Hazardous waste sites and aging wastewater infrastructure are common in the United States. There are hundreds of thousands of contaminated sites and more than a million miles of sewer pipes. Populations living close to hazardous waste sites often suffer from increased risk of adverse health effects due to exposure to contaminated environmental media. Vapor intrusion is one process by which nearby populations can be exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Aging wastewater infrastructure is important for vapor intrusion site assessments because sewer pipes can serve as preferential vapor transport pathways. Near contaminated sites, pipe deterioration allows migration of contaminants into sewers and potential accumulation of chemical vapors in sewer gas and nearby buildings. The objectives of this study are to develop a screening-level method to identify contaminated sites where additional evaluation of vapor intrusion is necessary, and then conduct field sampling at these sites to investigate sewers as potential vapor intrusion pathways. Sampling was conducted at four study sites, which consist of former and current dry cleaning facilities located in Lexington, Kentucky. The results of this study demonstrate that preferential vapor intrusion pathways such as sewers can facilitate the spread of vapor intrusion exposure risks beyond source areas of contamination.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3951.pdf: 4065471 bytes, checksum: 6bca7e3049841545a8e51fd8370f8cca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In an increasingly competitive civil construction market affected by the ever greater shortage of skilled construction labor, the correct calculation of work team size based on labor productivity data that are feasible and representative of each construction company is an important strategy for overcoming today s challenges. Construction work includes hydraulic and sanitary sewer systems and piped cooking gas installations for buildings, due to the fact that work team size is often calculated empirically. Thus, the objective of this work is to propose a method to calculate the size of teams for the execution of these systems, based on goals of labor productivity and operational planning for the execution of these services, by allocating the members of the teams to the jobs programmed within the timetable foreseen in the work schedule. The proposed method is divided into three main stages: (a) diagnosis of current labor productivity; (b) calculation of work team size and planning at operational level, involving programming of the activities of each work team over the period stipulated for the execution of the work; and (c) control of productivity according to the established goals. The method was applied at a construction site, specifically during the execution of the cold water supply systems and the sanitary sewer systems located in the wet environments of two multistorey residential towers. The method produced satisfactory results, improving labor productivity in the execution of the cold water supply systems by 20.1% and in that of the sanitary sewer systems by 27.7%. / Num mercado de construção civil cada vez mais competitivo e potencializado com o crescente aumento da escassez de mão de obra qualificada para a execução dos serviços, o correto dimensionamento das equipes de execução destes com base em dados de produtividade da mão de obra factíveis e representativos de cada empresa construtora torna-se uma estratégia importante na superação destes desafios impostos atualmente. Dentre os serviços de construção, merecem destaques aqueles relacionados aos sistemas prediais hidráulicos, sanitários e de gás combustível pelo fato de, muitas vezes, as equipes de trabalho serem dimensionadas de forma empírica. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de um método para o planejamento operacional da execução destes serviços com base no estabelecimento de metas de produtividade da mão de obra e da programação das atividades das equipes dentro dos prazos previstos de acordo com o cronograma da obra. O método proposto é dividido em três etapas principais: (a) diagnóstico da produtividade da mão de obra vigente; (b) dimensionamento das equipes de execução e planejamento ao nível operacional contendo a programação das atividades de cada equipe ao longo do prazo estipulado para execução dos serviços e (c) controle da produtividade em função das metas estabelecidas. O método foi aplicado em um canteiro de obras, especificamente na execução dos ramais de água fria e na execução dos ramais de esgoto sanitário localizados nos ambientes molháveis de duas torres de edifício residencial de múltiplos pavimento. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação do método nestes dois serviços foram satisfatórios, ocasionando uma melhoria da produtividade da mão de obra (RUP cumulativa) na execução destes serviços na ordem de 20,1% e 27,7%, respectivamente.

Les outils actuels de gestion en temps réel des réseaux s’appuient sur deux outils logiciels : les logiciels de prévision météorologique et les logiciels de simulation hydraulique. L’usage des premiers est une cause importante d’imprécision et d’incertitude, l’usage des seconds oblige à des pas temporels de décision importants du fait de leur besoin en temps de calcul. Cette façon de procéder fait que les résultats obtenus sont généralement éloignés de ceux attendus. L’idée force du projet CARDIO est de changer de paradigme de base en abordant la problématique par la face « automatique » plutôt que par celle « hydrologie ». L’objectif est de rendre possible la réalisation d’un grand nombre de simulations en des temps très courts (quelques secondes) permettant de se passer des prévisions météorologiques en utilisant directement les données pluviométriques recueillies en temps réel. L’objectif est de parvenir à un système où la prise de décision est réalisée à partir de données fiables et où la correction de l’erreur est permanente. / Generally, real-time management of sewer systems uses two main tools. The first software one, dedicated to weather forecast is known by their imprecision and uncertainty. The main issue of the second one concerns their computational complexity, which becomes a burden, as they require temporal important steps of decision. This leads to an important problem, where the obtained results are generally different from the really waited ones. The main idea and objective of the CARDIO project, which are the core of this thesis, is to deal with this important problem using a new paradigm based on “automatic” concepts rather than applied from “hydrology” point of view. Such approach allows the realization of a large amount of numerical simulation in a fast way during a very short time (a few seconds). This allows dispensing of weather forecast by using real-time meditative pluviometric data directly. The objective is to achieve a system where the decision-making is made based on reliable data and also, the error correction is permanent.

O presente trabalho discute o recebimento de lixiviado de aterros sanitários em estações de tratamento do sistema público de esgotos para tratamento conjunto. Descreve os processos de geração do lixiviado nos aterros e faz uma avaliação desse recebimento em quatro estações de tratamento em operação no Estado de São Paulo que empregam processos biológicos de tratamento por lodos ativados convencional e por batelada, lagoas de estabilização (anaeróbia seguida de facultativa) e lagoas aeradas. Também apresenta a variação da produção de lixiviado em aterros sanitários em função dos períodos de chuva e seca, estabelecidos pela precipitação observada no período avaliado. Conclui que o tratamento conjunto de lixiviado de aterro é uma alternativa a ser considerada no planejamento dos sistemas de resíduos sólidos e de esgotos sanitários. A adoção do tratamento conjunto traz benefícios a esses sistemas e à sociedade, pois pode representar economia de escala, atendimento às exigências legais e conformidade ambiental, promovendo melhores condições de saúde pública / This work discuss the receipt of sanitary landfill leachate by public wastewater treatment plants for joint treatment. It describes the processes theough which leachate is generated in landfills and assesses its receipt in four wastewater treatment plants in the state of São Paulo that employ biological processes such as conventional and batch activated sludge and stabilization ponds (anaerobic pond followed by facultative pond). Additionally, the work shows the variation in the production of leachate during the dry and rainy seasons, which were established based on the volume of rainfall during the period of study. The conclusion is that the joint treatment of landfill leachate by wastewater treatment plants with the appropriate technical and operational criteria is na alternative to be considered in the planning of solid waste and sanitary sewer systems and the society because it would result in economy of scale, compliance with legal and environmental legislation, and improvement of public health

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-02-02T01:06:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o_Jonatan_Onis_Pessoa.pdf: 4697484 bytes, checksum: ea38c6fd7eba2bd885530337c94efbff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-02T01:06:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o_Jonatan_Onis_Pessoa.pdf: 4697484 bytes, checksum: ea38c6fd7eba2bd885530337c94efbff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Sewage systems when properly operated can help to minimize of aquatic environments degradation. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the river water quality in towns with and without sewage. Therefore, ten towns of Bahia State were selected, seven of them containing sewage and three devoid of such services. It was used secondary data from water river quality (INEMA ? Environmental Stare Agency), sewage (SNIS). Parameters analyzed were concentration of fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and the Water Quality Index - IQA 14 points monitored in the period 2008 to 2015. Data were submitted the statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test. It was found that average AQI values ranged from 26 to 72. The four points monitored in towns without public sewage system presented classified waters as "good" while 40% of monitored points in cities with SES have waters classified as "regular 'or' bad '. Results suggest that the release of sewage into storm water systems and receiving bodies seems to be the main cause of low AQI values. Thus, there has been the weakness of the towns as the supervision of illegal sewage connections. Environmental education campaigns are recommended in order to reduce such practices and to improve water quality in rivers in these towns. / Os sistemas de esgotamento sanit?rio (SES), quando bem operados, s?o interven??es que podem contribuir para a minimiza??o da degrada??o de ambientes aqu?ticos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a qualidade da ?gua de rios em cidades com sistema p?blico de esgotamento sanit?rio implantado. Para tanto, foram selecionadas dez cidades do Estado da Bahia, sendo sete delas contendo SES e tr?s sem tais servi?os. Utilizou-se o registro trimestral realizado pelo INEMA da concentra??o de coliformes termotolerantes, demanda bioqu?mica de oxig?nio, f?sforo total, oxig?nio dissolvido e o ?ndice de Qualidade da ?gua - IQA de 14 pontos monitorados no per?odo compreendido entre 2008 a 2015. Os dados foram submetidos ? an?lise estat?stica, utilizando o teste de Kruskall-Wallis. Verificou-se que valores m?dios de IQA variaram entre 26 a 72. Os quatro pontos monitorados nas cidades sem sistema p?blico de esgotamento sanit?rio apresentaram ?guas classificadas como ?boa? ao passo que 40% dos pontos monitorados nas cidades com SES tiverem ?guas classificadas como ?regular? ou ?ruim?. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o lan?amento de esgotos nos sistemas de ?guas pluviais e nos corpos receptores parece ser a principal causa dos baixos valores de IQA. Dessa forma, constata-se a fragilidade das cidades quanto ? fiscaliza??o de liga??es irregulares de esgoto. Campanhas de educa??o ambiental s?o recomendadas visando a redu??o de tais pr?ticas e a melhoraria da qualidade da ?gua nos rios das cidades avaliadas.

O presente trabalho discute o recebimento de lixiviado de aterros sanitários em estações de tratamento do sistema público de esgotos para tratamento conjunto. Descreve os processos de geração do lixiviado nos aterros e faz uma avaliação desse recebimento em quatro estações de tratamento em operação no Estado de São Paulo que empregam processos biológicos de tratamento por lodos ativados convencional e por batelada, lagoas de estabilização (anaeróbia seguida de facultativa) e lagoas aeradas. Também apresenta a variação da produção de lixiviado em aterros sanitários em função dos períodos de chuva e seca, estabelecidos pela precipitação observada no período avaliado. Conclui que o tratamento conjunto de lixiviado de aterro é uma alternativa a ser considerada no planejamento dos sistemas de resíduos sólidos e de esgotos sanitários. A adoção do tratamento conjunto traz benefícios a esses sistemas e à sociedade, pois pode representar economia de escala, atendimento às exigências legais e conformidade ambiental, promovendo melhores condições de saúde pública / This work discuss the receipt of sanitary landfill leachate by public wastewater treatment plants for joint treatment. It describes the processes theough which leachate is generated in landfills and assesses its receipt in four wastewater treatment plants in the state of São Paulo that employ biological processes such as conventional and batch activated sludge and stabilization ponds (anaerobic pond followed by facultative pond). Additionally, the work shows the variation in the production of leachate during the dry and rainy seasons, which were established based on the volume of rainfall during the period of study. The conclusion is that the joint treatment of landfill leachate by wastewater treatment plants with the appropriate technical and operational criteria is na alternative to be considered in the planning of solid waste and sanitary sewer systems and the society because it would result in economy of scale, compliance with legal and environmental legislation, and improvement of public health

This dissertation investigates unexplained vapor intrusion field data sets that have been observed at hazardous waste sites, including: 1) non-linear soil gas concentration trends between the VOC source (i.e. contaminated groundwater plume) and the ground surface; and, 2) alternative pathways that serve as entry points for vapors to infiltrate into buildings and serve to increase VOC exposure risks as compared to the classic vapor intrusion model, which primarily considered foundation cracks as the route for vapor entry. The overall hypothesis of this research is that theoretical knowledge of fate and transport processes can be systematically applied to vapor intrusion field data using a multiple lines of evidence approach to improve the science-based understanding of how and when vapor intrusion exposure risks will pose increased exposure risk; and, ultimately this knowledge can be used to develop policies that reduce exposure risks. The first objective of this research involved numerical modeling, field sampling and laboratory tests to investigate which factors influence soil gas transport within the subsurface. Combining results of all of these studies provide improved understanding of which factors influence VOC fate and transport within the subsurface. Importantly, the results demonstrate a non-linear trend between the VOC source concentration in the subsurface and the ground surface concentration at the study site, which disagrees with many vapor intrusion conceptual models. Ultimately, the source concentration may not be a good predictor of shallow soil gas concentrations. Laboratory tests described the effect of soil characteristics such as the soil water content on VOC vapor diffusion. The numerical model was able to explain specific conditions that could not be described by the field and laboratory data alone. A paper was published that summarizes the major outcomes from this objective (Pennell et al, 2016). The second objective of this research investigated preferential pathways for VOC vapor migration into buildings. Sewer systems can act as important pathways for vapor intrusion. The research objective is to evaluate conditions that increase the potential for inhalation exposure risks via vapor intrusion thorough sewer systems into indoor spaces. A field study was conducted in California over a 4-year period to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of alternative pathways (e.g. aging infrastructure piping systems) within the context of vapor intrusion exposure risks. A paper was published that summarizes the major outcomes from the field study (Roghani et al. 2018). The final research objective involved the development of a numerical model to describe VOC fate and transport within a sewer system. The numerical model predicts VOC mass transport. The model results were compared to the field data and provides insight about the role preferential pathways play in increasing VOC exposure risks.