Ce travail doctoral questionne le processus d’intégration des informations visuelles et gravito-inertielles à l’origine de comportements perceptivo-moteurs. Pour cela, nous avons manipulé l’orientation dans le plan sagittal d’une scène visuelle, du corps ou du vecteur gravito-inertiel, grâce à la rotation de cette scène ou du corps et par centrifugation. Nous avons mesuré les conséquences de ces modifications sur la capacité à localiser le corps ou une cible par le biais d’un mouvement de pointage manuel. Au cours de 3 expérimentations, nous avons manipulé un ensemble de facteurs associés au contexte de présentation des stimulations visuelles et gravito-inertielles (e.g., dynamique de rotation : rapide vs. lente), à la combinaison de ces stimulations (i.e., congruence vs. incongruence spatiale), au mode de réponse spatiale (i.e., tâche de détection de l’inclinaison, pointage discret ou continu) et aux caractéristiques individuelles (i.e., style perceptif). De façon générale, les études réalisées montrent que les règles de pondération sensorielle dépendent de l’interaction entre ces différents facteurs. Nous avons pu ainsi déterminer 2 grands types d’effets sur la pondération sensorielle : i) La non congruence spatiale entre les stimulations entraine une dominance relative des informations gravito-inertielles quelles que soient la tâche ou les caractéristiques de la scène visuelle ; ii) Par contraste, lorsque ces stimulations sont congruentes, les règles de pondération sensorielle dépendent de la tâche (i.e., perceptive vs. sensorimotrice). / This dissertation investigates the integration process of visual and gravitoinertial cues at the origin of perceptual-motor skills. To that aim, we manipulated sagittal orientation of a visual scene, the body and the gravitoinertial vector by means of scene and body rotations, as well as centrifugation. Self-orientation perception and target localization were analyzed during these modifications. In 3 experiments we modulated several factors associated with i) the presentation of visual and gravitoinertial stimulations (e.g., rotation dynamics: fast vs. slow), ii) the combination of these stimulations (i.e., spatial congruence vs. non-congruence), iii) the task (i.e., self-tilt detection, continuous and discrete arm pointing movements), iv) individual characteristics (i.e., perceptive style). Overall, we show that sensory integration rules depend on these interacting factors. Two global effects were revealed on sensory weighting: i) spatial non-congruence between stimulations induces relative gravitoinertial dominance, whatever the task or visual scene properties; ii) by contrast, spatial congruence between stimulations could be associated to sensory weighting rules which are task dependent (i.e., perceptive vs. sensorimotor).

This thesis examines the influence of active exercise according to the concept of the Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization on local sensory perception in the mid-thoracic spine in elite athletes - cross-country skiers. It also describes the most common health problems in these athletes and assesses the impact of the integration of active exercise according to the DNS concept into everyday practice of cross-country skiers on the intensity and frequency of pain in cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. It also presents theoretical knowledge about the concept of the Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization and interdependence of quality of sensory and motor functions. Methods: The study included a total of 20 elite athletes - cross-country skiers aged 17- 27, randomly divided into two groups. The training group integrated into their practice selected three exercises according to the Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization targeting segmental motion in the thoracic spine. A total of five measurements were performed on the quality of sensory perception during two months for all athletes. Furthermore, we evaluated the immediate effect of the therapy in the test group through the examination of sensory perception before and immediately after the treatment. At the beginning and at the end of the study each athlete...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5258.pdf: 7048287 bytes, checksum: a29ea2c867092740240721084371d1d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-10 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Athlete´s shoulder most frequent lesions are anterior shoulder instability and superior labrum anterior and posterior lesion ( SLAP), altering structures and functions of the shoulder joint, leading to impairments in sports activity. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate functional and supraspinatus morphological adaptations of shoulder in athletes with anterior instability and SLAP lesion. Three studies were developed. The first study investigated functional differences regarding clinical complaints and the scoring systems of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Rating Scale (ASORS) in 249 athletes (153 with instability and 96 with SLAP lesion). The groups presented functional differences related mainly to sports activitiy and, even with more complaints of shoulder pain, SLAP lesion athlete´s tolerate more training hours compared to instability athletes. The second study evaluated isokinetic strenght and muscular control of shoulder rotators in four groups: instability group (n=10), instability control group (n=10), SLAP group (n=10) and SLAP control group (n=10). The torque steadiness and rotator cuff strength in 90 and 180°/s were evaluated. Athlete´s with anterior stability presented shoulder rotation weakness, while athletes with SLAP lesion showed higher torque fluctuation of shoulder internal rotation. The third study characterized the different fiber types of supraspinatus and shoulder function in those lesions. This study performed muscles biopsies in 10 athletes undergoing to arthroscopy repair of shoulder anterior instability and SLAP lesion. The volunteers were functionally evaluated with ASES and ASORS, and muscle samples were processed with histochemical reaction for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase). Muscles fibers were then characterized in type I, IIa, IIb and hybrid, and percentual and lesser diameter of each fiber type were calculated. In this study, volunteers presented evident functional limitations in sports activity and hypertrophy of all typees of muscles fibers. Most of the sample also presented a great number of type IIa and IIb in the supraspinatus muscle. In conjuction, those studies proves different functional and supraspinatus morphologic adaptations in athletes with anterior shoulder instability and SLAP lesion, justifying the need of different rehabilitations approaches. / As lesões mais frequentes presentes no ombro do atleta são a instabilidade anterior do ombro e a lesão do lábio glenoidal superior, anterior e posterior (Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior- SLAP), que levam a alterações nas estruturas e funções do ombro, prejudicando a atividade esportiva. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar as adaptações funcionais do ombro e morfológicas do músculo supraespinal em atletas com instabilidade anterior ou lesão SLAP. Para isso foram desenvolvidos três estudos. O primeiro estudo investigou as diferenças funcionais entre essas lesões por meio das queixas clínicas e os questionários do American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) e a Escala de Resultados do Ombro do Esportista (EROE), em 249 atletas (153 com instabilidade e 96 com lesão SLAP). Os grupos apresentaram diferenças funcionais relacionadas especialmente às atividades esportivas, de forma que mesmo apresentando mais queixas de dor, os atletas com lesão SLAP toleraram mais horas de treinamento comparado aos atletas com instabilidade. O segundo estudo avaliou o torque isocinético e o controle muscular dos rotadores do ombro de quatro grupos: grupo instabilidade (n=10), grupo controle da instabilidade (n=10), grupo SLAP (n=10) e grupo controle do SLAP (n=10). Foram avaliados o controle da flutuação do torque isométrico submáximo e o torque de rotadores em 90 e 180°/s. Os atletas com instabilidade anterior apresentaram fraqueza na rotação do ombro, enquanto atletas com lesão SLAP demonstraram alterações no controle da força de rotação medial. O terceiro estudo permitiu caracterizar os diferentes tipos de fibras musculares do músculo supraespinal, assim como as atividades funcionais do ombro em atleta com essas lesões. Para tanto, foram realizadas biópsias do músculo supraespinal em 10 atletas submetidos ao reparo artroscópico da instabilidade anterior ou lesão SLAP. Os voluntários foram avaliados funcionalmente por meio da escalas ASES e EROE e fragmentos do músculo foram processados pela reação histoenzimológicas para Adenosina Trifosfatase Miofibrilar (mATPase). As fibras musculares foram então classificadas em tipo I, IIa, IIb e híbridas, e a porcentagem e o diâmetro menor de cada tipo de fibra foram calculadas. Os resultados mostraram que os voluntários apresentaram limitações funcionais mais evidentes nas atividades esportivas e uma hipertrofia de todos os tipos de fibras musculares. Além disso, na maioria da amostra, houve um maior número de fibras do tipo IIa e IIb no músculo supraespinal. Em conjunto, esses estudos comprovam a existência de diferentes adaptações funcionais e morfológicas do músculo supraespinal em atletas com instabilidade anterior e lesão SLAP, o que justifica a necessidade de diferentes enfoques na reabilitação dessas lesões.