O açaí (Euterpe oleracea) é um fruto proveniente do açaizeiro, uma palmeira nativa da Amazônia Brasileira, considerado uma “superfruta” devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, com destaque para as antocianinas, associadas a efeitos benéficos à saúde. Uma vez que genótipos de frutos desenvolvidos por programas de melhoramento têm sido avaliados a fim de identificar frutos com composição fitoquímica melhorada e potencial antioxidante, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito do melhoramento genético na composição química, perfil de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de seis genótipos de açaí (E. oleracea). Análises de composição química, perfil de antocianinas e carotenoides e de atividade antioxidante em diversos sistemas in vitro (método ABTS, oxidação da glutationa, teste da desoxirribose e células SH-SY5Y) foram realizadas em 6 genótipos e 1 amostra comercial utilizada como padrão. Com relação a composição química, de maneira geral, os genótipos apresentaram elevados teores de lipídeos (36,30 – 47,44%), fibras totais (11,31 – 15,88%), proteínas (7,78-9,50%) e cinzas (3,49 – 4,44%). Adicionalmente, as antocianinas cianidina 3-glicosídeo (12-43%) e cianidina 3-rutinosídeo (57-88%) foram identificadas nos genótipos avaliados e o genótipo L22P13 apresentou um incremento de 85% no teor de antocianinas totais. Com relação ao perfil de carotenoides, luteína, zeaxantina, α-caroteno e β-caroteno foram os principais carotenoides identificados nos genótipos avaliados, sendo que os genótipos BRS-PAMISTA e L22P13 apresentaram os teores mais elevados de carotenoides totais (125,39μg/g e 118μg/g). Com relação a atividade antioxidante, todos os genótipos reduziram a geração do radical ABTS em maior ou menor grau, embora diferenças significativas entre os genótipos e a amostra comercial não tenham sido observadas (IC50 = 73,98 – 175,7 vs. 121,7 μg/g). Entretanto, houve associação moderada e inversa entre a geração do radical ABTS e níveis de antocianinas e carotenoides. Ausência de diferenças significativas entre os extratos hidroetanólicos dos genótipos e a amostra comercial também foi observada no ensaio da desoxirribose (IC50 = 361,5 – 497,7 vs. 520,1 μg/g). Em cultura de células SH-SY5Y, os extratos hidroetanólicos na concentração de 50 μg/mL apresentaram um efeito protetor contra as espécies reativas geradas pelo H2O2 (ensaio DCFH-DA) e esse resultado foi associado ao teor de antocianinas dos extratos. Os resultados apontam genótipos promissores, com elevados teores de antocianinas e carotenoides, com potencial atividade antioxidante in vitro e um possível efeito protetor de células frente as espécies reativas. / The açaí (Euterpe oleracea) is a fruit of the açaizeiro, a native palm of the Brazilian Amazon, considered a "superfruit" due to its high nutritional value, especially anthocyanins, associated with beneficial health effects. Since fruit genotypes developed by breeding programs have been evaluated to identify fruits with improved phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of genetic improvement in the chemical composition, bioactive compounds profile and antioxidant activity of six açaí (E. oleracea) genotypes. The analysis of chemical composition, anthocyanins and carotenoids profile and antioxidant activity in various in vitro systems (ABTS method, glutathione oxidation, deoxyribose test and SH-SY5Y cells) were performed in six genotypes of açaí and one commercial sample that was used as standard. Regarding the chemical composition, in general, the genotypes showed high levels of lipids (36.30 – 47.44%), total fiber (11.31 – 15.88%), protein (7.78-9.50%) and ashes (3.49 – 4.44%). In addition, the anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glucoside (12-43%) and cyanidin 3-rutinoside (57-88%) were identified in evaluated genotypes and L22P13 genotype showed an increase of 85% in total anthocyanin content. Regarding the carotenoid profile, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene were the main carotenoid identified in genotypes, being that BRS-PAMISTA and L22P13 genotypes showed the highest levels of total carotenoids (125.39 μg/g and 118 μg/g). Regarding the antioxidant activity, all genotypes reduced ABTS radical generation in greater or lesser extension, although there were no significant differences between hydroethanolic extracts of different genotypes and the commercial sample (IC50 = 73.98 - 175.7 vs. 121.7 μg/g). However, an inverse and moderate association between radical ABTS generation and anthocyanins and carotenoids content was observed. Absence of significant differences between hydroethanolic extracts of evaluated genotypes and the commercial sample was observed also in the deoxyribose assay (IC50 = 361.5 to 497.7 vs. 520.1 μg/g). In culture of SH-SY5Y cells, hydroethanolic extracts at concentration of 50 μg/mL had a protective effect against the reactive species generated by H2O2 (DCFH-DA assay) and this result was associated with the anthocyanins content of the extracts. The results showed promising genotypes with high levels of anthocyanins and carotenoids with antioxidant potential in vitro and a possible protective effect of cells against reactive species.

Espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) são produzidas através da respiração aeróbica e durante processos inflamatórios. Além disso, agressões externas como radiações, poluição, estresse, alcoolismo e tabagismo aumentam a sua produção. Altos níveis de ERO podem ocasionar dano oxidativo à lipídios, proteínas e DNA, comprometendo a função normal da célula, podendo estar envolvidos na patogênese e agravamento de diversas doenças. Há evidências que sugerem que antioxidantes naturais presentes em alimentos conferem benefícios adicionais à saúde, atuando como anticarcinogênicos, antiinflamatórios ou agentes antimutagênicos. O orégano (Oreganum sp) é uma especiaria mediterrânea usada como condimento na alimentação e pela medicina popular para diversos tipos de moléstias. O óleo possui forte ação antimicrobiana, devido ao elevado conteúdo de monoterpenos, sendo os principais o carvacrol, o timol e o para-cimeno. O carvacrol (5-isopropil-2metilfenol) é um fenol monoterpênico, com sabor picante e odor característico e tem sido amplamente usado na indústria de alimentos como aditivo seguro para aumentar a vida útil dos alimentos, como aromatizante em produtos assados, doces, bebidas e gomas de mascar, e/ou agente antimicrobiano com atividades contra bactérias, fungos e leveduras. Estudos têm relatado efeito antidepressivo e ansiolítico do carvacrol em camundongos, assim como proteção contra a radiação UVB diminuindo a peroxidação lipídica, estresse oxidativo e danos no DNA em células linfocitárias humanas e atividade antioxidante em diferentes sistemas de lipídios. Nós avaliamos a viabilidade celular e parâmetros de citotoxicidade do carvacrol em células de neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y. Este parece modificar levemente a morfologia das células, sem modificar significativamente a biomassa celular, parecendo ser tóxico na concentração de 100 μg/mL. Nas demais concentrações (1 a 50 μg/mL) não houve citotoxicidade. No ensaio de DCFH-DA o carvacrol reduziu a produção de ERO intracelular e diminui significativamente a produção de radicais peroxil no ensaio TRAP. Esses dados reforçam a ideia do carvacrol ser um potencial antioxidante, sendo necessários mais estudos para avaliar o mecanismo de ação deste composto. / Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced through aerobic respiration and during inflammation. Besides, external aggressions such as radiation, pollution, stress, alcoholism and smoking increase their production. Elevated levels of ROS can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA, compromising the normal cell function, and may be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of several diseases. There is suggesting that natural antioxidants found in foods provide additional health benefits, acting as anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory agents or antimutagenic. Oregano (Oreganum sp) is a Mediterranean spice used in food as a condiment and in popular medicine to treat several types of diseases. The essential oil has strong antimicrobial activity, due to the high content of monoterpenes, the main ones being carvacrol, thymol and para-cymene. Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2metilfenol) is a phenol monoterpene with spicy taste and odor and has been widely used in food industry as additive to preserve foods, as flavoring agent in baked goods, candy, drinks and chewing gums, and/or antimicrobial agent with activity against bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Studies have reported antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of carvacrol in mice, as well as protection against UVB radiation, decreased lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human lymphocyte cells, and antioxidant activity in different lipid systems. We evaluated cell viability and cytotoxicity parameters of carvacrol in human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y. Carvacrol induced morphology changes in cells without significant modification of the cellular biomass content and it was toxic at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. In other concentrations (1-50 μg/mL) it showed no cytotoxicity. In DCFH-DA assay carvacrol reduced the intracellular ROS production and significantly decreased the production of peroxyl radicals in the TRAP assay. These data reinforce the idea of carvacrol as a potential antioxidant and more research is needed to evaluate the mechanism of action of this compound.

DNA damage is a form of cell stress and injury. Increased systemic DNA damage is related to the pathogenic development of neurodegenerative diseases. Depression occurs in a relatively high percentage of patients suffering from degenerative diseases, for whom antidepressants are often used to relieve depressive symptoms. However, few studies have attempted to elucidate why different groups of antidepressants have similar effects on relieving symptoms of depression. Previously, we demonstrated that neurotoxins N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4)- and camptothecin (CPT) induced the DNA damage response in SH-SY5Y cells, and DSP4 caused cell cycle arrest which was predominately in the S-phase. The present study shows that CPT treatment also resulted in similar cell cycle arrest. Some classic antidepressants could reduce the DNA damage response induced by DSP4 or CPT in SH-SY5Y cells. Cell viability examination demonstrated that both DSP4 and CPT caused cell death, which was prevented by spontaneous administration of some tested antidepressants. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that a majority of the tested antidepressants protect cells from being arrested in S-phase. These results suggest that blocking the DNA damage response may be an important pharmacologic characteristic of antidepressants. Exploring the underlying mechanisms may allow for advances in the effort to improve therapeutic strategies for depression appearing in degenerative and psychiatric diseases.

RCSN-3 cells are a cloned cell line derived from the substantia nigra of an adult rat. The cell line grows in monolayer and does not require differentiation to express catecholaminergic traits, such as (i) tyrosine hydroxylase; (ii) dopamine release; (iii) dopamine transport; (iv) norepinephrine transport; (v) monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A expression, but not MAO-B; (vi) formation of neuromelanin; (vii) vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) expression. In addition, this cell line expresses serotonin transporters, divalent metal transporter, DMT1, dopamine receptor 1 mRNA under proliferating conditions, and dopamine receptor 5 mRNA after incubation with dopamine or dicoumarol. Expression of dopamine receptors D2, D3 and D4 mRNA were not detected in proliferating cells or when the cells were treated with dopamine, CuSO4, dicoumarol or dopamine-copper complex. Angiotensin II receptor mRNA was also found to be expressed, but it underwent down regulation in the presence of aminochrome. Total quinone reductase activity corresponded 94% to DT-diaphorase. The cells also express antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. This cell line is a suitable in vitro model for studies of dopamine metabolism, since under proliferating conditions the cells express all the pertinent markers.

Long-term treatment with all trans-retinoic acid (RA) induces neuronal differentiation and apoptosis. However, the effect of short-term RA treatment on cell proliferation, migration and invasion of neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y and IMR-32) remains unclear. RA induces expression of tissue-transglutaminase (TGase) and promotes migration and invasion after 24 h of treatment in SH-SY5Y cells, but not in IMR-32 cells. RA receptor (RAR) agonist (4-(E-2-[5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl]-1-propenyl) benzoic acid) and RAR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist (9-cis-RA) promote expression of TGase, migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells, while RXR agonist has no significant effect. RAR antagonist blocks RA effect on migration and invasion, indicating that RAR receptors are required. Retinoid receptors are expressed and activated by RA in both cell lines. However, only transient activation of RAR is observed in IMR-32 cells. These findings suggest that different responses observed in SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells could be due to differential activation of retinoid receptors. Overexpression of TGase has no effect on migration or invasion, while overexpression of antisense TGase blocks RA-induced migration and invasion, indicating that other molecules along with TGase mediate RA effects. In addition to the long-term effects of RA that are coupled with cell differentiation, short-term effects involve migration and invasion of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Neurodegenerative disorders are characterised by progressive loss of the brain’s physiological functions as a result of gradual degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system. Even though they are classified as diseases of the elderly, occurrence earlier in life is possible, but that would suggest the influence of genetic and/or environmental factors. Due to the continuous rise in modernisation and industrialisation over the years, there has been an increase in incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders. With the advances in technology and life expectancy, the rates of the common forms (Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease), are expected to increase exponentially by 2050. Unfortunately, there is still no clinically approved treatment or therapy to slow down or halt the degenerative process as most registered drugs only offer symptomatic relief. Confounding this issue is the lack of definite mechanism of neurodegeneration, which is still poorly defined and not completely understood. Nonetheless, the pathology of most neurodegenerative disorders is believed to be a combination of interrelated processes that eventually leads to neuronal cell death. Among the postulated processes, the impact of excitotoxicity mediated by NMDA receptor over-activation is prominent and it is implicated in virtually all neurodegenerative disorders. With this basic insight, it is believed that molecules capable of inhibiting NMDA receptors and associated calcium channels, without affecting the normal physiological functions of the brain, could potentially serve as good neuroprotective drugs. Competitive and uncompetitive blockers (MK-801 and ketamine) have been explored, but none were clinically accepted due to undesirable side effects such as hallucinations, sedation and depression. However, NGP1-01, a polycyclic cage molecule, has been shown to be neuroprotective through modulation of NMDA receptors and voltage gated calcium channels and attenuation of MPP+ -induced toxicity. A similar approach could be useful in the design and development of new neuroprotective drugs. The aim of this study was to synthesise a series of open and rearranged cage-like molecules and explore their neuroprotective potential in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The proposed structures, with norbornane scaffolds that contained different moieties, were designed to structurally resemble NGP1-01 and MK-801. Once synthesised, the compounds were purified and characterised, and were evaluated for their biological activities. Compounds were first screened for cytotoxicity at different concentrations. Thereafter, they were evaluated for neuroprotective effects against MPP+ -induced excitotoxicity and for calcium flux modulatory effects on NMDA receptor and voltage gated calcium channels. The norbornane derivatives were synthesised and characterised, and all final products were afforded in sufficient yields. All compounds with the exception of two compounds displayed good cytotoxic profiles towards the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells at 10 µM, 50 µM and 100 µM concentrations as they demonstrated percentage cell viabilities close to 100% (control treated cells). Only two compounds showed percentage cell viability of 51% and 59% at 100 µM. Utilising the same cell line, all compounds, tested at 10 µM, attenuated MPP+ -induced toxicity after 24 hours of exposure to a neurotoxin. This was evident in the 23% to 53% enhancement (significant with p < 0.05) in cell viability when compared to the MPP+ only treated cells. In comparison to known NMDA receptor and/or voltage gated calcium channel blockers (MK-801, NGP1-01 or nimodipine), the synthesised compounds demonstrated mono or dual inhibition of calcium channels as they effectively attenuated calcium influx by blocking NMDA receptors and/or voltage gated calcium channels expressed in neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells. This group of compounds were found to be more potent NMDA receptor inhibitors, probably due to similarities with MK-801 and memantine, than voltage gated calcium channel inhibitors. All compounds demonstrated moderate to good calcium inhibitory effects at NMDA receptors in the range of 23% to 70% while a selected few displayed very little or no activity at the voltage gated calcium channels. In conclusion, 27 compounds with norbornane scaffolds were successfully synthesised and evaluated for cytotoxicity and neuroprotection. The abilities of the synthesised compounds to protect neurons from the neurotoxin MPP+ and reduce calcium flux into neuronal cells were successfully demonstrated. These characteristics are essential in neuroprotection as they may prove significant in halting or slowing down the disease progression. The compounds showing a good cytotoxicity profile, neuroprotective effects and ability to reduce calcium overload, could potentially act as neuroprotective agents with good safety profiles or contribute as lead structures to the development and design of structurally related molecules that could clinically benefit people with neurodegenerative disorders.

When the brain is exposed to a traumatic injury, the brain produces high amounts of neurosteroids like allopregnanolone and progesterone which show protective and neurogenic capacities. Alzheimer’s disease patients also have lower amounts of these neurosteroids in brain tissue. Neurosteroids act on GABAA receptors and cholesterol receptors which is interesting since both the cholesterol transporter ApoE and excitotoxicity seems to be issues plaguing the patients. To study if there is a relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and neurosteroids, there are ongoing phase one studies but neurobiological studies are equally important in order to understand the mechanism. In this work protective capabilities of allopregnanolone on induced toxicity was investigated in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Protection and induced toxicity were assessed by studying cell viability with MTT assay. Toxins used were the oxidative stress inducing agent t-BHP, excitotoxic glutamate and amyloid β25-35. Previous studies have found allopregnanolone to induce neurogenesis, decrease ROS levels, inhibit apoptosis and to have immunoregulatory capabilities. The present study did see an increase in cell viability when treated to 1x10-8 M allopregnanolone but this effect was not observed when the concentration was increased further to 1x10-7 M and 1x10-6 M. When the SH-SY5Y cells were treated with toxins after pretreatment of allopregnanolone, additional decrease was seen when compared to cells only treated with toxins. The present study discovered the influence of components like cell density and cell generation which is of value for researchers planning future neurobiological studies. These neurobiological studies give insight of the correct mechanisms in the brain, opening up opportunities for new efficient drugs to be developed.

Les troubles neurodégénératifs, tels que la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) et la démence frontotemporale (DFT), ont été associés aux protéines de liaison à l'ARN (RBP). Les principales caractéristiques de la SLA sont l'agrégation d'une protéine de liaison à l'ARN appelée protéine de liaison TAR (TDP-43). Il a été démontré que TDP-43 se lie à G3BP1, un facteur de nucléation pour l'assemblage des granules de stress, pour le stabiliser. Les granules de stress sont des structures séparées par phases qui se forment dans des conditions stressantes et favorisent la survie cellulaire. Une altération de l’assemblage des granules de stress et une réduction du G3BP1 sont signalées dans la SLA. Cette réduction est due à un défaut dans les transcriptions codantes pour G3BP1 stabilisant TDP-43. Par conséquent, une réponse défaillante des granules de stress pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans la maladie. Ainsi, ce projet de recherche se concentre sur la restauration de G3BP1, dont la déplétion est liée à la perte de fonction de TDP-43. En utilisant des composés de petites molécules identifiés lors d'une campagne de dépistage de médicaments, nous cherchons à augmenter l'expression de G3BP1, rétablissant ainsi le mécanisme SG endogène et favorisant la survie neuronale. La découverte de candidats principaux (NPX-047, NPX-000-115 et NPX-001-280) qui sauvent efficacement l'expression et la fonction de G3BP1 est prometteuse pour des thérapies potentielles contre la SLA. Ces composés ont été testés sur des cellules SHSY5Y traitées avec du si-TDP, mais aucune récupération de l'ARNm de G3BP1 n'a été observée malgré des niveaux plus élevés de signaux de luciférase. Ainsi, une enquête approfondie sur les divergences dans nos résultats constitue notre prochaine étape, ce qui n’a pas été possible pendant la durée limitée de cette mémoire. De plus, les cibles non ciblées de ces composés seront étudiées à l’aide du séquençage Bru Chase. Dans l’ensemble, cette étude explore de nouvelles stratégies pour restaurer l’expression de G3BP1, offrant ainsi une voie potentielle d’intervention thérapeutique dans la SLA. / Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), have been associated with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Major hallmark of ALS is aggregation of an RNA-binding protein called TAR binding protein (TDP-43). TDP-43 has shown to bind to G3BP1, a nucleating factor for stress granule assembly, to stabilize it. Stress granules (SGs) are phase separated structures that form under stressful conditions and promote cell survival. Impaired stress granules assembly and reduced G3BP1 is reported in ALS. This reduction is due to a defect in TDP-43 stabilizing G3BP1 encoding transcripts; thus, a failed stress granule response could have a major role in the disease. Thus, this research focuses on restoring G3BP1, whose depletion is linked to TDP-43 loss of function. By utilizing small-molecule compounds identified through a drug screening campaign, we seek to increase G3BP1 expression, consequently reinstating the endogenous SG mechanism and promoting neuronal survival. The discovery of lead candidates (NPX-047, NPX-000-115, and NPX-001-280) that effectively rescue G3BP1 expression and function offers promise for potential ALS therapies. These compounds were tested on SH-SY5Y cells treated with si-TDP however no rescue of G3BP1 mRNA was observed despite higher levels of luciferase signals. Thus, in-depth investigation of discrepancies in our results is our next step which was not possible during the limited timeline of this thesis. In addition, off-targets of these compounds will be investigated using BruChase-sequencing. Overall, this study explores novel strategies to restore G3BP1 expression, providing a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention in ALS.

A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a principal causa de demência na população idosa e tende a se tornar um grave problema de saúde pública com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial. A perda progressiva de memória, principal sintoma da demência em pacientes com DA, é atribuída a danos sinápticos e à perda neuronal desencadeadas pelo desequilíbrio entre a produção e a depuração do peptídeo A?. Evidências surgidas nos últimos 20 anos apontam os oligômeros solúveis de A? (A?O), produtos de agregação do peptídeo A?, como as principais espécies neurotóxicas na DA. Por conta disso, e também pela ausência de métodos diagnósticos pre-mortem e tratamento eficientes para essa demência, a busca por anticorpos conformacionais específicos para A?O está em ascensão. Testes clínicos com IgG anti-A? resultaram em efeitos colaterais inflamatórios mediados pela porção não variável Fc. Então, anticorpos conformacionais artificiais do tipo scFv, desprovidos de porção Fc, foram selecionados contra A?O. Dentre eles, está NUsc1, que é neuroprotetor contra A?O em cultura primária de neurônios. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a toxicidade de A?Os na linhagem de neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y diferenciada em neurônios maduros e comparamos a neuroproteção conferida por diferentes anticorpos contra A?Os, por ensaio de viabilidade celular com MTT. Também avaliamos a especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O comparativamente a lisozima monomérica e oligomérica em ensaio de ELISA, já que outros anticorpos conformacionais reconhecem epítopo compartilhado por estados oligoméricos de outras proteínas amiloidogênicas. Para a validação de células SH-SY5Y como modelo in vitro de neurônios maduros, a diferenciação foi induzida com ácido retinoico e BDNF e as células foram marcadas para as proteínas MAP2 e NeuN em ensaio de imunofluorescência. Células submetidas ao protocolo de diferenciação apresentaram aumento dos níveis dessas proteínas, mudança morfológica condizente com o esperado na maturação neuronal. Posteriormente, o desafio da cultura com A?O indicou morte celular dose-dependente e reversão desta morte segundo a dose administrada dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4. Obtivemos um sinal cerca de 400 vezes maior no reconhecimento de A?O por NUsc1 que para oligômeros de lisozima, quando presentes na mesma concentração, indicando forte especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O. Além disso, NUsc1 purificado em sistema de gelfiltração em HPLC não apresenta citotoxicidade em concentração equivalente a dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4 em ensaios de neuroproteção em cultura de SH-SY5Y diferenciada, sugerindo que, se NUsc1 for tão eficiente quanto estas IgG\'s, este poderá ser usado em dose não citotóxica. Portanto, podemos concluir que NUsc1 apresenta grande potencial como ferramenta diagnóstica e terapêutica para a DA, mas que mais experimentos para expandir sua validação e potencial ainda são necessários. / Alzheimer\'s Disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly population and tends to become a serious public health problem with increasing life expectancy of the world\'s population. Progressive memory loss, the main symptom of dementia in patients with AD, is attributed to synaptic damage and neuronal loss triggered by imbalance between production and clearance of the A? peptide. Evidence from the last 20 years indicates that soluble A? oligomers (A?O), A? peptide aggregation products, as the main neurotoxic species in AD. Because of this, and also because of the absence of efficient pre-mortem diagnostic and treatment methods for this dementia, the search for conformational antibodies specific for A?O is on the rise. Clinical tests with anti-A? IgG\'s resulted in inflammatory side effects mediated by the non-variable Fc portion. Then, artificial conformational antibodies of the scFv type, lacking the Fc portion, were selected against A?O. Among them is NUsc1, which is neuroprotective against A?O in primary neuronal culture. In this work, we evaluated the toxicity of A?Os in the differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma line in mature neurons and compared the neuroprotection conferred by different antibodies against A?O types by MTT cell viability assay. We also evaluated the specificity of NUsc1 for A?O compared to monomeric and oligomeric lysozyme in the ELISA assay, since other conformational antibodies recognize epitope shared by oligomeric states of other amyloidogenic proteins. For the validation of SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model of mature neurons, differentiation was induced with retinoic acid and BDNF and the cells were labeled for MAP2 and NeuN proteins in immunofluorescence assay. Cells submitted to the differentiation protocol presented increased levels of these proteins, a morphological change consistent with the expected neuronal maturation. Subsequently, the challenge of culture with A?O indicated dose-dependent cell death and reversion of this death according to the administered dose of 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies. We obtained a 400-fold higher signal in the recognition of A?O by NUsc1 than for lysozyme oligomers, when present at the same concentration, indicating strong specificity of A?O by NUsc1. In addition, NUsc1 purified on HPLC gel-filtration system does not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentration equivalent to 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies in neuroprotection assays in differentiated SH-SY5Y culture, suggesting that, if NUsc1 is as efficient as these IgG\'s, it may be used in a non-cytotoxic dose. Therefore, we can conclude that NUsc1 presents great potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for AD, but that further experiments to expand its validation and potential are still necessary.

A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a principal causa de demência na população idosa e tende a se tornar um grave problema de saúde pública com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial. A perda progressiva de memória, principal sintoma da demência em pacientes com DA, é atribuída a danos sinápticos e à perda neuronal desencadeadas pelo desequilíbrio entre a produção e a depuração do peptídeo A?. Evidências surgidas nos últimos 20 anos apontam os oligômeros solúveis de A? (A?O), produtos de agregação do peptídeo A?, como as principais espécies neurotóxicas na DA. Por conta disso, e também pela ausência de métodos diagnósticos pre-mortem e tratamento eficientes para essa demência, a busca por anticorpos conformacionais específicos para A?O está em ascensão. Testes clínicos com IgG anti-A? resultaram em efeitos colaterais inflamatórios mediados pela porção não variável Fc. Então, anticorpos conformacionais artificiais do tipo scFv, desprovidos de porção Fc, foram selecionados contra A?O. Dentre eles, está NUsc1, que é neuroprotetor contra A?O em cultura primária de neurônios. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a toxicidade de A?Os na linhagem de neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y diferenciada em neurônios maduros e comparamos a neuroproteção conferida por diferentes anticorpos contra A?Os, por ensaio de viabilidade celular com MTT. Também avaliamos a especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O comparativamente a lisozima monomérica e oligomérica em ensaio de ELISA, já que outros anticorpos conformacionais reconhecem epítopo compartilhado por estados oligoméricos de outras proteínas amiloidogênicas. Para a validação de células SH-SY5Y como modelo in vitro de neurônios maduros, a diferenciação foi induzida com ácido retinoico e BDNF e as células foram marcadas para as proteínas MAP2 e NeuN em ensaio de imunofluorescência. Células submetidas ao protocolo de diferenciação apresentaram aumento dos níveis dessas proteínas, mudança morfológica condizente com o esperado na maturação neuronal. Posteriormente, o desafio da cultura com A?O indicou morte celular dose-dependente e reversão desta morte segundo a dose administrada dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4. Obtivemos um sinal cerca de 400 vezes maior no reconhecimento de A?O por NUsc1 que para oligômeros de lisozima, quando presentes na mesma concentração, indicando forte especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O. Além disso, NUsc1 purificado em sistema de gelfiltração em HPLC não apresenta citotoxicidade em concentração equivalente a dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4 em ensaios de neuroproteção em cultura de SH-SY5Y diferenciada, sugerindo que, se NUsc1 for tão eficiente quanto estas IgG\'s, este poderá ser usado em dose não citotóxica. Portanto, podemos concluir que NUsc1 apresenta grande potencial como ferramenta diagnóstica e terapêutica para a DA, mas que mais experimentos para expandir sua validação e potencial ainda são necessários. / Alzheimer\'s Disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly population and tends to become a serious public health problem with increasing life expectancy of the world\'s population. Progressive memory loss, the main symptom of dementia in patients with AD, is attributed to synaptic damage and neuronal loss triggered by imbalance between production and clearance of the A? peptide. Evidence from the last 20 years indicates that soluble A? oligomers (A?O), A? peptide aggregation products, as the main neurotoxic species in AD. Because of this, and also because of the absence of efficient pre-mortem diagnostic and treatment methods for this dementia, the search for conformational antibodies specific for A?O is on the rise. Clinical tests with anti-A? IgG\'s resulted in inflammatory side effects mediated by the non-variable Fc portion. Then, artificial conformational antibodies of the scFv type, lacking the Fc portion, were selected against A?O. Among them is NUsc1, which is neuroprotective against A?O in primary neuronal culture. In this work, we evaluated the toxicity of A?Os in the differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma line in mature neurons and compared the neuroprotection conferred by different antibodies against A?O types by MTT cell viability assay. We also evaluated the specificity of NUsc1 for A?O compared to monomeric and oligomeric lysozyme in the ELISA assay, since other conformational antibodies recognize epitope shared by oligomeric states of other amyloidogenic proteins. For the validation of SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model of mature neurons, differentiation was induced with retinoic acid and BDNF and the cells were labeled for MAP2 and NeuN proteins in immunofluorescence assay. Cells submitted to the differentiation protocol presented increased levels of these proteins, a morphological change consistent with the expected neuronal maturation. Subsequently, the challenge of culture with A?O indicated dose-dependent cell death and reversion of this death according to the administered dose of 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies. We obtained a 400-fold higher signal in the recognition of A?O by NUsc1 than for lysozyme oligomers, when present at the same concentration, indicating strong specificity of A?O by NUsc1. In addition, NUsc1 purified on HPLC gel-filtration system does not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentration equivalent to 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies in neuroprotection assays in differentiated SH-SY5Y culture, suggesting that, if NUsc1 is as efficient as these IgG\'s, it may be used in a non-cytotoxic dose. Therefore, we can conclude that NUsc1 presents great potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for AD, but that further experiments to expand its validation and potential are still necessary.