive teams. Relationships were found between self-objectification, self-surveillance, and body shame, but not for flow, partially supporting the objectification theory model.

Studier har visat att det är vanligt att unga vuxna går med på att ha sex, trots att de egentligen inte vill ha sex (s.k. sexual compliance). Inga studier har dock undersökt fenomenet i ensvensk kontext. Föreliggande studie undersökte sexual compliance och självobjektifiering hos gymnasieelever i årskurs tre. Två självobjektifieringsvariabler undersöktes; kroppsiakttagandeoch kroppsskam. En webbenkät distribuerades som innehöll självobjektifieringsskalan OBC-Y och frågor om sexual compliance. Etthundratvå kvinnor och 55 män inkluderades ianalysen. Resultatet visade inga signifikanta skillnader i självobjektifiering mellan män som upplevt sexual compliance och män som inte gjort det. Kvinnor som upplevt sexual compliance hade signifikant högre kroppsiakttagande, jämfört med kvinnor som inte upplevt sexual compliance. Inga signifikanta samband eller skillnader upptäcktes mellan hur individer upplever sig ha påverkats av sexual compliance och självobjektifiering, kön respektive vilken typ av relation sexual compliance utspelat sig i. Deltagarnas vanligaste anledning till sexual compliance var att tillfredsställa sin partners behov, och den vanligaste anledningen till att inte vilja ha sex var att deltagarna inte var på humör för att ha sex. Framtida åtgärder diskuteras. / Studies have shown that a considerate amount of young adults agrees to have sex, despite not actually wanting to have sex (also known as sexual compliance). No previous studies have studied the phenomenon in a Swedish context. The current study examined sexual compliance and self-objectification among students in their final year at Swedish upper secondary school. Two self-objectification-variables were examined: body surveillance and body shame. Onlinesurveys that contained the self-objectification questionnaire OBC-Y and questions concerning sexual compliance were distributed. 102 women and 55 men were included in the analysis. The results showed no significant differences in self-objectification between men who had been sexually compliant and men who had not. Women who had been sexually compliant had a significant higher body-surveillance, compared to women who had not been sexually compliant. No significant correlations or differences were found between how individuals perceive they have been affected by sexual compliance and self-objectification, the participant’s sex or in what kind of relationships sexual compliance had occurred. The participants’ most common reason for sexual compliance was to satisfy their partner’s needs, and the most common reason for not wanting to engage in sex was because the participants were not in the mood for having sex. Future interventions are discussed.

Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The physical changes that a woman undergoes during pregnancy may affect her body image and consequently, her emotional and psychological well-being. The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences of pregnant women and the effect of pregnancy on their self-image and subsequent emotional and psychological experiences. Eight women who had previously given birth or were pregnant were recruited as participants by employing snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was employed to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the majority of the participants generally experienced overall body satisfaction. However, their experience was largely influenced by the phase of pregnancy and relevant physical changes associated with the particular phase. Furthermore, the social comments they received had an influence on their experiences. The findings were also related to the social comparisons in which the participants tended to engage. Finally, it is recommended that future research be conducted on the experience of body image of pregnant women within the context of their culture, ethnicity and unique demographics given that culture influences ideas about ideal body shape and size. Future studies should include a more diverse sample. Keywords: Body image, objectification, self-objectification, social comparison

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In the years following the military dictatorship in Argentina many novels were published that spoke about the violence, terror, and traumas experienced during the Junta's rule. These texts deal with the theme of memory and retell the traumas of the past as a form of mourning. Such novels look back to the past in an effort to redeem it. In this essay I explore the use of the confessional mode in postdictatorial literature as a vehicle for the task of mourning. In two of his novels, Qué solos se quedan los muertos (1985) and Cuestiones interiores (2003), Argentine author Mempo Giardinelli employs the confessional mode to tell the stories of two guilt-ridden protagonists who resort to writing in search of redemption. Giardinelli's use of the confessional mode highlights two aspects of confession that in actuality deny its completion. While confession aims to alleviate the guilt felt by the confessant and to provide him with a sense of self-understanding in light of his sins, the confessional act subverts these very purposes. The confession requires one to speak of guilt in order to arrive at a state of innocence, which only engenders more guilt and perpetuates the confession. Moreover, in confession the subject that speaks is also the object that it creates in speech. Confession as an attempt to present oneself as a coherent object to be understood and in turn to validate ones notion of identity involves a doubling effect of the self-inherent in language that reveals the impossibility of attaining an unmediated access to the self. These two aspects of the confessional act constitute the failure of confession to allow the confessant to attain the redemption and absolution they seek. I argue that the confessional mode serves as an ideal vehicle for the task of mourning and that the inherent failure of confession is comparable to what Idelvar Avelar calls the “interminability of mourning” (5). These two processes constitute a tool of memory needed in post dictatorial Argentina as a way to conserve the past and redeem it from oblivion.

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