This diploma thesis analyses the level of enthusiasm of the residents of Varnsdorf in recycling and the level of participation in waste management between 2006 - 2009. The level of enthusiasm is influenced by legal and economic incentives as well as programmes and strategies focused on supporting environmental awareness. The legislation of Czech Republic and the main educational programme - the State Programme of Environmental Education, Upbringing and Enlightenment in the Czech Republic was developed over three years and was implemented via my case study. The case study explored the change of the resident's habits in recycling. The reasons of their change is increased public awareness and compliance with new regulations. Finally there are a few recommendations to increase the level of participation of residents.

Titel: Hållbarhetsrapportering - En kvantitativ studie om företag som påverkas av de nya direktiven i årsredovisningslagen väljer att presentera sin hållbarhetsrapport i årsredovisningen eller i en separat publikation. Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 HP Författare: Kristoffer Saglind & Egzon Selimi Handledare: Fredrik Hartwig Datum: 2019 – Januari Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om de svenska företag som påverkas av den nya reformen (SFS 2016:947) väljer att presentera sin hållbarhetsrapport i årsredovisningen eller i en separat publikation. Studien undersöker även om branschtillhörighet, antalet kvinnor i styrelsen och skuldsättningsgrad kan förklara om hållbarhetsrapporten presenteras i årsredovisningen eller i en separat publikation. Metod: Undersökningen utgår från den positivistiska traditionen och tillämpar en deduktiv ansats. För att besvara syftet har en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi tillämpats genom en innehållsanalys samt att hypoteser har utformats för att sedan testas i en regressionsanalys. Datainsamlingen för undersökningen har inhämtats från databasen Retriever där alla aktiebolag som påverkas av den nya lagstiftningen undersöks. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att 45,42% av alla de undersökta företagen väljer att placera sin hållbarhetsrapport i årsredovisningen medan 54,58% presenterar den i ett separat dokument. Vidare så finner studien ett positivt signifikant samband mellan 2 av de 28 undersökta branscherna och att integrera hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen. Studien finner även ett positivt signifikant samband mellan antalet kvinnor i styrelsen och att ha en integrerad hållbarhetsrapport. Skuldsättningsgrad visar inget signifikant samband i undersökningen. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studiens praktiska bidrag är att sannolikheten är högre att ett företag inkluderar hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen ju fler kvinnor som finns i styrelsen. Vidare så tenderar företag verksamma inom branscherna ”företagstjänster” och ”fastighetsverksamhet” att placera hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen. Det teoretiska bidraget är att det finns ett positivt signifikant samband mellan antalet kvinnor i styrelsen, och till viss del branschtillhörighet med att integrera hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen. Vidare fann faktorerna skuldsättningsgrad och företagsstorlek inte något signifikant samband och kan därför inte förklara något. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi föreslår att vidare forskning bör undersöka huruvida andra faktorer kan förklara var ett företag väljer att placera sin hållbarhetsrapport. Vidare föreslår vi att vidare forskning bör undersöka hur det skiljer sig mellan olika länder där en liknande reglering finns. Denna undersökning bör då använda samma oberoende variabler för att studien skall bli jämförbar. / Title: Sustainability reporting - A quantitative study on how companies affected by the new directives regarding the annual report choose to present their sustainability report either in the annual report or in a separate document. Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 HP Author: Kristoffer Saglind & Egzon Selimi Supervisor: Fredrik Hartwig Date: 2019 – Januari Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate whether Swedish companies affected by the new reform (SFS 2016: 947) choose to present their sustainability report in the annual report or in a separate publication. The study also investigates whether industry affiliation, the number of women on the board and leverage can explain if the sustainability report is presented in the annual report or in a separate publication. Method: The study is based on a positivist philosophy and applies a deductive approach. In order to respond to the aim of the study a quantitative research strategy has been applied through a content analysis. Thus, hypothesis has been designed to then be tested in a regression analysis. Data collection for the survey has been retrieved from the database Retriever where all companies affected by the new legislation are being investigated. Result & Conclusions: The results of the study shows that 45.42% of all the companies investigated choose to place their sustainability report in their annual report, while 54.58% present it in a separate document. Furthermore, the study finds a positive significant correlation between 2 of the 28 investigated industries and integrating the sustainability report into the annual report. The study also finds a positive significant correlation between the number of women on the board and an integrated sustainability report. Finally, leverage show no significant correlation in the study. Contribution of the thesis: The practical contribution of the study is that the probability is higher that more women present on the board makes the probability higher that the sustainability report is included in the annual report. Furthermore, companies active in the sectors of "business services" and "real estate activities" tend to place the sustainability report in the annual report. The theoretical contribution is that there is a positive significant correlation between the factors number of women on the board, and to some extent the industry of the company in integrating the sustainability report in the annual report. Furthermore, the factors leverage and company size did not find any significant correlation and therefore can not explain anything. Suggestions for future research:  We propose that further research should investigate whether other factors can explain where a company chooses to place its sustainability report. Furthermore, we suggest that further research should investigate how it differs between different countries where a similar regulation exists. This study should then use the same independent variables to make the study comparable.

In the production of cement, to increase the cement/clinker ratio and decrease CO2 emission, the most important alternative is to produce mineral admixture incorporated cements (CEM II-III-IV-V) instead of portland cement (CEM I). These cements are usually produced by intergrinding the portland cement clinker and the mineral admixtures. However, the difference between grindabilities of the different components of such cements may cause significant effects on the particle size distribution and many other properties. For this reason, separate grinding of additives and clinker may be thought as an alternative. In this study, the effects of intergrinding and separate grinding on the particle size distribution and consequently on the strength of portland composite cements which contained natural pozzolan (trass), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and limestone besides portland cement clinker were studied.

Detractors of sentimental literature argue that such novels are unoriginal and concerned primarily with emotions. Feminist scholars redeem the reputation of sentimental literature to an extent. At present, a multitude of approaches present sentimental authors as active agents, engaging with public issues. Building upon the scholarship of prominent feminist historians and literary critics, this thesis provides direct evidence that three female authors embrace the responsibilities of being a social critic. The Wide, Wide World (1850) by Susan Warner, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851) by Harriet Beecher Stowe, and The Hidden Hand (1859) by Emma D.E.N. Southworth provide unique commentaries on the separation of the private and public spheres, market revolution, and religion. Decisive differences between the authors’ opinions reveal a high degree of engagement with the public issues.

在本論文中，我們提出了一個以規則為基礎的分類演算法，名為ROUSER（ROUgh SEt Rule），它利用粗糙集理論作為搜尋啟發的基礎，進而建立規則。我們使用一個已經被廣泛利用的工具實作ROUSER，也使用數個公開資料集對它進行實驗，並將它應用於真實世界的案例。 本論文的初衷可被追溯到一個真實世界的案例，而此案例的目標是從感應器所蒐集的資料中找出與機械故障之間的關聯。為了能支援機械故障的根本原因分析，我們設計並實作了一個以規則為基礎的分類演算法，它所產生的模型是由人類可理解的決策規則所組成，而故障的徵兆與原因則被決策規則所連結。此外，資料中存在著矛盾。舉例而言，不同時間點所蒐集的兩筆紀錄極為相似、甚至相同（除了時間戳記），但其中一筆紀錄與機械故障相關，另一筆則否。本案例的挑戰在於分析矛盾的資料。我們使用粗糙集理論克服這個難題，因為它可以處理不完美知識。 研究者們已經提出了各種不同的分類演算法，而實踐者們則已經將它們應用於各種領域，然而多數分類演算法的設計並不強調演算法所產生模型的可解釋性與可理解性。ROUSER的設計是專門從名目資料中萃取人類可理解的決策規則。而ROUSER與其它多數規則分類演算法不同的地方是利用粗糙集方法選取特徵。ROUSER也提供了數種方式來選擇合宜的屬性與值配對，作為規則的前項。此外，ROUSER的規則產生方法是基於separate-and-conquer策略，因此比其它基於粗糙集的分類演算法所廣泛採用的不可分辨矩陣方法還有效率。 我們進行延伸實驗來驗證ROUSER的能力。對於名目資料的實驗裡，ROUSER在半數的結果中的準確率可匹敵、甚至勝過其他以規則為基礎的分類演算法以及決策樹分類演算法。ROUSER也可以在一些離散化的資料集之中達到可匹敵甚至超越的準確率。我們也提供了內建的特徵萃取方法與其它方法的比較的實驗結果，以及數種用來決定規則前項的方法的實驗結果。 / In this thesis, we propose a rule-based classification algorithm named ROUSER (ROUgh SEt Rule), which uses the rough set theory as the basis of the search heuristics in the process of rule generation. We implement ROUSER using a well developed and widely used toolkit, evaluate it using several public data sets, and examine its applicability using a real-world case study. The origin of the problem addressed in this thesis can be traced back to a real-world problem where the goal is to determine whether a data record collected from a sensor corresponds to a machine fault. In order to assist in the root cause analysis of the machine faults, we design and implement a rule-based classification algorithm that can generate models consisting of human understandable decision rules to connect symptoms to the cause. Moreover, there are contradictions in data. For example, two data records collected at different time points are similar, or the same (except their timestamps), while one is corresponding to a machine fault but not the other. The challenge is to analyze data with contradictions. We use the rough set theory to overcome the challenge, since it is able to process imperfect knowledge. Researchers have proposed various classification algorithms and practitioners have applied them to various application domains, while most of the classification algorithms are designed without a focus on interpretability or understandability of the models built using the algorithms. ROUSER is specifically designed to extract human understandable decision rules from nominal data. What distinguishes ROUSER from most, if not all, other rule-based classification algorithms is that it utilizes a rough set approach to select features. ROUSER also provides several ways to decide an appropriate attribute-value pair for the antecedents of a rule. Moreover, the rule generation method of ROUSER is based on the separate-and-conquer strategy, and hence it is more efficient than the indiscernibility matrix method that is widely adopted in the classification algorithms based on the rough set theory. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the capability of ROUSER. On about half of the nominal data sets considered in experiments, ROUSER can achieve comparable or better accuracy than do classification algorithms that are able to generate decision rules or trees. On some of the discretized data sets, ROUSER can achieve comparable or better accuracy. We also present the results of the experiments on the embedded feature selection method and several ways to decide an appropriate attribute-value pair for the antecedents of a rule.

No description available.

[pt] As intervenções em saneamento são predominantemente implantadas como barreiras entre o meio ambiente e o ser humano. A falta de análise dos impactos no ecossistema pode prejudicar a saúde e limitar os recursos naturais. As sub-bacias MG-10 e MG-13 (Bacia da Baía de Guanabara), da área de planejamento 5 (AP-5) da cidade do Rio de Janeiro foram escolhidas para o presente estudo, onde é atualmente implantado um sistema separador absoluto de esgoto sanitário. Foram avaliadas as consequências dessa intervenção sob uma perspectiva de saúde ambiental. A análise documental do contrato permitiu o levantamento de dados. A maioria das ligações está ativa e com tratamento de esgoto, mas há uma quantidade representativa de domicílios não conectados. As sub-bacias apresentam 94 por cento de cobertura do sistema com 74 por cento de adesão. Foi recomendada a remoção das moradias em áreas de proteção ambiental e a implantação do saneamento em favelas, o que depende de novos planos de urbanização. As custas das ligações prediais e, quando necessário, da adequação da edificação, são de responsabilidade do proprietário, podendo incentivar o surgimento de ligações clandestinas e, consequentemente, o lançamento de esgoto difuso. Houve uma iniciativa de controle social com a participação da população através da Central de Atendimento e da Ouvidoria. Foi possível verificar que os impactos do sistema foram positivos, mas há necessidade de maior fiscalização das situações atípicas. Destaca-se que, para além das intervenções, é importante incentivar a educação ambiental, pois a saúde ambiental é fundamental para assegurar melhorias na qualidade de vida da população. / [en] Predominantly, sanitation interventions are only implemented as barriers between environment and systems that involve human being (Nuvolari, 2013). These must be given in an ecological way and the lack of attention to this aspect, in addition to problems related to limitation of natural resources generation, damages health and quality of life (Rosso and Dias, 2011). Implementation of sanitation systems, more specifically of sanitary sewage, requires engineering exercise to understand the problem and proposition of technical alternatives. Separate system, as an exclusive system for sanitary sewage collection in separation from rainwater, is legally recognized by the State of Rio de Janeiro as an ideal technique. However, changes in local reality reflect the need to review techniques adopted to ensure durable and sustainable solutions (Rosso and Dias, 2012). Understanding the relationship between sanitation and public health is also central to guide effective services. From the twentieth century, several endemic and epidemic diseases were reduced and eradicated in Brazil as a consequence of sanitary improvements implantation. However, diseases related to precarious population conditions continue to play a significant role in national morbidity and mortality (Funasa, 2010). Foregoing highlights the importance of health-sanitation relationship not only as an epidemiological indicator, but with a broader sense of health that involves social well-being and quality of life. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate sanitary sewage services implementation in health and environment perspective, i.e., environmental health.

Text in Afrikaans / Die verskillende pre-koloniale samelewings in suidelike-Afrika bet in die laat 18de en vroee 19de eeue reeds 'n herkenbaar moderne vorm begin aanneem, toe hulle identiteit deur koloniale intervensie 'gevries' is. Die verhouding wat met verloop van tyd tussen hierdie samelewings en die indringende koloniste ontwikkel het, is grotendeels gebaseer op persepsies en houdinge wat reeds sedert die 17de, 18de en veral die 19de eeu weens die kontak 'n definitiewe vorm begin aanneem het. Hierdie kan as 'n proses van historiese voorstelling ("historical imaging") beskryf word. In die proefskrif word die agtergrond van hierdie pre-koloniale samelewings geskets en die historiese ontstaan van een samelewing word as tersaaklike voorbeeld bespreek. Die verhoudinge wat plaaslik as gevolg van die proses van koloniale intervensie ontstaan bet, gee met verloop van tyd aanleiding tot die beleid van af sander like ontwikkeling, waarvan die toepassing oar 'n periode van nagenoeg 50 jaar in 'n groat mate bygedra het om die identiteit van hierdie besondere samelewing op 'n besonderse wyse te vorm. Om hierdie beleid van afsonderlike ontwikkeling suksesvol toe te pas, was daar vanaf die regering van die <lag vier mikpunte waaraan voldoen moes word. Dit is deur middel van wetgewing, oorreding en manipulering bewerkstellig. Die eerste mikpunt het die ontwikkeling van 'n afsonderlike politieke bestel vir die swartmense behels, sodat hulle op 'selfstandige' wyse beheer oar die 'state' wat vir hulle geskep sou word, kon uitoefen. Die tweede mikpunt was die daarstelling van 'n eie grondgebied waarbinne die iii mense saamgevoeg kon word en wat as basis sou dien vir die fisiese skeiding tussen swartmense en blankes. Die politieke mag wat vir hulle geskep is, sou net binne die grense van hierdie eie grondgebied uitgeleef kon word. Om die beleid suksesvol tot volvoering te kon bring, moes daar ook 'n strategie vir ekonomiese oorlewing gei'mplimenteer word. Die derde mikpunt was die ekonomiese self standigmaking van elk van die gebiede. Aangesien die grondgebied wat aan hierdie mense afgestaan is totaal onvoldoende was, moes daar verskillende strategiee ontwikkel word vir hul voortbestaan - enersyds deur die regering en andersyds deur die inwoners. Laastens sou al die mense binne 'n grondgebied tot 'n homogene eenheid saamgesnoer moes word. Daar is gevolglik gepoog om 'n eie identiteit vir die inwoners van elk van die gebiede te skep. Die strategie het grootliks op 'n etniese grondslag berus en was van sodanige aard dat dit die verskille tussen die groepe beklemtoon het. Die proses van die konstruksie van identiteit is aan die lig gebring deur navorsing wat onder die Hananwa, 'n Noord-Sotho-sprekende groep mense woonagtig in die weste van Noordelike Provinsie, gedoen is. Hierdie 'konstruksieproses' was egter nie eensydig nie en die Hananwa het, soos wat dit hulle gepas het, aktief daaraan deelgeneem. Die navorsingsproses het die toepassing van 'n multi-dissiplinere benadering behels, wat hoof saaklik van antropologiese, maar ook argeologiese en historiese metodologie gebruik gemaak het. / The various pre-colonial societies of southern Africa emerged in a recognizable modern form during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when they were 'frozen' in their identities by colonial intervention. The relationships that developed with time between these societies and the colonial powers, were largely based upon perceptions and attitudes that developed since the 17th, 18th and especially the 19th centuries as a result of this contact. This latter process has been described as a process of historical imaging. In this thesis, the background to these pre-colonial societies is given and the historical development of one such society is discussed as a relevant example. The relationships that resulted locally because of this process of colonial intervention eventually gave rise to a policy of separate development, the implementation of which over a period of close to 50 years largely contributed to the creation of the identity of this particular society. As prerequisite for this policy to be successful, four aims that had to be successfully implemented were identified by the government of the day. This was done by means of legislation, persuasion and manipulation. The first aim was the development of a separate political system for black people, by which they could 'independently' govern themselves in the 'states' that were to be created for them. Secondly, for this political mechanism to work, it was necessary to establish a separate area or 'state', where the black people could live and govern themselves. The political power created for them could only be used within the v boundaries of these states. Furthermore, these states would also serve to separate whites and black people from each other. Thirdly, for this policy to work, it was necessary to develop a strategy for the economic survival of the people in these states. As the areas set aside for them were totally inadequate, a number of strategies were developed for their economic survival - on the one hand by the authorities and on the other hand by the inhabitants of these areas themselves. The last aim was to unite all the inhabitants within each of these states into one group. It was therefore tried to establish an identity or image for all the inhabitants of each of these areas. This strategy was largely based on ethnic principles, with particular emphasis on the differences between the various groups. This process of the construction of identity is discussed with reference to a specific society, known as the Hananwa, a Northern-Sotho-speaking people living in the west of the Northern Province. Amongst the Hananwa, this 'construction process' was not one-sided and they took an active part in it as it suited their particular need at a specific time. The research strategy was based on a multi-disciplinary approach that employed mainly anthropological methods, but also included archaeological and historical methodology. / Anthropology and Archaeology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Anthropology)

The thema of the diploma work is the language analysis of baroque religious text of V. V. J. Klugar - Catechism (1746). The diplome oves the characteristic of the phonological side of its language. First we informe generally about the baroque, about the life and work Klugar. Then we compare the Czech language in the epoch of humanism and baroque and we describe the important grammar and too the ungrammatical phonological terms. Next we analyze the separate texts (dialogical and monological) where we study language in phonetics. We works with copy of the origin deposit in the archiv in the museum in the Jaroměř, sg. Ač 6. The aim of the analysis is to state the level of Czech language in the 18 century and the level of the religious texts on the base of discoveries and graphic data.

The aim is to comprehend how the tutors separate and connected conducts on the forum study activities at the Moodle enhance problem-posing dialogue and collaborative production regarding the curricular contents. The strategies implemented by the tutors on the forum study activities of the Distance Undergraduate Course in Letters Portuguese and Literatures of UAB/UFSM are problematized. The analysis of the tutors conducts on the forum study activities at the Moodle was conducted based on data obtained from survey type questionnaires, participant observation and course documents, according to the action research theoretical-methodological presuppositions. The research results indicate that the tutors separate and connected conducts, on the forum study activities at the Moodle, promote problem-posing dialogue and collaborative production as long as they develop fluency in the contents and in the technologies. In conclusion, it s pointed out that tutors separate and connected conducts, on the forum study activities at the Moodle, are elementary to enhance the problematization and the collaborative production of the UAB/UFSM courses curricular contents. / O objetivo é compreender como as condutas conectada e separada dos tutores nas atividades de estudo fórum no Moodle potencializam diálogo-problematizador e produção colaborativa em torno dos conteúdos curriculares. Problematizamos as estratégias implementadas pelos tutores nas atividades de estudo fórum do curso de Graduação em Letras Português e Literaturas a Distância da UAB/UFSM. A análise da conduta dos tutores nas atividades de estudo fórum no Moodle foi realizada com base nos dados oriundos de questionários tipo survey, observação participante e documentos do curso segundo os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da pesquisa-ação. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que condutas conectada e separada dos tutores, nas atividades de estudo fórum no Moodle, promovem diálogo-problematizador e produção colaborativa desde que eles desenvolvam fluência nos conteúdos e nas tecnologias. Como conclusão de pesquisa, apontamos que condutas conectada e separada dos tutores nas atividades de estudo fórum no Moodle são basilares para potencializar a problematização e a produção colaborativa em torno dos conteúdos curriculares nos cursos da UAB/UFSM.