L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude de la « Muraille Servienne », monument fondamental pour l’investigation et la compréhension de l’Époque archaïque. Cette recherche est principalement née de la nécessité de localiser et, en même temps, de dater le plus ancien circuit des remparts de la Rome antique. Il s’agit, en effet, d’un sujet qui est encore aujourd’hui très controversé. Ce travail a permis d’obtenir des données qui confirment l'existence de l’enceinte urbaine au VIe s. av. J.-C., conformément aux sources antiques, selon lesquelles la première enceinte de Rome fut construit par le roi Servius Tullius (578-535 av. J.-C.). La fortification de l’Époque royale présente à peu près la même extension que celle républicaine (IVe s. av. J.-C. ); ce cas fut jugé inacceptable par plusieurs experts et fut souvent utilisé comme preuve pour réfuter l'existence d'une muraille continue au VIe s. av. J.-C. : ce qui reviendrait presque à nier le développement de « La grande Roma dei Tarquini » / The aim of this research is to investigate the “Servian Wall”, a fundamental monument for the study and the comprehension of the Archaic Age. The main target of this analysis is to recognize and, at the same time, to attribute a date to the earliest city-wall of Rome. Effectively, there are still several questions and unsolved problems related to these topics. This dissertation confirms the existence of the circuit walls of Rome in the VIth BC, in accordance with literary sources: the earliest city-wall, indeed, is traditionally attributed to the king Servius Tullius (578-535 BC) by ancient authors. The extension of the archaic fortification almost corresponded to those of the Republican walls (IVth century BC); this matter is considered unacceptable by different scholars, who usually exploited it as an evidence to refute the existence of a circuit wall during the VIth BC.: a theory that would deny, indirectly, the well-known development of the so called “Grande Roma dei Tarquini” / Questo lavoro è iniziato sulla base di ricerche storico-archeologicheche svolgo su Roma Antica, in special modo nel periodo compreso fra l’EtàArcaica e il primo secolo della Repubblica. Le ricerche e le scopertearcheologiche degli ultimi decenni hanno modificato radicalmente il quadrodelle conoscenze relative a questo periodo, e il presente lavoro intendeapprofondire lo studio della più antica cinta di Roma. La storia di Roma è,infatti, anche quella delle sue mura: come linea tangibile che racchiude lacittà in uno spazio predeterminato e sacralizzato, fatto che condiziona i limitidella città stessa, determinando conseguenze non solo puramente praticheed utilitarie, ma anche religiose ed istituzionali.Tale ricerca è nata principalmente da una necessità: quella diindividuare e al tempo stesso datare la prima cinta dell’Urbs. Questiargomenti, infatti, costituiscono ancora oggi un tema dibattuto, e nondefinitivamente risolto. Fra gli studiosi che si sono occupati dell’argomento, ineffetti, molti affermano l’esistenza di un circuito murario arcaico,coerentemente con quanto tramandato dalle fonti letterarie, che insistonosulla costruzione di un’opera di una cinta attribuita ai Tarquini, ed inparticolare a Servio Tullio; sarebbe questa la prima cinta di Roma, che i restiin tufo locale (cappellaccio) potranno confermare. Viceversa altri studiosinegano una fortificazione arcaica, e costoro fanno risalire la prima cinta diRoma al IV secolo a.C., unanimemente riconosciuta nei tratti in blocchi digrotta oscura, un materiale che prende il nome dalle cave di estrazione,presso la località di Grotta Oscura, situata a Nord di Roma. Anche aquest’ultima cerchia si attribuisce il nome di “Mura serviane” (pur essendo dietà repubblicana), poiché in passato veniva assimilata all’opera di Servio196Tullio citata dalle fonti, e la tradizione di questa denominazione si mantieneanche oggi.Il lavoro che qui presento “MURUS SERVII. La fase arcaica delle muradi Roma”, intende considerare l’esistenza di una cinta di età regia, in accordocon la tradizione letteraria, attraverso la documentazione di tutti i reperti incappellaccio a questa riferibili. L’approccio metodologico prevede l’analisi elo studio di tali resti, contemporaneamente all’esame delle fonti letterarie e ditutta la documentazione storico-archeologica, al fine di cercare di risolvere inmaniera definitiva la questione della datazione, e per proporre unaricostruzione del circuito murario in Età arcaica.I tratti di mura in cappellaccio sono stati studiati in manierasistematica, attraverso l’analisi dei dati disponibili: archeologici, topografici,storici e letterari; fonti d’archivio, carte archeologiche e altri tipi didocumentazione; fotografie, disegni, manoscritti etc.; esame in situ nel casodi resti accessibili.

Rédigé vraisemblablement à la fin du IVe siècle, à une époque où l’enseignement traditionnel des écoles romaines se maintient et où le paganisme cherche à conserver sa place face au christianisme, le commentaire de Servius à l’Énéide de Virgile, dont le livre V fait l’objet du présent travail, est une œuvre particulièrement importante. Il est destiné à ouvrir à ses auditeurs (les élèves de la classe de Servius), puis à ses lecteurs, la possibilité de mieux comprendre le texte virgilien, et il offre au spécialiste moderne de multiples traces de rites, croyances, pratiques et récits mythologiques qui, sans la richesse de ses développements, resteraient inconnus. Le commentateur laisse parfois percevoir au fil de ses remarques sa vision de l’époque de Virgile et de la sienne propre, et il livre aussi des éléments d’information concernant la réception de l’Énéide dans l’Antiquité tardive. L’intérêt de l’ouvrage est doublé du fait que s’y sont entremêlés ensuite des ajouts d’origines diverses transformant pour ainsi dire le commentaire de Servius en un second commentaire, connu sous l’appellation de « Servius Danielis », présent dans certains manuscrits médiévaux. C’est pour toutes ces raisons que nous proposons, après une introduction consacrée à ses thématiques centrales, une traduction complète de ce double commentaire servien au livre V de l’Énéide de Virgile, en accompagnant et documentant cette traduction par les notes nombreuses et détaillées que réclament la richesse et la complexité de ce travail caractéristique des savants que l’Antiquité appelait des « grammairiens ». / Most certainly written at the end of the 4th century, at a time when traditional teaching from roman school persists and when paganism tries to keep its position facing Christianity, Servius’ Commentary on Virgil’s Aeneid, whose book V is the subject of this study, is a particularly significant work. It is intended to permit the listener (Servius’ students), then the reader, to better understand Virgil’s text and offers to modern specialists many vestiges of rituals, beliefs, practices and mythology’s stories that, without the richness of its body, certainly wouldn’t be known nowadays. The commentator sometimes suggests, throughout his remarks, the vision he has of the Virgil’s time as being his own time and he also gives some information about the Aeneid’s reception in the last Antiquity. The interest of the book is doubled because the text is mixed with elements from diverse origins; it turned the commentary into a second one, known as “Servius Danielis” text and present in some manuscripts. That is why we offer, after an introduction devoted to the main themes of the book, a complete translation of this double servian commentary at the Virgil Aeneid, book 5; this translation goes with many detailed commentaries needed due to the richness and the complexity of expert’s typical work which Antiquity called “grammarian”.

A noção de comentário está intrinsecamente ligada ao trabalho de editar textos, que era feito em bibliotecas antigas, como a de Alexandria, e aos compêndios de gramática, que sistematizavam os conceitos utilizados para a leitura dos textos. Além disso, esse material de anotações e explicações era utilizado no ambiente escolar, como um apoio elucidativo de passagens obscuras, de palavras e costumes antigos, de mitos e histórias e de usos gramaticais, por exemplo. Entre os autores que passaram pelo crivo dos comentadores e que, então, faziam parte do programa escolar, está Vergílio, como nos indica Quintiliano, na Instituição Oratória. Assim, os Comentários de Sérvio Honorato ao Canto VI, da Eneida nos possibilitam conhecer um pouco do trabalho feito nas bibliotecas, acerca das edições e leituras dos textos, dos autores estudados nas escolas e da forma como eles eram lidos. De modo mais específico, esses Comentários trazem-nos informações valiosas sobre costumes, histórias e a filosofia que vigoraram entre os mais antigos / The notion of commenting is intrinsically related to the work of editing texts developed in ancient libraries, such as the Alexandria Library, and to grammar textbooks, which systematized concepts used in text reading. These notes and explanations were also used in schools as a support to clarify obscure passages, words and ancient customs, myths, tales and grammatical usages, for instance. Among the authors examined by commentators and who were on the syllabus at the time is Vergil, as Quintilian quotes in Institutio Oratoria. So the commentaries of Servius Honoratus on Aeneid \"Book VI\" enable us to acquire some knowledge on the work developed in libraries involving editions and the readings of texts, the authors who were studied in schools, taking into consideration the way they were read at that time. Particularly, these Commentaries give us some precious information on a set of topics invaluable for the members of that ancient society

A noção de comentário está intrinsecamente ligada ao trabalho de editar textos, que era feito em bibliotecas antigas, como a de Alexandria, e aos compêndios de gramática, que sistematizavam os conceitos utilizados para a leitura dos textos. Além disso, esse material de anotações e explicações era utilizado no ambiente escolar, como um apoio elucidativo de passagens obscuras, de palavras e costumes antigos, de mitos e histórias e de usos gramaticais, por exemplo. Entre os autores que passaram pelo crivo dos comentadores e que, então, faziam parte do programa escolar, está Vergílio, como nos indica Quintiliano, na Instituição Oratória. Assim, os Comentários de Sérvio Honorato ao Canto VI, da Eneida nos possibilitam conhecer um pouco do trabalho feito nas bibliotecas, acerca das edições e leituras dos textos, dos autores estudados nas escolas e da forma como eles eram lidos. De modo mais específico, esses Comentários trazem-nos informações valiosas sobre costumes, histórias e a filosofia que vigoraram entre os mais antigos / The notion of commenting is intrinsically related to the work of editing texts developed in ancient libraries, such as the Alexandria Library, and to grammar textbooks, which systematized concepts used in text reading. These notes and explanations were also used in schools as a support to clarify obscure passages, words and ancient customs, myths, tales and grammatical usages, for instance. Among the authors examined by commentators and who were on the syllabus at the time is Vergil, as Quintilian quotes in Institutio Oratoria. So the commentaries of Servius Honoratus on Aeneid \"Book VI\" enable us to acquire some knowledge on the work developed in libraries involving editions and the readings of texts, the authors who were studied in schools, taking into consideration the way they were read at that time. Particularly, these Commentaries give us some precious information on a set of topics invaluable for the members of that ancient society

C’est au IVe siècle que le grammairien romain Maurus Servius Honoratus compose son commentaire sur l’Énéide de Virgile. Ce recueil de commentaires, ou scholia, a notamment comme objectif l’enseignement d’une langue normative guidé par les principes de la latinitas : le latin conforme aux principes grammaticaux. Malgré la place centrale qu’occupe depuis longtemps l’Énéide dans l’éducation et la culture latine, Servius voue une grande partie de son commentaire à l’explication des tournures de langue irrégulières que présente le texte de Virgile. S’il excuse ces irrégularités en raison du langage poétique ou de l’antiquité du texte, le grammairien en proscrit toutefois l’usage à ses étudiants. La reconnaissance de l’autorité du texte entretient alors une tension constante avec les règles synthétiques qu’a établies la discipline grammaticale. Cette recherche se propose d’explorer d’abord cette tension sous deux aspects précis : le traitement de la syntaxe des prépositions et le déploiement du langage technique définissant les différentes expressions jugées irrégulières. Pour comprendre de quelle manière langage constitue aux yeux du grammairien le socle du savoir objectif sur le monde antique, un troisième chapitre est consacré à l’apport notionnel et pédagogique des étymologies savantes pour le commentaire. Servius est héritier d’une longue tradition intellectuelle, ce qu’il ne rend pas toujours apparent dans ses notices. Cette recherche s’est fait un souci de déterminer l’origine de principes sur lesquels s’appuie la composition des scholies serviennes. / In the 4th century, Roman grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus composed his commentary on Virgil's Aeneid. One of the aims of this collection of commentaries, or scholia, was to teach a normative language guided by the principles of latinitas: Latin in accordance with grammatical principles. Despite the Aeneid's long-standing centrality in Latin education and culture, Servius devotes much of his commentary to explaining the irregular turns of language in Virgil's text. Although he excuses these irregularities on the grounds of poetic language or the antiquity of the text, the grammarian nonetheless forbids their use by his students. Recognition of the text's authority thus maintains a constant tension with the synthetic rules established by the discipline of grammar. This research will explore this tension from two specific angles: the syntactic treatment of prepositions and the deployment of technical language to define various expressions deemed irregular. To understand how the grammarian sees language as the foundation of objective knowledge about the ancient world, a third chapter is devoted to the notional and pedagogical contribution of learned etymologies to commentary. Servius is heir to a long intellectual tradition, which he does not always make apparent in his notes. The aim of this research is to determine the origin of some principles underlying the composition of Servian scholia.