Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Zero new infections, zero AIDS related death and an HIV free generation is an attainable reality. But it is an attainable reality that requires the involvement of every member of the society. This is because the pandemic is touching every sector of human life. Without cure thirty years later, this calls for the world to identify their strong areas and utilize it to reach to the ultimate goal. Young people, have the power in their hands to take the world to the next level of an HIV free world. All they need is proper guidance, accurate information, enhancement of their skills for manage the pandemic. Life skills education (LSE) is an adult-led, educational platform created for young minds to get them involved in the management of the disease. LSE, focus mainly on HIV education and skills development. Some of the major skills are communication skills, negotiation skills, self esteem and interpersonal skills. These skills and others are necessary for young people in postponing the age their first sexual debut. They also come handy when negotiating safe sex, assessing their vulnerability and most importantly in decision making. Other skills such as empathy, anger management and other focus more addressing issues such as discrimination and stigmatization. Despite all the merits of this program LSE there has been a decline in the number of schools offering the approach. Most schools have been removing it from the school curriculum. This is where the research problem identified: What are the barriers of teaching LSE among teachers in the Leribe District? The research establishes the causes that have led to the exclusion of LSE. It looked into attitudes and opinions, the influence of the community on LSE. Based on the nature of the study, the mixed approach was used. This method, a combination of the qualitative and quantitative method has an advantage over the two as it has a combined effect of their strengths. Simple random selection was used for the research. The study found that lack of training and others were the major challenge faced by the LSE teachers. Recommendations were made which would help in successful re-implementation of the program. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen nuwe infeksies, geen vigsverwante sterftes en ’n MIV-vrye generasie is ’n haalbare realiteit. Dit is egter ’n haalbare realiteit wat die betrokkenheid van elke lid van die samelewing verg, aangesien die pandemie elke sektor van menslike lewe raak.By gebrek aan ’n middel teen dié siekte 30 jaar sedert dit die eerste keer aan die lig gekom het, rus die verantwoordelikheid nou op die internasionale gemeenskap om hul sterkpunte te bepaal en aan te wend om die einddoel te bereik. Jongmense hét wat dit verg om ons na die volgende vlak van ’n MIV-vrye wêreld te neem. Ál wat kortkom, is behoorlike leiding, akkurate inligting en die versterking van hul vaardighede om die pandemie te bestuur. Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding (LVO) is ’n opvoedkundige platform onder volwasse leiding wat geskep is om jongmense by die bestuur van die siekte te betrek. LVO konsentreer hoofsaaklik op MIV-opvoeding en vaardigheidsontwikkeling. Van die belangrikste vaardighede is kommunikasie, onderhandeling, selfvertroue en interpersoonlike skakeling. Met hierdie én ander vaardighede kan jongmense hul eerste seksuele ervaring tot ’n latere ouderdom uitstel. Dit is ook nuttig in die onderhandeling van veilige sekspraktyke, die bepaling van hul eie kwesbaarheid en, bowenal, besluitneming. Ander vaardighede, soos empatie, woedebestuur, ensovoorts, konsentreer weer op kwessies soos diskriminasie en stigmatisasie. Ondanks die meriete van die LVO-program, is daar egter ’n afname in die aantal skole wat dit aanbied. Trouens, die meeste skole skrap dit uit die skoolkurrikulum. Vandaar die navorsingsprobleem wat in hierdie tesis aan bod kom: Wat verhinder onderwysers in die Leribe-distrik om LVO te onderrig? Die navorsing bepaal die oorsake vir die uitsluiting van LVO. Dit verken houdings en menings sowel as die invloed van die gemeenskap op LVO. As gevolg van die aard van die studie is ’n gemengde navorsingsbenadering gevolg. Hierdie benadering hou die voordeel in dat dit oor die sterkpunte van sowel die kwalitatiewe as kwantitatiewe metode beskik. Eenvoudige ewekansige seleksie is vir die navorsing gebruik. Die studie bevind dat ’n gebrek aan opleiding een van die hoofuitdagings is waarvoor die LVO-onderwysers te staan kom. Aanbevelings word gedoen wat sal help om die program met welslae weer in te stel.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Life skills are coping skills taught to learners, with the purpose of developing self-reliant and confident people with skills, to cope with important life's challenges in times of change. Where life skill education initiatives are being set up, much time and resources are channelled into training teachers, promoting, disseminating and implementing life skill education. For life skill education to be effective and continue to be relevant, research needs to be undertaken as an integral part of the whole process. This study focuses on the 'Life Skills Train the Trainer Programme'. The aim being to evaluate the success of this programme in empowering teachers to teach life skills. It was found that although life skill education has been found to be an important area in every learner's life, there are obstacles that may affect an effective implementation of life skill education in schools. These obstacles need to be attended to. / ewensvaardighede word aan leerlinge onderrig met die doe! om selfstandigheid en selfversekerdheid te ontwikkel, sodat hulle in staat is om lewenseise te midde van veranderende tye te kan hanteer Wanneer lewensvaardighede-onderrig gelnisieer word, word baie tyd en hulpbronne gekanaliseer in die opleiding van onderwysers, asook in die promovering, verspreiding en implementering van sodanige onderwys. Vir lewensvaardighede-onderrig om effektief te wees en relevant te bly, moet navorsing 'n integrale dee! van die hele prose vorm. Hierdie studie is gerig op die "Life Skills Train the Trainer Programme". Die doe! was om vas te stel tot watter mate hierdie program bydra tot die bemagtiging van onderwysers in die onderrig van lewensvaardighede. Die bevinding was dat alhoewel erkenning gegee word aan die belangrikheid van lewensvaardighede-onderrig, daar tog struikelblokke is wat effektiewe implementering in skole kan belemmer Hierdie struikelblokke moet aangespreek word. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.

This quantitative descriptive cross sectional study explored factors influencing sexual risk behaviours among youths in senior secondary schools in Ethiopia. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Religious attachment, living with friends, living alone, parental control, level of parental education, peer pressure and number of friends who had experienced sex were some of the factors noted to influence youths to engage in sexual risk behaviours. The findings of this study have implications for both practice and policy development. They will enable healthcare workers to identify youths at risk of engaging in sexual risk behaviours and subsequently motivate them using health promotion strategies to engage in safe sexual practices. Adopting such an approach will prevent or at least minimise risk of youths being infected with sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

This qualitative study was done in Livingstone, Zambia, and used focus group discussions to investigate the reasons that youths aged 15 to 24 years see as justifying, or compelling, their non-use of recommended methods for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. It focused on four methods, namely abstinence, condom use, voluntary counseling and testing, and mutual faithfulness. The study found that non-adherence to HIV preventative methods is linked to variables in the process of adolescent growth and development, to contextual variables in society, to characteristics of products and services associated with these HIV preventative methods, and to disease characteristics of HIV itself. A key conclusion of this study is that to improve the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs among the youths it is essential that factors that hinder adherence to preventative methods are recognized and addressed. / Social Work / M.A.(Social Work)

The purpose of this study was to explore possible problems associated with pregnancy amongst student nurses in the Northern Province, and to determine whether their studies were adversely affected by their pregnancies. This study was designed as a quantitative, exploratory descriptive survey to look into the pregnancies of a specific group of students exploring their experiences in the classrooms and in the clinical areas. During 1998 data was collected by distributing questionnaires to ninety three pregnant . student nurses. Sixty-seven (71,0%) of student nurses fell pregnant because they lacked knowledge about contraceptives. Four-six (49,5%) of the respondents delayed seeking antenatal care, although they needed advice and support. Whilst fifty-eight (62,4%) of the respondents suffered from minor ailments such as tiredness, pre-eclampsia, early bleeding prior to three months pregnancy, and dizziness. Fifty-eight (62,4%) of the respondents encountered problems with their academic progress, as revealed by decreasing marks scored before, during, and after delivery. Student nurses would willingly avail themselves of guidance, advice and support during their pregnancies if they could access such services. / Advanced Nursing Science / M.A.(Nursing Science)

This research set out to investigate factors that lead to seemingly prevalent pre-marital sex by Botswana Seventhday Adventist youth aging between 12 and 30 years. A 31- item questionnaire, divided into four sections, was used on a group of 45 youths. It was discovered that 78% of the youths studied had been involved in pre-marital sex at some point in their lives. Thirty-seven percent were still practicing it. The most vulnerable age range was 14 to 18 years, but some had started experimenting with sex as early as six years. Some of the contributing factors to the youth's involvement in sex included media, friends and lack of knowledge due to parents not giving them guidance.Prevention of pre-marital sex can be made possible by the cooperation of entities like the family, the church, the school and the individual. Hence, the suggested model called the Integrated Sexuality Education. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

This research set out to investigate factors that lead to seemingly prevalent pre-marital sex by Botswana Seventhday Adventist youth aging between 12 and 30 years. A 31- item questionnaire, divided into four sections, was used on a group of 45 youths. It was discovered that 78% of the youths studied had been involved in pre-marital sex at some point in their lives. Thirty-seven percent were still practicing it. The most vulnerable age range was 14 to 18 years, but some had started experimenting with sex as early as six years. Some of the contributing factors to the youth's involvement in sex included media, friends and lack of knowledge due to parents not giving them guidance.Prevention of pre-marital sex can be made possible by the cooperation of entities like the family, the church, the school and the individual. Hence, the suggested model called the Integrated Sexuality Education. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

This qualitative study was done in Livingstone, Zambia, and used focus group discussions to investigate the reasons that youths aged 15 to 24 years see as justifying, or compelling, their non-use of recommended methods for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. It focused on four methods, namely abstinence, condom use, voluntary counseling and testing, and mutual faithfulness. The study found that non-adherence to HIV preventative methods is linked to variables in the process of adolescent growth and development, to contextual variables in society, to characteristics of products and services associated with these HIV preventative methods, and to disease characteristics of HIV itself. A key conclusion of this study is that to improve the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs among the youths it is essential that factors that hinder adherence to preventative methods are recognized and addressed. / Social Work / M.A.(Social Work)

The purpose of this study was to explore possible problems associated with pregnancy amongst student nurses in the Northern Province, and to determine whether their studies were adversely affected by their pregnancies. This study was designed as a quantitative, exploratory descriptive survey to look into the pregnancies of a specific group of students exploring their experiences in the classrooms and in the clinical areas. During 1998 data was collected by distributing questionnaires to ninety three pregnant . student nurses. Sixty-seven (71,0%) of student nurses fell pregnant because they lacked knowledge about contraceptives. Four-six (49,5%) of the respondents delayed seeking antenatal care, although they needed advice and support. Whilst fifty-eight (62,4%) of the respondents suffered from minor ailments such as tiredness, pre-eclampsia, early bleeding prior to three months pregnancy, and dizziness. Fifty-eight (62,4%) of the respondents encountered problems with their academic progress, as revealed by decreasing marks scored before, during, and after delivery. Student nurses would willingly avail themselves of guidance, advice and support during their pregnancies if they could access such services. / Advanced Nursing Science / M.A.(Nursing Science)