[pt] O abuso sexual na infância e adolescência é um problema de saúde pública, possuindo possíveis repercussões ao longo da vida. Por exemplo, é associado a maior risco para o desenvolvimento de diversos sintomas psicopatológicos. Com o aumento do acesso à internet nos últimos 15 anos, principalmente entre crianças e adolescentes, a probabilidade de abertura a novas formas de abuso sexual torna-se uma preocupação. A vitimização sexual online surge nesse contexto. Já se sabe que durante as experiências de vitimização, há maior possibilidade de sintomas depressivos, ansiosos, ligados ao uso de substâncias e até ideação suicida, mas não se sabe exatamente o risco a médiolongo prazo. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação foi investigar se a vitimização sexual online precoce (na infância e adolescência) tem associações com sintomas psicopatológicos na vida adulta. A dissertação foi elaborada na forma de artigos, sendo dividida nas seguintes etapas: um capítulo introdutório, dois artigos e um capítulo conclusivo. O ARTIGO 1 é uma tradução e adaptação de um instrumento de avaliação de vitimização sexual online (Online Sexual VictimizationScale). O ARTIGO 2 é um estudo online para investigar retrospectivamente, em uma amostra de adultos jovens e usuários de internet desde a infância, os diferentes efeitos da história de abuso sexual online e não online para sintomas de transtornos mentais. No Artigo 1, após todas as etapas de tradução e adaptação planejadas terem sido cumpridas com sucesso, foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias para verificar os índices de confiabilidade e validade do construto. De acordo com a análise fatorial, a escala possuimodelo de dois fatores: com um fator geral de segunda ordem e três fatores de primeira ordem que correspondem a subescalas- insistência (4 itens), ameaças (4 itens) e disseminação (2 itens). O modelo de segunda ordem apresentou bom a excelente ajuste do modelo entre os índices e todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais significativas. Tal modelo replica o proposto originalmente pelo autor. Portanto, apresentamos a tradução, adaptação, bem como índices de confiabilidade e validade de construto da escala. No artigo 2, os resultados apontaram os efeitos da vitimização sexual online ocorridos precocemente como fatores de risco para diversos sintomas psicopatológicos. Além disso, observamos uma alta prevalência de vitimização sexual online durante a infância e adolescência, apresentada por três a cada quatro participantes. Para sustentar as experiências adversas como risco para sintomas, comparamos os grupos de participantes com e sem história de vitimização sexual online durante a infância e adolescência. Ao comparar o grupo controle e o grupo referente à vitimização sexual online antes dos 18 anos, notamos diferenças nas manifestações de sintomas psicopatológicos, indicando que tais eventos de vida negativos podem estar relacionados a efeitos duradouros na saúde mental. Os dados apresentados neste estudo sugerem que a vitimização sexual online de forma precoce é um tema emergente de preocupação à medida que a internet se torna cada vez mais acessível à população em geral. Surge então a necessidade de recursos de proteção mais fortes para evitar que crianças e adolescentes sejam expostos a tais situações estressantes. / [en] Child sexual abuse can be considered a public health problem, since its repercussions throughout life are associated with a greater risk for the development of several psychopathological symptoms. With the increase in internet access in the last 15 years, especially among children and adolescents, the likelihood of opening up to new forms of sexual abuse becomes a concern. Online sexual victimization emerges in this context, bringing relevant evidence of associations with symptoms such as depression, anxiety, suicide and substance use. Therefore, this dissertation aims to investigate early online sexual victimization associated with the manifestation of psychopathological symptoms in adulthood. The dissertation was prepared in the form of articles, being divided into the following steps: an introductory chapter, two articles and a concluding chapter. ARTICLE 1 is a translation and adaptation of an online sexual victimization assessment tool. ARTICLE 2 is an online study to retrospectively investigate, in a sample of young adults and internet users since childhood, the different effects of online and non-online sexual abuse history on symptoms of mental disorders. In Article 1, after all the planned translation and adaptation steps had been successfully completed, confirmatory factor analyzes were performed to verify the reliability and validity indices of the construct. According to factor analysis, the OSV is a second-order factor composed of three first-order factors - insistence (4 items), threats (4 items) and dissemination (2 items). The second order model showed good to excellent model fit between the indices and all items presented significant factor loadings. Therefore, we present the translation, adaptation, as well as reliability and construct validity indices of the scale. In article 2, the results pointed to the effects of early sexual victimization online as risk factors for several psychopathological symptoms. We observed a high prevalence of early online sexual victimization reported by participants, showing that three out of four adults who grew up with internet access experienced online sexual victimization during childhood and/or adolescence. When comparing the control group and the group referring to online sexual victimization before the age of 18, we noticed differences in the manifestations of psychopathological symptoms, indicating that such negative life events may be related to lasting effects on mental health. The data presented in this study suggest that early sexual victimization online is an emerging topic of concern as the internet becomes increasingly accessible to the general population. Our study found extremely relevant results, drawing attention to the importance of building stronger protective resources to prevent children and adolescents from being exposed to such stressful situations.

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Total institutions' (which include prisons) unique context prescribes "confinement" of inmates. Coping mechanisms applied "outside" (especially the ability to create distance from stressful events) is thus ineffective. Another common feature is lack of privacy, which may result in "forced intimacy" - individuals being forced into a situation of physical and psychological "invasion" (beyond the norm) of their person/personal space. Victims lose control over intimate decisions, including who may and may not be intimate with them. Within prisons, gangs "force intimacy" by sexually victimizing inmates, taking advantage of the context to heighten their power, and to control inmates "under" them. Four (subjects) victims' experiences and means of adaptation/ empowerment were investigated phenomenologically. Results indicated that inadequately empowered victims suffer prolonged and repeated victimization - a continued "posttraumatic stress disorder" - which is more traumatizing and draining than one circumscribed traumatic event (due to its intensity, immobilization and resulting drastic change of "personality"). / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

A violência sexual é um problema de saúde pública que afeta boa parte da população mundial. Seu estudo, entretanto, é marcado por dificildades conceptuais, legais, epidemiológicas e metodológicas. Dentre os diversos modos de se entender e examinar a violência sexual, as atitudes são comumente investigadas, sobretudo com o emprego de escalas Likert. Contudo, o escalonamento psicofísico pelos métodos de Thurstone possui características típicas de escalas intervalares que lhe conferem vantagens em relação às escalas ordinais. O principal objetivo da presente pesquisa foi construir uma escala de distâncias psicológicas de descritores sexuais para cada grupo experimental através do Caso V da Lei do Julgamento Comparativo de Thurstone. 132 participantes, divididos em três grupos controle, sobreviventes (mulheres vítimas de violência sexual) e reeducandos (homens agressores sexuais) avaliaram oito termos sexuais (cócegas, cheiro, toque, beijo, nudez, agarrar, esfregar e gemer) pelo método de escolha forçada de julgamento de pares. A cada par de termos sexuais apresentado aleatoriamente, os sujeitos deviam escolher aquele com o maior conteúdo sexual. Resultados indicaram que os descritores toque, cheiro e cócegas foram constantemente julgados com os menores conteúdos sexuais entre os três grupos, enquanto beijo e gemer foram os que mais alteraram de ordem entre os grupos. Literatura sobre aspectos linguísticos dos estímulos utilizados não foi suficiente para explicar a escolha de uma palavra em detrimento de outra, reforçando-se a ideia de que os julgamentos foram diferenciais de acordo com as variáveis e o grupo ao qual os participantes pertenciam. Dessa maneira, homens julgaram os descritores com valores próximos, deixando a escala com menor amplitude, o que indica baixa discriminação e necessidade de menos conteúdo sexual para que as palavras fossem percebidas sexualmente. Reeducandos apresentaram o mesmo padrão de resultados, mas de maneira acentuada. Mulheres, por outro lado, tiveram boa discriminação dos termos sexuais e apresentaram maior amplitude na escala. Para as sobreviventes, o padrão de resultados foi o mesmo das mulheres, com poucas variações. As diferenças encontradas entre grupos podem ser decorrentes de atitudes sexuais e em relação à violência sexual e do modo como mulheres e homens processam informação sexual, sendo atravessadas por questões sociais de gênero / Sexual violence is a public health problem that affects a portion of the world population. Its study, yet, is marked by conceptual, legal, epidemiological, theoretical and methodological difficulties. Among the various ways of understanding and examining sexual violence, attitudes are commonly investigated, mainly by employing Likert scales. However, psychophysical scaling by Thurstones methods possess characteristics typical of interval scales, which gives it advantages over ordinal scales. The major goal of the present research was to build a scale of psychological distances of sexual descriptors for each experimental group through the Case V of Thurstones Law of Comparative Judgment. One hundred and thirty two participants, divided in three groups control, survivors (female victims of sexual violence) and inmates (male sex offenders) evaluated eight sexual words (tickle, smell, touch, kiss, nude, grab, rub, and moan) by the forced choice method of pairwise judgment. To each word pair was presented randomly, subjects were asked to choose the one with the higher sexual content. Results indicated that the descriptor touch, smell, and tickle were constantly judge as having the lowest sexual content amongst the three groups. Literature abou linguistic aspects of the used stimuli was nou sufficient to explain the choice of one word over another, reinforcing the idea that the judgments were differential according to the variables and the group to which the participant belonged. Thus, men judged the descriptors as having similar values, making the scales amplitude smaller, which indicates lower discrimination and the need for less sexual content for the words to be perceived sexually. Inmates showed the same pattern of results, but in a accentuated manner. Women, on the other hand, had good discrimation of the sexual descriptors and exhibited higher scale amplitude. For the survivors, the pattern of results was the same as for the women, with few variations. The found differences between groups may be due to attitudes toward sexuality and sexual violence, and to the way women and men process sexual information, being permeated by gender social issues

Total institutions' (which include prisons) unique context prescribes "confinement" of inmates. Coping mechanisms applied "outside" (especially the ability to create distance from stressful events) is thus ineffective. Another common feature is lack of privacy, which may result in "forced intimacy" - individuals being forced into a situation of physical and psychological "invasion" (beyond the norm) of their person/personal space. Victims lose control over intimate decisions, including who may and may not be intimate with them. Within prisons, gangs "force intimacy" by sexually victimizing inmates, taking advantage of the context to heighten their power, and to control inmates "under" them. Four (subjects) victims' experiences and means of adaptation/ empowerment were investigated phenomenologically. Results indicated that inadequately empowered victims suffer prolonged and repeated victimization - a continued "posttraumatic stress disorder" - which is more traumatizing and draining than one circumscribed traumatic event (due to its intensity, immobilization and resulting drastic change of "personality"). / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Le mouvement féministe des années 1970 et 1980 a engendré des changements sociaux profonds en Amérique du Nord, notamment en ce qui a trait aux agressions sexuelles. Ces changements sociaux se sont traduits, à partir de 1983, par des modifications législatives importantes au Canada. Les études ayant suivi ces changements ont examiné la coercition sexuelle dans la population non délinquante. Une des conclusions notables de ces études est l’existence d’un chiffre noir important en ce qui concerne les agressions sexuelles. En effet, les études réalisées dans les années 1980 ne tenaient pas compte des femmes en tant qu’agresseurs, car le phénomène était perçu comme étant typiquement masculin. Ce n’est qu’à partir des années 1990 qu’un intérêt se forme concernant la coercition sexuelle commise par les femmes. Il est alors révélé que certaines attitudes et croyances soutiennent l’agression sexuelle tant chez les femmes que chez les hommes. Des similitudes sont également établies entre la coercition sexuelle des femmes et des hommes. Peu d’études existent sur la prévalence de la coercition sexuelle en considérant autant les femmes que les hommes comme agresseurs potentiels. Il est important d’examiner les attitudes et croyances par rapport à la coercition sexuelle dans la population non délinquante au Québec indépendamment du genre. Pour ce faire, nous avons construit un sondage en ligne via l’outil Survey Monkey. Ce sondage comprend quatre mesures afin d’examiner les attitudes en lien avec les croyances erronées entourant le viol, l’hostilité envers les femmes, l’acceptation de la violence interpersonnelle, ainsi que les croyances antagonistes et le conservatisme sexuel. Un cinquième instrument a été utilisé afin de mesurer les expériences sexuelles de victimisation et de coercition. L’échantillon comprend 354 étudiants(es) de l’Université de Montréal provenant de diverses associations étudiantes. Les principaux résultats montrent que les femmes rapportent moins de croyances antagonistes que les hommes. Toutefois, il n’y a aucune différence entre les femmes et les hommes en ce qui concerne les croyances erronées entourant le viol, l’hostilité envers les femmes, l’acceptation de la violence interpersonnelle, les croyances antagonistes et le conservatisme sexuel. En ce qui concerne les comportements sexuels, les femmes rapportent davantage de victimisation sexuelle que les hommes. Peu de coercition sexuelle est rapportée tant par les femmes que les hommes. Par contre, les hommes affirment avoir commis plus de coercition sexuelle que les femmes. Les résultats montrent aussi que l’hostilité envers les femmes prédit la victimisation sexuelle chez les femmes. Par ailleurs, les croyances erronées entourant le viol prédisent les comportements sexuels coercitifs chez les femmes alors que le conservatisme sexuel prédit la coercition sexuelle chez les hommes. En outre, les résultats montrent que la victimisation sexuelle prédit les comportements sexuels coercitifs tant chez les femmes que chez les hommes. / Feminist movements in the 1970s and 1980s brought about profound social changes in North America, such as the occurrence of sexual assaults. These social changes were translated into legislative modifications in Canada, as of 1983. The studies following these changes examined sexual coercion in non-delinquent populations. One of the notable conclusions of these studies is the existence of a significant dark figure with respect to sexual assaults. Indeed, studies done in the 1980s did not take into account female aggressors, as the phenomenon was perceived to be typically one attributed to males. Academic interest in sexual coercion committed by females is rooted in studies published in the 1990s. It was revealed that certain attitudes and beliefs are associated with the trivialization of sexual assault in women and in men. Similarities were also established between sexual coercion committed by males and females. Little studies on the prevalence of sexual coercion have considered both men and women as potential aggressors. It is important to examine the attitudes and beliefs related to sexual coercion in the non-delinquent populations of Quebec. An online survey was conducted using Survey Monkey. This survey contained four measures to examine attitudes associated to erroneous beliefs regarding rape, hostility against females, tolerance of interpersonal violence, as well as antagonistic beliefs and sexual conservatism. A fifth instrument was used to measure sexual experiences, both in terms of victimization and coercion. The sample contained 354 students of the Université de Montréal coming from various student associations. The main results showed that females report less antagonistic beliefs than males. However, no differences were found between females and males regarding rape myth acceptance, hostility toward women, acceptance of interpersonal violence, adversarial sexual beliefs and sexual conservatism. In terms of sexual behaviors, females reported more sexual victimization than males. Little sexual coercion was reported in females and males. Results, however, showed that males had committed more sexual coercion than females. Additionally, it was found that hostility towards women predicted sexual victimization in females. Further, erroneous beliefs on rape predicted coercive sexual behaviors in women, whereas sexual conservatism predicted sexual coercion in women. Finally, sexual victimization predicted coercive sexual behaviors in both females and males.