Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Employment specialist competencies were examined as predictors of employment outcomes for consumers with severe mental illness participating in supported employment. Using a cross-sectional correlational design a variety of self-report and supervisor-rated performance measures were examined for their association with three consumer employment outcomes (e.g., the percentage of consumers on an employment specialist's caseload that were competitively employed, the percentage of consumers on an employment specialist's caseload that were employed 90 consecutive days, and the rate in which consumers dropped out of employment services). Six mental health agencies with a total of 57 employment specialists and 14 supervisors from across the nation participated in the study. Competitive employment rates ranged among employment specialists from 0% to 80%. Higher supervisor-rated job performance, supervisor-rated employment specialist efficacy, percentage of work time spent in the community during the past month, and number of contacts with consumers during the past month were related to improved consumer employment outcomes. However, employment specialist attitudes, knowledge of supported employment, conscientiousness, and self-efficacy were unrelated to employment outcomes. This study is one of the first of its kind to examine employment specialist competencies as they relate to supported employment for consumers with severe mental illness. While supported employment is a great improvement over traditional vocational programs, further examination of employment specialist competencies could hold the key to unlocking employment success for many more consumers.

No description available.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to illuminate experiences of relatives of persons with severe mental illness, and their need for support from formal care. Furthermore, to illuminate nursing support of relatives of persons with severe mental illness. Methods: A mixed methods design was used. In study I, data was collected with a questionnaire responded by 226 relatives and analysed with statistics. In study II, data was gathered with interviews with a strategic sample of 18 relatives, analysed with phenomenography. Study III gathered data from 216 relatives using open-ended questions in the questionnaire (I), analysed with qualitative content analysis. In study IV, data was collected by means of focus-group interviews with 4 groups of nurses, working in mental healthcare and analysed with phenomenography. Main findings: The relatives experienced that their lives were intertwined with the life of their severely mentally ill next of kin. The relatives experienced burden and a poor health, and there were associations between burden and health (I). The relatives had to balance between multiple concerns and make choices on behalf of others and themselves, constantly struggling between opposing feelings and between reflections (II). Relatives’ encounters with mental health personnel were mainly negative, although some had positive experiences. They strived for involvement in mental healthcare for the sake of their severely mentally ill next of kin, and wanted inclusion and support for their own sake, but mostly felt left alone with straining but inescapable responsibilities (III). The nurses conceived that their responsibility was first and foremost the patient and to develop an alliance with him or her. The nurses often felt they had to exclude relatives, but were sometimes able to support them (IV). Conclusions: Relatives’ lives are intertwined with the life of their severely mentally ill next of kin. Relatives’ overall demanding life situation means that the mental health services must involve relatives for the sake of the severely mentally ill person but also include them for their own sake. They need practical and emotional support. Guidelines must be designed to address relatives’ needs, and support must be adapted to the individual relative. / Hensikt: Avhandlingens overordnete hensikt var å belyse erfaringer med å være pårørende til personer med alvorlig psykisk lidelse, og deres behov for støtte fra helsevesenet. Videre å belyse støtte fra sykepleiere til pårørende til personer med alvorlig psykisk lidelse. Metode: Mixed methods design ble benyttet. I studie I ble data samlet med spørreskjema besvart av 226 pårørende, og analysert med statistikk. I studie II ble data samlet ved hjelp av intervju med et strategisk utvalg av 18 pårørende, analysert med fenomenografi. I studie III ble data samlet gjennom åpne spørsmål i et spørreskjema (I), besvart av 216 pårørende og analysert med kvalitativ innholdsanalyse. I studie IV ble data samlet ved hjelp av fokusgruppeintervju med 4 grupper sykepleiere fra psykisk helsevern, analysert med fenomenografi. Hovedfunn: Pårørende opplevde at deres liv var sammenvevd med livet til den som hadde en alvorlig psykisk lidelse. De pårørende opplevde byrde og dårlig helse, og det var sammenheng mellom byrde og helse (I). De pårørende måtte balansere en rekke hensyn, gjøre valg på vegne av andre og seg selv, og samtidig kjempe med motstridende følelser og motstridende tanker (II). Pårørendes erfaringer med møter med helsepersonell i psykisk helsevern var hovedsakelig negative, men noen hadde positive opplevelser. De strevde for å bli involvert i behandlingen for familiemedlemmet med den alvorlige psykiske lidelsen sin del, de ønsket å bli inkludert og motta støtte for egen del, men følte seg overlatt med strevsomt ansvar som de ikke kunne unnslippe (III). Sykepleierne anså at deres ansvar først og fremst var overfor pasienten, og å skape en allianse med vedkommende. Sykepleierne opplevde ofte at de måtte ekskludere pårørende, men var noen ganger i stand til å støtte dem (IV). Konklusjoner: Pårørendes liv er sammenvevd med livet til den som har en alvorlig psykisk lidelse. Pårørendes krevende livssituasjon innebærer at psykisk helsevern må involvere dem for den som har den alvorlige psykiske lidelsen, samt inkludere pårørende for deres egen del. De har behov for praktisk og emosjonell støtte. Retningslinjer må på plass for å ivareta pårørendes behov, og støtten må tilpasses den enkelte pårørende

Cette thèse pose un premier regard sur l’expérience subjective de la violence manifestée par les individus atteints d’un trouble de santé mentale grave et persistant et d’un trouble lié à une substance. À partir d’une recension des écrits, elle présente, dans le premier chapitre, une adaptation des volets psychopharmacologique et économico-compulsif du modèle tripartite de Goldstein (1985), à la population aux prises avec une telle comorbidité. Dans les deuxième et troisième chapitres, elle présente l’analyse qualitative d’une série d’entrevues effectuées auprès de détenus incarcérés dans une unité de santé mentale d’un pénitencier canadien pour cause de délits violents. Elle explore, dans ces chapitres, les représentations de l’influence de la consommation sur les différentes sphères de la vie de ces détenus ainsi que l’importance qu’ils attribuent à celles-ci quant au passage à l’acte responsable de leur incarcération. L’analyse démontre que presque la moitié des personnes interrogées attribue la responsabilité du délit violent aux effets directs de la substance sur les symptômes liés à la maladie mentale ou aux effets directs de celle-ci sur leur comportement et leurs cognitions. Les autres attribuent plutôt la responsabilité de leur acte violent à la détérioration de leur fonctionnement psychosocial (c’està- dire à leur incapacité graduelle à maintenir un emploi, à se nourrir, se loger et à entretenir des relations sociales, amoureuses ou familiales), qui résulte des conséquences sociales et économiques associées à l’usage répétitif et/ou excessif de substances intoxicantes. À la lumière de ces résultats, le deuxième chapitre vérifie l’applicabilité du volet psychopharmacologique à cette population, et le troisième, celle du volet économico-compulsif. Les trois chapitres de cette thèse sont présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques. / This thesis offers a first look at the subjective experience of violent behaviour manifested by individuals who present a severe mental disorder and a substance abuse disorder. The first chapter presents an adaptation of Goldstein’s psychopharmacological and economic-compulsive models (1985), based on a literature review. The second and third chapter present a qualitative analysis of a series of interviews conducted with mentally disordered offenders from a Canadian penitentiary who are incarcerated for violent crimes. These chapters explore the inmates’ perceptions of the influence of the substance abuse on the various aspects of their lives and of its contribution in the realization of their crime. The results show that almost half of the subjects were of the opinion that their violent crime resulted from the direct influence of the substance abuse on their mental illness, on their behaviour or on their cognitions. The others attributed the responsibility of their violent crime to the gradual deterioration of their general psychosocial functioning (meaning their gradual inability to hold a job, to feed themselves, to maintain housing accommodations, as well as social, familial and love relationships) that results from the social and economical consequences of substance abuse. Based on these results, the second and third chapter discuss the applicability of the psychopharmacological and economiccompulsive models to this population. All three chapters are presented in the form of a scientific article.

Health Studies / M. P. H.

OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo visou estimar a prevalência da comorbidade entre transtornos mentais graves e o abuso de substâncias psicoativas, e estudar os fatores associados a essa comorbidade, em pacientes com transtornos mentais graves residentes em São Paulo. MÉTODO: O estudo teve desenho de corte transversal. Vinte serviços de saúde mental (emergências, hospitais psiquiátricos e ambulatórios) foram pesquisados, a fim de identificar todos os pacientes com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, com diagnóstico clínico de transtorno mental grave, que fossem residentes em um dos 7 distritos administrativos escolhidos para o estudo e que tiveram ao menos um contato com o serviço de saúde no período entre 1/9/1997 e 30/11/1997. Os pacientes incluídos foram avaliados quanto a sintomas psiquiátricos, ajustamento social, uso de álcool e uso de substâncias psicoativas, utilizando-se instrumentos padronizados. RESULTADOS: Dos 620 pacientes identificados, 404 foram aleatoriamente selecionados para serem entrevistados. Foi possível entrevistar diretamente 192 (47,9%) indivíduos. A prevalência de comorbidade nos últimos 12 meses foi de 10,4% (I.C. 95%: 6.5 a 15.6), sendo 7,3% para abuso de álcool e 4,7% para abuso de drogas ilícitas, e mostrou-se maior entre homens, entre migrantes, entre indivíduos separados/divorciados, em indivíduos com 12 ou mais anos de escolaridade, e em indivíduos com o diagnóstico de transtornos do espectro da esquizofrenia. A presença de sintomas negativos de esquizofrenia foi significativamente menor entre os indivíduos que receberam o diagnóstico de abuso de substâncias psicoativas. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que na população estudada a prevalência de transtornos decorrentes do uso de álcool e outras drogas é mais baixa do que as prevalências encontradas em outros estudos, realizados nos EUA e Europa. Essa discrepância de resultados pode ser devida a diversos fatores, incluindo o consumo de substâncias pela população geral na qual estão os sujeitos investigados, o ambiente social onde esses sujeito vivem e aspectos culturais relacionados ao consumo de substâncias. / OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of substance use disorders among patients with severe mental illnesses in São Paulo, Brazil, and to study factors associated with such comorbidity. METHOD: The study had a cross-sectional design. Twenty mental health services (emergency, inpatient and outpatient services) were scrutinized to identify all patients aged 18 to 65 years old, with a clinical diagnosis of severe mental illness, who were resident in one of 7 administrative districts chosen for the study, and had had at least one contact with such services between 1stSeptember and 30th November 1997. Assessments included psychiatric symptoms, social adjustment, and patterns of alcohol and drug use, using standardized instruments. RESULTS: Out of 620 patients identified, 404 were randomly selected to be interviewed. One hundred and ninety two patients (47.9%) were directly interviewed. The prevalence of comorbidity was 10,4% (95%CI: 6.5 to 15.6), being 7,3% for alcohol abuse and 4,7% for drug abuse, and was higher among male subjects migrants, single or separated individuals, those with 12 or more years of education, and among those with schizophrenia-like disorders. Presence of negative symptoms was associated with lower prevalence of comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study suggest that the prevalence of dual diagnosis in São Paulo is lower than those found in previous studies, carried out in the USA and Europe. Such discrepancy may be due to several factors, including population patterns of substance use, the social environment where patients live, and cultural issues related to the use of alcohol.

Cette thèse pose un premier regard sur l’expérience subjective de la violence manifestée par les individus atteints d’un trouble de santé mentale grave et persistant et d’un trouble lié à une substance. À partir d’une recension des écrits, elle présente, dans le premier chapitre, une adaptation des volets psychopharmacologique et économico-compulsif du modèle tripartite de Goldstein (1985), à la population aux prises avec une telle comorbidité. Dans les deuxième et troisième chapitres, elle présente l’analyse qualitative d’une série d’entrevues effectuées auprès de détenus incarcérés dans une unité de santé mentale d’un pénitencier canadien pour cause de délits violents. Elle explore, dans ces chapitres, les représentations de l’influence de la consommation sur les différentes sphères de la vie de ces détenus ainsi que l’importance qu’ils attribuent à celles-ci quant au passage à l’acte responsable de leur incarcération. L’analyse démontre que presque la moitié des personnes interrogées attribue la responsabilité du délit violent aux effets directs de la substance sur les symptômes liés à la maladie mentale ou aux effets directs de celle-ci sur leur comportement et leurs cognitions. Les autres attribuent plutôt la responsabilité de leur acte violent à la détérioration de leur fonctionnement psychosocial (c’està- dire à leur incapacité graduelle à maintenir un emploi, à se nourrir, se loger et à entretenir des relations sociales, amoureuses ou familiales), qui résulte des conséquences sociales et économiques associées à l’usage répétitif et/ou excessif de substances intoxicantes. À la lumière de ces résultats, le deuxième chapitre vérifie l’applicabilité du volet psychopharmacologique à cette population, et le troisième, celle du volet économico-compulsif. Les trois chapitres de cette thèse sont présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques. / This thesis offers a first look at the subjective experience of violent behaviour manifested by individuals who present a severe mental disorder and a substance abuse disorder. The first chapter presents an adaptation of Goldstein’s psychopharmacological and economic-compulsive models (1985), based on a literature review. The second and third chapter present a qualitative analysis of a series of interviews conducted with mentally disordered offenders from a Canadian penitentiary who are incarcerated for violent crimes. These chapters explore the inmates’ perceptions of the influence of the substance abuse on the various aspects of their lives and of its contribution in the realization of their crime. The results show that almost half of the subjects were of the opinion that their violent crime resulted from the direct influence of the substance abuse on their mental illness, on their behaviour or on their cognitions. The others attributed the responsibility of their violent crime to the gradual deterioration of their general psychosocial functioning (meaning their gradual inability to hold a job, to feed themselves, to maintain housing accommodations, as well as social, familial and love relationships) that results from the social and economical consequences of substance abuse. Based on these results, the second and third chapter discuss the applicability of the psychopharmacological and economiccompulsive models to this population. All three chapters are presented in the form of a scientific article.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the psychometric properties of three global user subjective measures of the ”The Quality Star” clinical review model: Consumer Satisfaction Scale, Global Quality of Life scale, and Perceived Global Distress scale. The mental health implementation context of this review model emphasizes the client as an agent of change, taking part in shared decision making in an empowered role as collaborative partner to the professional clinicians. In Paper I study the patient self-rating Consumer Satisfaction Scale gave results comparable to those obtained by independent interviewer assessors. Out of cost-effective perspective professional time is saved and logistics simplified. In Paper II the visual analogue self-rating Global Quality of Life scale was shown to have satisfactory test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity with the “Life as a whole” item of Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). The patients’ conceptualizations of the scale based on associative findings with a number of validating instruments were consistent with expected areas of concern for Serious Mentally Ill persons. Similarly, in Paper III the visual analogue scale the Perceived Global Distress scale, showed acceptable clinical test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity with the MANSA item, “How satisfied are you with your mental health”. In associative analyses it was found that depressive, anxiety, interpersonal and existential elements contributed to the patient´s conceptualization of the construct. In Paper IV, a previous finding suggesting that women were more satisfied with the health care and had better social functioning compared to men was further elaborated investigating the discriminative properties of the subjective instruments. In the multi-centre cohort of 2552 patients it was possible to detect differences between genders and functional levels professionally assessed with the split version of Global Assessment of Functioning rating scale. The General discussion underlines that although subjective measures tend to have strong interrelations, supporting earlier findings, one has to use multiple measures for an optimal management of mental illness as the subjective outcome ratings have to be individually interpreted in a feed-back dialogue with the patient and be compared to observational assessments.

OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo visou estimar a prevalência da comorbidade entre transtornos mentais graves e o abuso de substâncias psicoativas, e estudar os fatores associados a essa comorbidade, em pacientes com transtornos mentais graves residentes em São Paulo. MÉTODO: O estudo teve desenho de corte transversal. Vinte serviços de saúde mental (emergências, hospitais psiquiátricos e ambulatórios) foram pesquisados, a fim de identificar todos os pacientes com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, com diagnóstico clínico de transtorno mental grave, que fossem residentes em um dos 7 distritos administrativos escolhidos para o estudo e que tiveram ao menos um contato com o serviço de saúde no período entre 1/9/1997 e 30/11/1997. Os pacientes incluídos foram avaliados quanto a sintomas psiquiátricos, ajustamento social, uso de álcool e uso de substâncias psicoativas, utilizando-se instrumentos padronizados. RESULTADOS: Dos 620 pacientes identificados, 404 foram aleatoriamente selecionados para serem entrevistados. Foi possível entrevistar diretamente 192 (47,9%) indivíduos. A prevalência de comorbidade nos últimos 12 meses foi de 10,4% (I.C. 95%: 6.5 a 15.6), sendo 7,3% para abuso de álcool e 4,7% para abuso de drogas ilícitas, e mostrou-se maior entre homens, entre migrantes, entre indivíduos separados/divorciados, em indivíduos com 12 ou mais anos de escolaridade, e em indivíduos com o diagnóstico de transtornos do espectro da esquizofrenia. A presença de sintomas negativos de esquizofrenia foi significativamente menor entre os indivíduos que receberam o diagnóstico de abuso de substâncias psicoativas. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que na população estudada a prevalência de transtornos decorrentes do uso de álcool e outras drogas é mais baixa do que as prevalências encontradas em outros estudos, realizados nos EUA e Europa. Essa discrepância de resultados pode ser devida a diversos fatores, incluindo o consumo de substâncias pela população geral na qual estão os sujeitos investigados, o ambiente social onde esses sujeito vivem e aspectos culturais relacionados ao consumo de substâncias. / OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of substance use disorders among patients with severe mental illnesses in São Paulo, Brazil, and to study factors associated with such comorbidity. METHOD: The study had a cross-sectional design. Twenty mental health services (emergency, inpatient and outpatient services) were scrutinized to identify all patients aged 18 to 65 years old, with a clinical diagnosis of severe mental illness, who were resident in one of 7 administrative districts chosen for the study, and had had at least one contact with such services between 1stSeptember and 30th November 1997. Assessments included psychiatric symptoms, social adjustment, and patterns of alcohol and drug use, using standardized instruments. RESULTS: Out of 620 patients identified, 404 were randomly selected to be interviewed. One hundred and ninety two patients (47.9%) were directly interviewed. The prevalence of comorbidity was 10,4% (95%CI: 6.5 to 15.6), being 7,3% for alcohol abuse and 4,7% for drug abuse, and was higher among male subjects migrants, single or separated individuals, those with 12 or more years of education, and among those with schizophrenia-like disorders. Presence of negative symptoms was associated with lower prevalence of comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study suggest that the prevalence of dual diagnosis in São Paulo is lower than those found in previous studies, carried out in the USA and Europe. Such discrepancy may be due to several factors, including population patterns of substance use, the social environment where patients live, and cultural issues related to the use of alcohol.

イギリス、日本、アメリカの3か国の調査に基づき、重い精神障害のある人への地域生活支援の理念とスキルを明らかにした。実践スキルに関しては、リカバリー志向でレジリアンスを育むスキルとして306を生成し、利用者の回復のプロセスに沿って体系化を試みた。これらのスキルのなかには、精神科病院や施設では用いられてこなかった新しいスキルが見出された。本論文は、学術出版会より2013年3月に出版されたものである。 / Based on research conducted in the UK, Japan, and the USA, authors clarified principles and skills of community treatment for people with severe mental illness. As for practical skills, a total of 306 different skills were identified to develop a consumer's psychological resilience in a recovery oriented manner, and systematized according to the consumer's recovery process. Among them, the authors found some new skills that have not been used so far at psychiatric hospitals and facilities. This article was published in Japanese by Gakujutsu Shuppankai in March 2013. / 博士(社会福祉学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University