Spurenanalytische Untersuchungen von Umweltproben erfolgen meist standardmäßig mittels Festphasenextraktion (SPE) und anschließender GC/MS. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, alternative Methoden für die spurenanalytische Bestimmung von Estrogenen aus Umweltproben aufzuzeigen. Als Analyte wurden die natürlichen Estrogene Estron (E1), Estradiol (E2) und Estriol (E3), sowie das synthetische Ethinylestradiol (EE2) ausgewählt. Da als Haupteintragspfad dieser Substanzen in die Umwelt die Kläranlagen anzunehmen sind, erfolgte die Methodenentwicklung ausgehend von gereinigtem Abwasser. Als Probenvorbereitungstechniken kamen neben der Festphasenextraktion (SPE), die klassische Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion (LLE), sowie die relativ neue Methode der Festphasenmikroextraktion (SPME) zum Einsatz. Die analytische Bestimmung der angereicherten Extrakte erfolgte mittels HPLC/UV und HPLC/ELCD bzw. mittels GC/FID und GC/MS. Zur Entwicklung einer Screening-Methode wurde die adsorptive Anreicherung der Estrogene an Kohlenstoffelektroden sowie das Cathodic Stripping von EE2 an Quecksilber erprobt. Die Verfahrensschritte wurden zunächst anhand dotierter Proben optimiert, und die Methoden dann anhand der erzielten Bestimmungsgrenze, Selektivität und Präzision verglichen. Die Eignung der Verfahren wurde abschließend durch die Messung realer Abwasserproben überprüft. / Trace analytical environmental investigations are usually done by solid phase extraction (SPE) and GC/MS. The aim of the present thesis was the development of alternative methods for the trace analysis of estrogens in the environment. Estrone (E1), Estradiol (E2) and Estriol (E3) as well as the synthetic estrogen Ethynylestradiol (EE2) were chosen for this investigation. These estrogens enter the environment mainly via sewage treatment plants. Therefore the method development was launched on purified waste water. Solid phase extraction (SPE), liquid liquid extraction (LLE) and the relatively new solid phase micro extraction (SPME) were used for sample preparation. The analytical determination of the extracted analytes was done by HPLC/UV and HPLC/ELCD or GC/FID and GC/MS. Adsorptive enrichment of estrogens on different carbon electrodes and cathodic stripping of EE2 on mercury were tested as possible screening methods. The established methods were optimized using spiked samples. After comparing their quantitation limits, selectivity and precision, they were applied to real sewage water samples for showing qualification.

Water is a fundamental need for existence of mankind. Only 0.01 % of total global water is readily available for human consumption as fresh water. The rapid increase in human population and consequent rise in urbanization and industrialization is producing a stress on this meager water resource. Water at the same time is a renewable resource, ie with suitable treatment it can be made re-useable. Aeration is one of the important processes employed in activated sludge process of the biological treatment units of wastewater. In this process the level of dissolved oxygen in the effluent is raised to the required amounts to decompose organic matters present in the effluent and thereby to reduce the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent by a physical means called “aeration process”. The aeration process consumes as much as 60-80% of total power requirements of wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, the efficiency in design of aeration process is required so that treatment and its power consumption can be economized. With the objective of optimizing the aeration process the present work in this thesis endeavors to develop an aeration which is efficient as well as economical. The various geometric parameters that affect the aeration process in mechanical surface aerators have been optimized. In the present work circular surface aeration tanks have been used. There are two types of circular tanks: Baffled and unbaffled. Separate optimal geometric parameters have been obtained for baffled and unbaffled circular tanks. With optimal geometric similitude scale up studies were done. Reynolds number and Froude number criteria has been found unsuitable for scaling oxygen transfer rates. Theoretical power per unit volume parameter is the most suitable scaling parameter for oxygen transfer rates in both baffled and unbaffled circular tanks. Baffled circular tanks are found to give better performance in terms of oxygen transfer rates as compared to unbaffled tanks. In contrast unbaffled tanks give better performance in terms of power consumption as compared to baffled circular tanks. General correlations have been developed for oxygen transfer rates for both baffled and unbaffled circular surface aerations tanks which incorporate all the geometric and dynamic parameters. These correlations help in the design of new treatment facilities as well as evaluating and up gradation of existing facilities. Power consumption studies have also been conducted on circular surface aeration tanks. Geometric parameters affect the power consumption significantly. Using the optimal geometric similarity conditions obtained for oxygen transfer rates the scale up studies for power consumption has also been done. Reynolds and Froude criteria are found to be giving scale effects for non dimensional power consumption parameter, power number. Theoretical power per unit volume parameter is found to be the scaling parameters for power number and a suitable correlation equation has been developed for baffled circular surface aeration tanks. General correlations have been developed for power number in baffled and unbaffled circular tanks. A novel type of self aspirating tube sparger system has been developed. It is like a bubble aerator with a rotor. The various geometric parameters that affect oxygen transfer rates have been optimized in baffled circular surface aeration tank. The optimal geometrically similar tanks have been used for scale up studies. Theoretical power per unit volume parameter is found to be the scaling parameter for oxygen transfer rates in circular surface aeration tanks with self aspirating sparger systems. Circular baffled tanks with a special sparger system gives very much higher oxygen transfer rates (as much as 5.7 times) as compared to circular tanks. The oxygen transfer rates data from literature also show lower values as compared to the system developed in this thesis. Geometrically similar unbaffled tanks have also been used with self aspirating sparger system. For same power consumption oxygen transfer rate in circular surface aeration tanks with self aspirating sparger system is higher as compared to circular tanks without self aspirating system. Mixing mechanisms in surface aeration tanks depend upon two different extreme length scales of time, namely macromixing and micromixing. Small scale mixing close to the molecular level is referred to as micromixing; whereas macromixing refers to the mixing on a large scale. The effect of geometrical parameters on macromixing time has been studied. The scaling parameters for macromixing and micromixing have been developed and simulation equations governing these time scales are also presented.

The main goal of this thesis is to expertise biological treatment of sewage water rising from production of DPG (diphenylguanidine). The theoretical part is focused on the water and means of sewage disposal. There is shortly described mechanism of physical, chemical, biological and combinated methods of sewage disposal. In practical part of this thesis, focused on expertising degradation of DPG and aniline was chosen high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique, which made it possible to determined their biodegradation abilities. The next component of this thesis are sideline products determination, phenylurea especially. This thesis is focused on monitoring of biofilm´s character and the activity of Rhodococcus erythropolis bacterial culture, used in biodegradation of DPG in chemical-biological wastewater treatment plant, LZD a.s.

Los emisores submarinos son preferibles para la descarga de aguas residuales domesticas tratadas, debido a la capacidad de asimilación del mar como una opción más económica. Si se eligen los sistemas de salida al mar, la ubicación es fundamental para evitar el retorno de las aguas residuales a la zona costera y la recuperación del ecosistema marino. Sobre la base de la regulación del control de descarga de efluentes que exige la Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA) de la República Democrática del Perú, la concentración de bacterias debe estar por debajo de un cierto valor en el área protegida. Esta tesis está basada en el método de investigación aplicativo, debido a que en el Perú no existe mucha información científica con respecto a los emisores submarinos. Por ello, esta investigación busca aumentar información científica de tal modo que para los siguientes proyectos que tengan que ver con emisores submarinos sean más eficientes a nivel hidráulico. Por otra parte, los efectos principales que influyen en la dilución son las corrientes costeras generadas por el viento y el transporte de aguas residuales en regiones costeras abiertas, como se encuentra en La Chira. Las predicciones del modelo de dispersión son precisas si cuentan con las características físicas del emisor submarino, del efluente y del océano, ya que nos brindan una perspectiva clara para la planificación del emisor submarino. En este estudio, se compara el caudal de diseño con el método de crecimiento geométrico, el cual es recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), con el caudal real del proyecto, donde se verifica que ambos caudales se aproximan. También, se verificó la capacidad hidráulica del emisor submarino para identificar las pérdidas de cargas totales que se producen a lo largo de todo el emisor. Además, el Visual Plumes, el cual es un software que genera modelos de dispersión de efluente en un cuerpo de agua, se utilizó para la dilución de campo cercano y la dilución de campo lejano del contaminante. Los resultados del modelo de dilución de campo cercano y de campo lejano muestran que el emisor submarino de La Chira cumple con las regulaciones legales ambientales. / The submarine outfalls are the preferred solution for discharging treated domestic wastewaters due to the ocean’s assimilative capacity, as a cheaper option. If the exit systems to the sea are chosen, location is key to avoid the return of the wastewaters to the coastal area and for the marine ecosystem restoration. According to the effluent discharge control regulations dictated by the National Water Authority (Autoridad Nacional del Agua, ANA) of the Republic of Peru, the bacteria concentration level must be under a certain level in the protected area. This thesis is based on the applied research methodology, since there is not much scientific information available regarding submarine outfalls in Peru. For this reason, this research seeks to increase the scientific information so that the next projects involving submarine outfalls are more efficient in hydraulically. In the other hand, the main effects impacting dilution are coastal currents generated by the wind and the wastewaters flow into open coastal regions, as found in La Chira. The dispersion model predictions are accurate if they have the physical characteristics of the submarine outfall, the effluent and the ocean, since they provide a clear perspective for the submarine outfall planning. In this study, we compared the design flow rate with the geometric increase method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) with the real flow rate of the project, and it was verified that both flow rates are similar. Also, the submarine outfall hydraulic capacity was verified to identify the losses of total loads produced throughout the outfall. Furthermore, the Visual Plumes, a software that generates dispersion models of effluents in body of water, was used for the near-field and far-field dilutions of the contaminant. The results of near-field and far-field dilutions model show that the submarine outfall of La Chira meets the legal environmental regulations. / Tesis

La minería es considerada un motor clave para el desarrollo económico de un país. En este sector, el mejoramiento en la eficiencia de usos del agua es un punto crítico desde el punto de vista económico y ambiental, por ello se siguen implementando nuevos procesos en el tratamiento del agua en el sector minero. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación es demostrar que es posible mejorar las PTAR (planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales) de uso minero, lo que implica el mejor funcionamiento del sistema, usando de la mejor forma los recursos que se tienen. Esta investigación se desarrolló bajo los lineamientos de una metodología experimental, donde se diseñó el coagulador, floculador y clarificador de agua de rastras y el diseño del sistema integrado de clarificación de agua de 3 procesos que lo reemplazaría. El propósito de esto es realizar un análisis comparativo entre ambos sistemas usado en la mina “Coimolache” Con los resultados de los cálculos realizados para ambos diseños, tanto el clarificador de rastras y el sistema integrado de clarificación de agua de 3 procesos se demostrará que es posible una reducción en área (m2) a ocupar en el terreno, y de volumen (m3) de movimiento de tierra para contribuir la reducción del impacto ambiental. Así mismo, se evaluó la variación de los costos de implementación, operación y mantenimiento. Finalmente se busca dar a conocer, documentar y demostrar que el uso del sistema integrado de clarificación de agua de 3 procesos tiene múltiples ventajas para promover su implementación al nivel nacional. / Mining is considered a key for the economic development of a country. In this sector, improvement in water use efficiency of use is a critical point from the economic and environmental point of view, is because this reason, new processes are being implemented in the treatment of water in the mining sector. For this reason, the principal objective of this research is to demonstrate that it is possible to optimize the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) for mining even to get the best operation of the system using in the right way the resources that we have. This research was developed under the guidelines of an experimental methodology, where coagulator, flocculator, and dredge water clarifier were designed and the design of the integrated 3-process water clarification system that would replace them. The purpose is to realize a comparative analysis between these systems used in the "Coimolache" mine. With the results of the calculations carried out for both designs, dredge water clarifier and integrated 3-process water clarification system, it will demonstrate that a reduction in area (m2) to be occupied on the ground and volume (m3) of earth movement is possible to contribute to the reduction of environmental impact. Likewise, the variation in implementation, operation and maintenance costs it was evaluated. Finally, this research intends to make known, document, and demonstrate that the use of the integrated 3-process water clarification system has multiple advantages to promote its implementation at the national level. / Tesis

<p>Filtermaterial av 75 % torv och 25 % kolaska har använts under 2 respektive 4 år för rening av avloppsvatten från två biltvättar. Jämförelse med Kristianstads kommuns riktvärden för avloppsvatten från fordonstvättar visar att filtren fungerat. För avfallsklassning krävs kunskap om innehåll av miljöfarliga ämnen i produkter som använts i tvätthallarna. I brist på kunskap om innehåll av ej analyserade miljöfarliga ämnen i filtren anses förbränning vara ett bra omhändertagande ur miljösynpunkt, då energi och aska återvinns.</p> / <p>Sewage water from two car washes has been treated during 2 and 4 years respectively, using a filter made of 75 % peat and 25 % carbon-containing ash. A comparison with the guiding values for car wash sewage water in Kristianstad municipality shows that this type of filter works well. Classification of the filter as waste requires knowledge about the content of environmentally harmful substances in products used in the car washes. Because of the lack of knowledge about the content of non-analyzed substances in the filters, combustion must be regarded as an environmentally good way of disposing the filter material, as both energy and ashes are recycled.</p>

Filtermaterial av 75 % torv och 25 % kolaska har använts under 2 respektive 4 år för rening av avloppsvatten från två biltvättar. Jämförelse med Kristianstads kommuns riktvärden för avloppsvatten från fordonstvättar visar att filtren fungerat. För avfallsklassning krävs kunskap om innehåll av miljöfarliga ämnen i produkter som använts i tvätthallarna. I brist på kunskap om innehåll av ej analyserade miljöfarliga ämnen i filtren anses förbränning vara ett bra omhändertagande ur miljösynpunkt, då energi och aska återvinns. / Sewage water from two car washes has been treated during 2 and 4 years respectively, using a filter made of 75 % peat and 25 % carbon-containing ash. A comparison with the guiding values for car wash sewage water in Kristianstad municipality shows that this type of filter works well. Classification of the filter as waste requires knowledge about the content of environmentally harmful substances in products used in the car washes. Because of the lack of knowledge about the content of non-analyzed substances in the filters, combustion must be regarded as an environmentally good way of disposing the filter material, as both energy and ashes are recycled.

En Lima metropolitana falta agua potable en determinados lugares y el suministro no es uniforme. Asimismo, las proyecciones que se presentan para el futuro marcan un déficit por mucha demanda poblacional y cambio climático. Ante esta situación, es fundamental buscar medidas que aporten al ahorro del agua potable, y la industria del concreto premezclado en la ciudad ha presentado un crecimiento vertiginoso en los últimos años a excepción del 2020 por el Covid-19 con gran demanda de agua potable. Ante la problemática planteada, es factible usar aguas residuales provenientes de plantas de tratamientos para elaborar concreto premezclado. Se usó 4 tipos de aguas. Tres proveniente de las Plantas de Tratamiento de Agua Residuales (PTARs) de Santa Clara, Carapongo y San Antonio de Carapongo con sistema de tratamiento lodos activados, aireación y filtros de arena para la primera. Anaerobio-Aerobio para la segunda y lodos activados y aireación extendida para la tercera y agua potable del Laboratorio de Ensayo de Materiales (LEM-UNI) para elaborar concreto f'c=210 Kg/cm2 La investigación consta de 7 capítulos: En capítulo 1, se presenta el marco teórico que nos presenta las bases fundamentales empleadas. En el capítulo 2, se tiene los materiales y método utilizados donde de elaboraron 116 muestras en total para ensayos de compresión axial, tracción por compresión diametral, flexión en vigas y permeabilidad al agua. En el capítulo 3, los resultados de los objetivos específicos planteados y su interpretación. En el capítulo 4, las conclusiones finales. En el capítulo 5, las recomendaciones y en capítulo 6 se presenta las referencias consultadas. Finalmente, el capítulo 7 todos los anexos de la investigación. Se llegó a la conclusión que es muy factible elaborar concreto con aguas residuales tratadas procedentes de las 3 PTARs, ya que presentaron un comportamiento óptimo al ser evaluados en sus propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de durabilidad. / In Metropolitan Lima, there is no water in certain places and the supply is not uniform. Also the projections that are presented to the future show a deficit due as a resulto of high population demand and climate change, is essential to look up some ways that contribute to the saving of drinking wáter and the premix concrete industry, in the city has presented dizzy groth in the last years except for 2020 due to the COVID 19 with high demand for drinking wáter. Face with the problem raised, it is very feasible to use wasteater from treatment plants to make premix concrete. It was used four types of water. Three from Santa Clara, Carapongo and San Antonio de Carapongo wastewater treatment plants (PTARs) with a treatment system activated sludge, aeration and sand filters for the first. Anaerobic – Aerobic for the second and activated sludge and extended aeration for the third and drinking wáter from the material testing (LEM-UNI) to make concrete f'c=210 Kg/cm2 This research has 7 chapters: In the 1rst chapter presents us, the theorical framework is about the fundamental bases used. In the 2nd consists about materials and methods used where 116 samples in total were prepared for trials of axial compression, diametral compression traction, vending in beams and wáter permeability. In the 3rd chapter, the results of the specific objectives set and their interpretation. In the 4th last conclusions, in the 5th the recommendations and in the 6th the consulte references are presented. Finally, In the last chapter all the research annexes. It was concluded that is very feasible to makeconcrete with treated wastewater from 3 PTARs, since they presente an optimal behavior when evaluated in their physical, mechanical and durability properties. / Tesis

El trabajo propuesto consiste en el tratamiento de las aguas residuales que se generan en la industria textil, sobre todo en las pequeñas y medianas empresas de dicho rubro, ya que muchas de ellas no cuentan con un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales y las que sí, no realizan un sistema adecuado para dicha labor. Actualmente existen máquinas capaces de realizar un tratamiento de aguas residuales adecuado, pero no son del todo automatizadas y el precio de éstas son considerablemente altos. En base a esta problemática, se buscó una solución con que no cuente con un número excesivo de etapas, que no genere residuos durante el tratamiento, que sea un proceso automatizado y con un tiempo óptimo de proceso. Por estos motivos, se optó por el método del Foto-Fenton como la solución idónea para realizar el tratamiento de aguas residuales, el cual necesita que el efluente tenga un pH igual a 3 para lo cual que realizará un lazo de control. Adicionalmente, requiere dos soluciones químicas y una luz UV. Los resultados obtenidos de este proyecto fueron satisfactorios ya que se llegó a cumplir los estándares ambientales de NTU (Unidad de Turbidez Nefelométrica), los cuales indican que para poder botar el agua al alcantarillado, debe tener un máximo valor de 100NTU. Cabe resaltar que este proyecto realizará todo el proceso de forma automatizada y sólo se va a centrar en las aguas residuales provenientes del proceso de los pantalones de vaqueros de color azul. / The proposed work consists of the treatment of wastewater generated in the textile industry, especially in small and medium-sized companies in this area, since many of them do not have a wastewater treatment system and those that do , not making an adequate system for such work. Currently there are machines capable of carrying out an adequate wastewater treatment, but they are not fully automated and the price of them is considerably high. Based on this problem, a solution was sought that does not have an excessive number of stages, that does not generate waste during the treatment, that is an automated process and with an optimal process time. For these reasons, the Foto-Fenton method was chosen as the ideal solution for treating wastewater, which requires the effluent to have a pH equal to 3 for a control loop to be performed. Also, two chemical solutions and one UV light are required. The results obtained from this project were satisfactory since the environmental standards of NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) were met, which indicate that in order to discharge the water to the sewer, it must have a maximum value of 100NTU. It should be noted that this project will execute the entire process in an automated way and will only focus on the wastewater from the blue jeans process. / Tesis

Dans les filtres plantés de roseaux à écoulement vertical, la percolation des eaux usées à travers le milieu filtrant entraine la rétention physique des matières en suspension à la surface des filtres, et leur accumulation conduit à la formation d’une couche de boue principalement sur le premier étage des filtres. Longtemps considérée comme un facteur de risque de colmatage, cette couche de surface est aussi un compartiment majeur de la performance du système. Dans l’objectif de mieux connaitre la nature et l’évolution des dépôts qui la constituent, des échantillons issus de 14 stations en fonctionnement ont été prélevés pour analyser notamment la nature de leur matière organique particulaire et son évolution. Les résultats ont montré que les dépôts de stations de plus de trois ans de fonctionnement tendent vers un état similaire, caractérisé par la présence de composés organiques stables et complexes et par une plus faible réactivité de la matière organique particulaire. Les dépôts provenant de stations de moins d’un an de fonctionnement présentent une signature particulière, caractérisée par une matière organique réactive et peu mature. En complément de cette évolution en surface du filtre, la matière organique particulaire des eaux usées entrantes peut également subir des modifications au sein du process d’un filtre planté de roseaux. La présence d’un lit bactérien comme traitement additionnel participe à l’hydrolyse et à la transformation de la matière organique particulaire par des processus de minéralisation et d’humification. L’ajout de chlorure ferrique favorise l’agrégation de la matière. Enfin, des polluants organiques et métalliques d’intérêt ont fait l’objet d’une première quantification dans ces dépôts afin d’estimer leur rétention pour mieux appréhender les risques potentiels en cas de dysfonctionnement ou d’épandage. L’étude du comportement à la lixiviation en fonction du pH a permis de mettre en évidence que la libération de certains éléments traces est liée à celle de la matière organique. / The percolation of unsettled wastewater in French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs) causes the formation of a sludge layer at the surface of the first stage filter due to the retention of sludge deposits. Although the growth of this layer over the years of operation is a potential source of clogging risks, it also largely contributes in the performance of the system, depending on its properties. In order to better understand these phenomena, surface sludge deposits samples taken from 14 VFCW sewage treatment plants were collected and analyzed. Results showed that the structure and composition of the sludge deposits from treatment plants with more than three years of operation time were remarkably similar, characterized by the presence of stable and complex organic compounds and a low reactivity and biodegradability of the particulate organic matter. Deposits from treatment plants with less than one year of operation time were composed of more reactive and less mature organic matter. The particulate organic matter of the inflow wastewater was also shown to undergo modifications within the treatment chain of the vertical flow constructed wetland. The implementation of a biological trickling filter as an additional treatment prior to the filter stages was found to induce the transformation of soluble and particulate organic matter through mineralization and hydrolysis, and to contribute to humification probably by the detachment of biofilm fragments. The injection of ferric chloride used to precipitate phosphates was found to promote aggregation within the sludge deposits. Finally, the role of the sludge layer in the retention of a selection of organic and metallic pollutants in VFCW systems has been evaluated by analyzing sludge deposits samples. Detergents were found at higher concentrations than PCPP. The potential release of the sorbed contaminants was studied using leaching tests as a function of pH. Results showed that the release of some trace metals (mostly copper) was governed by the leaching behavior of organic matter.