In this thesis settlement areas and settlements from the Bronze Age on Gotland are in focus. The island of Gotland in the middle of the Baltic Sea is famous for its rich archaeological remains of monuments and relics from all pre-historic periods, and the Bronze Age (1700-500 BC) especially is well repre- sented. There are nearly a thousand cairns, over 300 stone-ship settings and a large amount of bronze finds, but there are few traits of contemporary settlements. With few exceptions the settlements from all pre-historic periods are in one way “invisible” but during the last decades the context has changed, as has knowledge of the settlements from the Bronze Age. Research published throughout the first ten years of the 21th century offers new and refreshing interpretations concerning settlements and houses from the period in question on both a regional level and in more comprehensive studies across Scandinavia. This is due to continued advances in archaeological methods to see the invisible remains however many of the sites are discovered in exploitation-excavations. In a smaller scale this is also true for Gotland and during the last decade there are scattered finds of houses from the period in the shape of post-holes, hearths and cooking pits. The situation on the island is not to expect larger ex- ploitations followed by excavations so we have to test other ways to look for the settlement areas and settlements. In this study I therefor examine if there are any relations to the visible, in first hand cont- emporary types of monuments such as burnt mounds, cairns, stone ship settings and finds of bronzes, to sites seen as possible settlement areas from the Bronze Age. In this context I also have to consider the remains from the early Iron Age, foremost the visible remains of fossilised fields and ancient forts. The theoretical framework is a hermeneutic approach in the study of the relations of each cont- emporary types of monuments contextualized with possible settlements. As Gotland is an island I have to relate to the meaning of landscape and islands. To get closer to the society and the social orga- nisation, my aim is also to come closer to the people who lived their daily lives on Gotland during the Bronze Age and to consider the question of the chiefdoms and the social organisation.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--Missouri State University, 2008. / "December 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-107). Also available online.

ALENCAR, Francisco Amaro Gomes de. Segredos íntimos:a gestão nos assentamentos de reforma agrária. 1998. 209 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 1998. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T19:25:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1998_dis_fagalencar.pdf: 1930816 bytes, checksum: 210acc51f688334da3c00ba5b82f5ff7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo(guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T19:26:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1998_dis_fagalencar.pdf: 1930816 bytes, checksum: 210acc51f688334da3c00ba5b82f5ff7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T19:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1998_dis_fagalencar.pdf: 1930816 bytes, checksum: 210acc51f688334da3c00ba5b82f5ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Intimate secrets – the management of agrarian reform settlements” is result of my reflections and experience working during the last twelve years as geographer, firstly as a technician and lately as an university professor. This knowledge was built along with the settiers, using an approach that searches to bring to the theory mechanisms that involve the construction of knowledge in this field. This is a rigorous, systematic, and critic research. Its content is justified through the successive approximations of the studied subject: settler / settlement due to the way that the reality was historically formulated. The results are neither conclusive nor definitive because “durable works are not finished yet”. Therefore, I begin analyzing the undertanding of the categories: settlement in agrarian reform areas, management, place, space, and territory. In following, I (re)interpret the history of the studied subject, having as case study the settlements Vitória and Cachoeira Cercada, in order to demonstrate from this standpoint the relationship between a successful settlement and another one that did not achieve “success”. Finally, I propose a way to be followed so that the settlers succeed in managing the territory, instead of keeping managing the space or the place “forever”. / Segredos íntimos  a gestão nos assentamentos de reforma agrária é resultado de um trabalho de experiência e reflexões por mim vivido nestes últimos doze anos na qualidade de geógrafo, inicialmente desenvolvendo as funções de técnico e, posteriormente, como professor universitário. Este saber foi construído juntamente com os assentados, com uma prática que busca trazer para a teoria mecanismos que envolvem a construção de um conhecimento nesse terreno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa rigorosa, sistemática e crítica, e o seu conteúdo se justifica, em virtude da maneira como foi elaborada teoricamente a realidade, através de aproximações sucessivas do sujeito pesquisado: assentado / assentamento. Os resultados aqui apresentados não são conclusivos, nem definitivos, pois “as obras duradouras, ainda não estão completadas”. Assim sendo, começo fazendo uma análise sobre o entendimento das categorias: assentamento em área de reforma agrária, gestão, lugar, espaço e território. Em seguida, (re)interpreto a história do sujeito da pesquisa, tendo como estudo de caso os assentamentos Vitória e Cachoeira Cercada, para, a partir daí, demonstrar a relação entre um “assentamento exitoso, com sucesso”, econômico, social, político, ambiental, e aquele que não obteve “sucesso”. Por último, proponho um caminho a ser seguindo, a fim de que os assentados consigam fazer a gestão do território, e não fiquem “eternamente” a fazer uma gestão do espaço ou do lugar.

nÃo hà / Segredos Ãntimos  a gestÃo nos assentamentos de reforma agrÃria à resultado de um trabalho de experiÃncia e reflexÃes por mim vivido nestes Ãltimos doze anos na qualidade de geÃgrafo, inicialmente desenvolvendo as funÃÃes de tÃcnico e, posteriormente, como professor universitÃrio. Este saber foi construÃdo juntamente com os assentados, com uma prÃtica que busca trazer para a teoria mecanismos que envolvem a construÃÃo de um conhecimento nesse terreno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa rigorosa, sistemÃtica e crÃtica, e o seu conteÃdo se justifica, em virtude da maneira como foi elaborada teoricamente a realidade, atravÃs de aproximaÃÃes sucessivas do sujeito pesquisado: assentado / assentamento. Os resultados aqui apresentados nÃo sÃo conclusivos, nem definitivos, pois âas obras duradouras, ainda nÃo estÃo completadasâ. Assim sendo, comeÃo fazendo uma anÃlise sobre o entendimento das categorias: assentamento em Ãrea de reforma agrÃria, gestÃo, lugar, espaÃo e territÃrio. Em seguida, (re)interpreto a histÃria do sujeito da pesquisa, tendo como estudo de caso os assentamentos VitÃria e Cachoeira Cercada, para, a partir daÃ, demonstrar a relaÃÃo entre um âassentamento exitoso, com sucessoâ, econÃmico, social, polÃtico, ambiental, e aquele que nÃo obteve âsucessoâ. Por Ãltimo, proponho um caminho a ser seguindo, a fim de que os assentados consigam fazer a gestÃo do territÃrio, e nÃo fiquem âeternamenteâ a fazer uma gestÃo do espaÃo ou do lugar. / Intimate secrets â the management of agrarian reform settlementsâ is result of my reflections and experience working during the last twelve years as geographer, firstly as a technician and lately as an university professor. This knowledge was built along with the settiers, using an approach that searches to bring to the theory mechanisms that involve the construction of knowledge in this field. This is a rigorous, systematic, and critic research. Its content is justified through the successive approximations of the studied subject: settler / settlement due to the way that the reality was historically formulated. The results are neither conclusive nor definitive because âdurable works are not finished yetâ. Therefore, I begin analyzing the undertanding of the categories: settlement in agrarian reform areas, management, place, space, and territory. In following, I (re)interpret the history of the studied subject, having as case study the settlements VitÃria and Cachoeira Cercada, in order to demonstrate from this standpoint the relationship between a successful settlement and another one that did not achieve âsuccessâ. Finally, I propose a way to be followed so that the settlers succeed in managing the territory, instead of keeping managing the space or the place âforeverâ.

D.Litt. et Phil. / The purpose of the study is to analyse the development of informal settlements in South Africa, with particular reference to the role of the Government in the improvement of informal settlement conditions around Daveyton, especially at the Etwatwa informal settlement. Research has shown that there is common experience in developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America in as far as the development of squatter settlements or informal settlements are concerned. This strongly reflects on the South African experience. The common feature and experience is that informal settlements are the result of urbanization, which is a world-wide phenomenon. Research in countries has shown that migration to cities is based on people's expectation of a better quality of life in urban areas. The expectations lead people to migrate even when they know that they will be unemployed and would have to live in squatter areas for some time. The decision to migrate is based among other reasons on rational economic grounds. It depended on migration cost, the perceptions and prospects of finding a job, and wage differentials between urban and rural areas. Urban incomes were practically always higher than rural ones and migrants to cities generally seemed to do relatively well in acquiring jobs and improving their standard of living. Most of these activities are performed in informal settlements. Like in all developing countries, South Africa is no exception when it comes to the origin and development of squatter or informal settlements. The most common reasons are that people in their quest for a better life in urban areas end up living in informal settlements because they cannot find suitable accommodation. The rapid population growth in developing countries, for example in countries such as South Africa, has resulted in huge housing backlogs. This led to the mushrooming of informal settlements around cities, towns and townships, of people waiting for adequate housing for their families. In Daveyton specifically, the housing backlog in the late 1970s resulted in the emergence of backyard shacks, erected by people who were either residents of Daveyton, because of natural increase of the population, or people from neighbouring townships or rural areas. The study of Daveyton has showed that because of forceful invasion of land by people who did not have accommodation, Daveyton experienced a mushrooming of informal settlements from 1987. In 1987 the Daveyton City Council accepted in principle that squatting was a legitimate means for homeless people to provide shelter for their families and therefore established a site-and-service scheme at Etwatwa, a new section of the township, to accommodate the homeless and lower income families. For service provision the local government divided Etwatwa into two sections, Etwatwa West and Etwatwa East. Every household at Etwatwa West was provided with water and sewerage services, but at Etwatwa East only rudimentary services were provided. With the passage of time the local government tried to integrate the inhabitants of Etwatwa into an urban environment, through the provision of essential service such as water, roads, electricity and sewerage, and amenities such as community and social centres, recreational facilities, creches, schools, churches and clinics. The provision of services depend largely on the availability of funds, through rent payments, loans and funds allocated by the Provincial and National Governments.

No description available.

This thesis is a decolonial feasibility study on the National Department of Housing’s (now National Department of Human Settlement) policy of eradicating informal settlements by 2014. In this thesis I argue that the policy intent of eradicating informal settlements by the proposed date of 2014 cannot be feasible without transcending the structure that produce these informal settlements in the first place. This is why even though we are towards the end of 2014 there is not yet clear evidence that the informal settlements are being eradicated or will be eradicated in the near future. In this dissertation, I argue that informal settlements are a product of a global power structure of coloniality (multiple forms of colonialisms that survive the demise of apartheid) that produces inequalities among human beings including the habitat sphere. I deploy the experience of Mshenguville informal settlement to demonstrate that the experience of informal settlement is just but a marker or sign of inequality among human beings in the age of Western-centred modernity. Thus those in informal settlement are considered to exist on the darker side of modernity as opposed to those in splashy suburb who experience the brighter side of modernity. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / Apartheid land policy and its constitution as a whole conceptualized and structured South African in a way that encouraged inequalities in terms of land ownership, job opportunities and access to education and recreational facilities. The privileged few (whites and a few black elites and whosoever summarized with the former apartheid regime) got richer and richer while the less privileged people, (in this case, the majority of the black people of South Africa) got poor. They were even denied reasonable access to land and quality education. This investigative study examines the state in which they lived and how they are still living in Squatter Camp as an attempt to make qualitatively justifiable recommendations. Informal settlement is as old as the origin of urban settlement, which existed through industrialization process worldwide. A need for peace, jobs, security, housing and land ownership resulted in the establishment of informal settlement near big towns and mines. The most disadvantaged people, those characterized by poverty due to unemployment, lack of land ownership due to one reason or another move to informally settle nearer to areas in which there are possibilities for employment opportunities and better standard of living. Specifically, this study examines the deficiencies associated with the existing informal settlement through its assessment and evaluation. In this regard all aspects of assessment techniques of the way in which inhabitants of Disteneng informal settlement live i.e. interviewing processes (both structured and informal), observation through site visit, checking of documented information with regard to informal settlement etc have been used. The gaps that exist between urban life and the living conditions of people from squatter camp have been investigated and reflected. Vii The focus of the argument in this study is that the less job opportunities and access to land that people have, the more they live in squalid conditions and move to towns in search of work. This means that the problems they face have to be addressed positively and effectively by the relevant departments of South African Government. Alternative well-serviced living conditions have to be developed and provided to these people (people living in Disteneng squatter camp). Timeously, the department of housing should take statistics of the number of people who are without houses and employment as well as those who are illiterate, so as to develop better responsive policies for addressing these problems before they are out of control. As a mean of addressing these problems the life in Disteneng squatter camp has been investigated. The results from the data analysis, including the views of the inhabitants of Disteneng squatter camp have been reflected and recommendations were spelt out in the last chapter of this study.

This thesis is a decolonial feasibility study on the National Department of Housing’s (now National Department of Human Settlement) policy of eradicating informal settlements by 2014. In this thesis I argue that the policy intent of eradicating informal settlements by the proposed date of 2014 cannot be feasible without transcending the structure that produce these informal settlements in the first place. This is why even though we are towards the end of 2014 there is not yet clear evidence that the informal settlements are being eradicated or will be eradicated in the near future. In this dissertation, I argue that informal settlements are a product of a global power structure of coloniality (multiple forms of colonialisms that survive the demise of apartheid) that produces inequalities among human beings including the habitat sphere. I deploy the experience of Mshenguville informal settlement to demonstrate that the experience of informal settlement is just but a marker or sign of inequality among human beings in the age of Western-centred modernity. Thus those in informal settlement are considered to exist on the darker side of modernity as opposed to those in splashy suburb who experience the brighter side of modernity. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)