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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Estudo químico-quântico de propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de oligofluorenos com potenciais aplicações tecnológicas / Quantum chemical study on structural and electronic properties of oligofluorenes with potential technological applications

Melissa Fabíola Siqueira Pinto 05 November 2007 (has links)
Nesta tese foi analisada a evolução das propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais de oligômeros do fluoreno e de dois derivados, relacionada com a inserção gradativa de unidades monoméricas, utilizando-se os métodos de química quântica semi-empríricos, ab initio Hartree-Fock e Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT). Para tal finalidade, foram realizadas análises metodológicas assaz detalhadas com os monômeros e dímeros (fluoreno, FF e TFFF), cujos resultados mostraram que os métodos semi-empíricos AM1 e PM3 são inadequados para descrever as distribuições das cargas derivadas do potencial eletrostático e, por conseguinte, as propriedades que dependem das mesmas. Além disso, as análises conformacionais realizadas para as três espécies de dímeros mostraram que ambas as estruturas estáveis do TFFF apresentaram o mesmo momento de dipolo total, provavelmente devido à influência dos átomos de flúor sobre o sistema. Ademais, com as investigações concernentes ao crescimento gradual das cadeias oligoméricas foi constatado que os espectros de UV e as energias dos orbitais fronteira calculados para os oligômeros seguiram a mesma tendência exibida por seus polímeros correspondentes, segundo os resultados de voltametria cíclica e de UV divulgados na literatura. Enquanto que os ângulos diedros adotados pelos oligômeros indicaram que suas conformações não são planares. Quanto à energia total, verificou-se que o decaimento linear relativo aos oligômeros do TFFF sucedeu aproximadamente três vezes mais rápido que o observado para os do fluoreno. Portanto, as aplicações dos fundamentos da Química Quântica e a correlação entre esses resultados teóricos e medidas experimentais reportadas na literatura, evidenciaram que com estas informações é factível estimar algumas propriedades de polímeros orgânicos ?-conjugados a partir de seus oligômeros, utilizando-se métodos de química quântica apropriados. / In this thesis, the evolution of electronic and structural properties of fluorene oligomers and two derivatives were accomplished relating to the gradual insertion of monomeric units using the quantum chemical methods semiempirical, ab initio Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory (DFT). For this purpose, detailed methodological analyses were performed with their monomers and dimers (fluorene, FF and TFFF). These results showed that the semiempirical methods AM1 and PM3 are inadequate to describe the atomic charges derived from electrostatic potential distributions and, hence, for the properties depending of them. In addition, the conformational analysis achieved for these three dimers showed that both stable structures found for the TFFF dimer possess the same total dipole moment, this is probably due to the influence of the fluorine atoms on the system. Moreover, with investigations regarding to the gradual increase in the oligomeric chain, it was verified that the UV spectra and the frontier orbital energies calculated for the oligomers provided the same tendency bespoken by their relative polymers from cyclic voltametry and UV measurements shown in the literature. Besides, the dihedral angles found in the oligomers indicated that their conformations are not planar. Furthermore, the total energy linear decay of the TFFF oligomers behaves approximately three times faster than that exhibited by the fluorene oligomers. In this way, the applications of the Quantum Chemistry principles and the correlation between these theoretical results and experimental data reported in the literature evidenced that using these information is feasible to estimate some properties of polymers from their oligomers by means of appropriate methods of quantum chemistry.
12

Análise químico-computacional de sistemas catalíticos a base de paládio contendo ligantes do tipo Brookhart-Guan modificados. / Chemical computational analysis of palladium based catalytic systems containing Brookhart-Guan type liganos.

Ferreira, Daví Alexsandro Cardoso 07 March 2008 (has links)
We were accomplished modeling employing chemical-computational tools in order to foreknow the influence of a chiral environment on the active center of catalytic diimina Brookhart-Guan modified systems proposed by our Group. These complexes are used to produce branched or linear chains of polyethylene, having ethene as the single monomer. In this study, a computational design of a cyclophane diiminie chiral ligand, Brookhart-Guan modified type, and its respective palladium complex have been attained. Also, a computational studied related to the microstructure of the polyethylene obtained have been achieve. For that, growing chains have been simulated bearing branches that must be correctly oriented due to the esteric and chiral (using the FTFT like ligand) environments present at the active center also, modeling for possibilities of transition state in the insertion step for desired complex. This work can lead to a suitable design of a catalyst, besides to forecast the structural characteristics of the polymers obtained from this type of catalytic system. At the same way, those simulations allow to understand the effect observed in those type of Pd-diimine catalytic complexes for ethane polymerization. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foram realizadas modelagens empregando ferramentas químicocomputacionais, com o objetivo de prever a influência que um ambiente quiral em torno do centro de atividade de sistemas catalíticos Pd-diimínicos do tipo Brookhart-Guan modificados, proposto pelo nosso Grupo. Estes complexos catalíticos podem ser utilizados para a obtenção de cadeias lineares ou ramificadas de polietileno, tendo-se como único monômero o eteno. Neste estudo foi realizado o design computacional de um pré-ligante do tipo ciclofano diimínico quiral, do tipo Brookhart-Guan modificado, e de seu respectivo complexo de paládio. Além disso, foi realizado o estudo computacional relativo à microestrutura do polímero a ser obtido empregando eteno como único monômero. Para tanto, foram modeladas cadeias em crescimento apresentando ramificações que devem ser orientadas em função do ambiente estéreo e assimétrico (usando o ligante FTFT) em torno do centro catalítico, além de modelagens para os possíveis estados de transição na etapa de inserção para o complexo desejado. Este trabalho de poderá proporcionar o adequado design do catalisador, além de prever as características estruturais do polímero obtido com este sistema catalítico. Da mesma forma, as simulações permitem compreender os efeitos observados para catalisadores a base de Pd-diimina na polimerização do eteno.
13

Dynamiques moléculaires utilisant un champ de force quantique semiempirique : développement et applications à des systèmes d'intérêt biologique / Molecular dynamics using a semiempirical quantum force field : development and applications to systems of biological interest

Marion, Antoine 08 December 2014 (has links)
Ce travail est destiné au développement de méthodes approchées de chimie quantique capables de traiter des systèmes biologiques de grande taille. En particulier, nous réalisons des simulations de dynamique moléculaire dans l'approximation de Born-Oppenheimer, permettant une description quantique de l'Hamiltonien électronique du système dans son entier : SEBOMD (SemiEmpirical Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics). Notre approche se base sur un Hamiltonien électronique semiempirique (SE). L'une des principales difficultés rencontrées lors d'une simulation SEBOMD de la phase condensée est représentée par le choix de la méthode SE. La plupart des méthodes courantes ne permettant pas une bonne description de certaines interactions fondamentales, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche. Cette méthode, dénommée PM3-PIF3, a été appliquée à l'étude par dynamique moléculaire de molécules organiques dans l'eau. Les résultats obtenus montrent que notre méthode est appropriée pour le traitement de molécules comportant des groupements hydrophobes et/ou hydrophiles en milieu aqueux. L'analyse des propriétés électroniques et vibrationnelles de ces molécules en présence du solvant valide également nos résultats vis-À-Vis d'autres études expérimentales et théoriques présentes dans la littérature. Finalement, nous nous sommes intéressés au processus d'autoprotolyse de l'eau en milieux confinés. Après avoir discuté du choix de l'Hamiltonien SE à utiliser pour cette étude, nous avons caractérisé le transfert de proton dans un agrégat d'eau. Nous avons établi une corrélation entre l'énergie libre associée à la première étape de ce transfert et certaines propriétés physiques collectives / The present work is devoted to the development of approximate quantum chemistry methods that are suitable to treat biological systems of large size. In particular, we run molecular dynamics under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, allowing a quantum mechanical description of the electronic Hamiltonian of the full system: SEBOMD (SemiEmpirical Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics). Our method is based on a semiempirical (SE) electronic Hamiltonian. One of the key issues arising in a condensed phase SEBOMD simulation is represented by the choice of the SE method. Since most of the currently available approaches fail in describing some relevant intermolecular interactions, we developed a new correction of SE Hamiltonians. This method, which we named PM3-PIF3, was applied to study the molecular dynamics of organic molecules in water. The results that we obtained showed that our technique is suitable to treat molecules having hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic groups in an aqueous medium. The analysis of the electronic and vibrational properties of these molecules in the presence of the solvent validates our results with respect to experimental and theoretical studies in the literature. Finally, we investigated the water self-Dissociation process in confined environments. After discussing the choice of the SE Hamiltonian to be used for this purpose, we characterized the proton transfer in a water cluster. We established a correlation between the free energy of the first step of this process and some collective physical properties

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