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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA ON THE VASA VASORUM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF NOVEL MOUSE MODELS OF DIABETES / Effects of Hyperglycemia in Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis

Venegas Pino, Daniel January 2016 (has links)
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly around the world. People with diabetes are 2–4 times more likely to die from cerebro and cardio-vascular causes than people with no history of diabetes, even after controlling for other risk factors. Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is accelerated in people with diabetes, but several clinical trials have questioned the efficacy of glucose lowering therapies. A better understanding of the molecular pathways by which diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis will expand the scope of current targets and strategies for more effective therapies. In this thesis we investigate a novel mechanism and establish and characterize new hyperglycemic mouse models for the study of diabetic atherosclerosis. Firstly, we investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on the vasa vasorum, the microvascular network that surrounds and supplies large vessels, and correlate those effects to the development of atherosclerosis. In normoglycemic ApoE-/- mice, the vasa vasorum expands as atherosclerotic lesions grow. However, in hyperglycemic ApoE-/- mice there is no significant neovascularization of the vasa vasorum despite the enhanced atherosclerotic development. We hypothesize that the ability of hyperglycemia to disrupt vasa vasorum neovascularization may promote the development and progression of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Secondly, we establish, characterize and manipulate a new model of hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis: the ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mouse. We describe sex-specific differences of the ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mouse model. Male ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mice develop chronic hyperglycemia and accelerated atherosclerosis. Castration slows atherosclerosis in ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mice but enhances it in normoglycemic controls. Female ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mice are only transiently hyperglycemic but still present with accelerated atherosclerosis. Ovariectomized ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mice are chronically hyperglycemic and show indications of advanced atherosclerosis. Lastly, we investigate the effects of a western-type diet on the hyperglycemic ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mice. We demonstrate the pernicious phenotype of the mice leading to a significantly shortened lifespan correlated with massive atherosclerosis that extends to the aortic sinus, ascending and descending aorta, brachiocephalic artery and coronary arteries. In conclusion we provide insights for a new mechanism by which hyperglycemia may accelerate atherosclerosis and possible role of the vasa vasorum in the progression of atherosclerosis in hyperglycemic mice. We also establish new mouse models that illuminate the action of sex hormones on pancreatic beta-cell function and the vasculature. These models will provide a test bed to further study sex hormone effects, as well as the diabetic pathways that promote atherosclerosis. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
2

Effets neurotoxiques et multigénérationnels d’une exposition périnatale aux faibles doses de polychlorobiphényles non-dioxin-like indicateurs (PCB-NDLi) dans un modèle murin / Neurotoxic and multigenerational effects of perinatal exposure to low-dose of polychlorinated biphenyls non-dioxin-like indicators (NDL-PCBs) in a mouse model

Karkaba, Alaa 14 December 2017 (has links)
Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons évalué les effets neurotoxiques multigénérationnels de l’exposition des mères F0 gestantes et allaitantes aux polychlorobiphényles non-dioxin-like indicateurs (PCB-NDLi), à un profil mimant l'exposition humaine à partir de poissons contaminés, sur le développement et le comportement, y compris les réponses émotionnelles et les interactions sociales, des deux générations F1 et F2 des souris mâles et femelles, à différentes phases de leur ontogenèse. Deux faibles doses des PCB-NDLi : (i) la DJT, qui est de 10 ng/kg/j, et (ii) une dose environnementale de 1000 ng/kg/j, ont été administrés par accès libre aux souris mères F0. En fonction de la modalité d’exposition des parents F1 aux PCB, 4 groupes de génération F2 ont été obtenus, en croisant (i) des pères F1 exposés à des mères F1 non exposées, (ii) des mères F1 exposées à des pères F1 non exposés, (iii) des deux parents F1 exposés, ou (iv) des deux parents F1 non exposés (témoins), aux PCB en période périnatale. Nos résultats ont montré que les mâles adultes de la génération F1 ont manifesté un comportement dépressif-like ; alors que les mâles F2, issus uniquement des pères F1 exposés aux PCB, ont exhibé un comportement anti-dépressif-like, ce que suggère que l’exposition périnatale des souris F1 aux PCB-NDLi a induit une altération multigénérationnelle d’origine parentale du comportement de la résignation, et ce d’une façon sexe dépendante. De même, une altération sexe-dépendante de l’anxiété, a été détectée chez la génération F1 exposées durant la période périnatale aux PCB-NDLi comme uniquement les souris mâles d’âge moyen F1 ont développé un phénotype anxieux qui a été transmis aux souris mâles d’âge moyen F2, via leurs pères F1. En outre, une altération multigénérationnelle du comportement social a été détectée chez les souris mâles et femelles F1 et F2. D’une façon remarquable, chez la génération F2, des altérations comportementales dépendantes à la fois du sexe et de la dose, ont été trouvées, malgré l’absence d’effets chez leurs parents F1, effets qui dépendaient également de l’origine parentale, tels que la diminution significative du niveau de la préférence pour la nouveauté sociale chez les souris mâles F2, issues uniquement des mères F1 périnatallement exposées à la dose 10 ng/kg de PCB. Le dosage des biomarqueurs chez les souris d’âge moyen de la génération F1 a révélé une altération de nombreux paramètres biochimiques, y compris une augmentation du niveau de corticostérone et de l’activité de l’acétylcholinestérase / In this study, we evaluated the multigenerational neurotoxic effects of gestational and lactational exposure of F0 female mice to a representative mixture of the six indicator non-dioxin-like-polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) at environmentally low doses, a profile that closely mimics human exposure to contaminated fish. The tolerable day intake (TDI) of 10 ng/kg/day and a higher environmental dose of 1000 ng/kg/day were administered by free access to F0 mothers during pregnancy and lactation. Afterwards, the development and behavior, including emotional responses and social interactions, of the two F1 and F2 generations of Swiss male and female mice at different phases of their ontogenesis, were assessed. Depending on the mode of exposure of F1 parents to PCBs, four F2 generation groups were obtained by crossing (i) F1 fathers perinatally exposed with unexposed F1 mothers, (ii) F1 mothers perinatally exposed with unexposed F1 fathers, (iii) both F1 parents perinatally exposed, or (iv) both F1 parents perinatally unexposed (controls), to PCBs. Our results showed that F1 adult males showed depressive-like behavior whereas F2 adult males, coming from F1 mothers, perinatally exposed to PCBs, exhibited anti-depressive-like behavior. This result suggested an induction of a multigenerational alteration that was of parental origin, on the resignation behavior in a sex-dependent manner. Similarly, sex-selective anxious behavior was detected in F1 middle-aged males perinatally exposed to PCBs, which was transmissible to F2 middle-aged males, via their F1 fathers. Furthermore, a multigenerational alteration of social behavior was found in F1 and F2 male and female mice. Remarkably, some behavioral alterations in F2 generation were found, despite of the absence of effects in their F1 parents, such as a significant decrease in the level of preference for social novelty in F2 male mice, coming from F1 mothers perinataly exposed to 10 ng/kg of NDL-PCBs. The biomarker assays in F1 middle-aged mice revealed an alteration in many biochemical markers, including increased corticosterone levels and acetylcholinesterase activity in male as well as females.
3

Implication de la connectivité anatomique dans les caractéristiques des fuseaux de sommeil

Gaudreault, Pierre-Olivier 02 1900 (has links)
No description available.

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