Cílem této diplomové práce je najít optimální profil mezery mazání pro turbodmychadlo. Cílem je minimalizovat tření, udržovat nosnost a nezvyšovat průtok maziva. Tato multiobjektivní optimalizace se provádí pomocí genetického algoritmu (GA) v MATLABu. Minimalizace třecí síly snižuje ztráty třecího výkonu turbodmychadla. Řešení Reynoldsovy rovnice je počítáno numericky pomocí MATLABu. Je zjištěna minimální tloušťka mazací mezery pro počáteční problém. Funkce spline se používá ke generování obecného profilu mazací mezery. Tento profil je poté optimalizován pomocí GA v MATLABu.

The present study addresses an optimization strategy for maximizing the structural ductility of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) with long textile fibers. Due to material brittleness of both concrete and fiber in addition to complex interfacial behavior between above constituents the structural response of FRC is highly nonlinear. Consideration of this material nonlinearity including interface is mandatory to deal with this kind of composite. In the present contribution three kinds of optimization strategies based on a damage formulation are described. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by a series of numerical examples; it is verified that the ductility can be substantially improved.

Au cours des processus de conception,l’optimisation de formes apporte aux industriels dessolutions pour l’amélioration des performances desproduits. En particulier, les structures minces quiconstituent environ 70% d’un véhicule, sont une préoccupationdans l’industrie automobile. La plupartdes méthodes d’optimisation pour ces structures surfaciquesprésentent certaines limites et nécessitent desexpertises à chaque niveau de la procédure d’optimisation.L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvellestratégie d’optimisation de formes pour les coquesminces. L’approche présentée consiste à exploiter leséquations de coques du modèle de Koiter en se basantsur une analyse isogéométrique. Cette méthode permetde réaliser des simulations sur la géométrie exacteen définissant la forme à l’aide de patchs CAO. Lesvariables d’optimisation choisies sont alors les pointsde contrôle permettant de piloter leur forme. La définitiondes patchs permet également de dégager ungradient de forme pour l’optimisation à l’aide d’uneméthode adjointe.Cette méthode a été appliquée pour des critères mécaniquesissus des bureaux d’études Renault. Des résultatsd’optimisation pour un critère de compliance sontprésentés. La définition et l’implémentation de critèresvibro-acoustiques sont discutés à la fin de cette thèse.Les résultats obtenus témoignent de l’intérêt de la méthode.Toutefois, de nombreux développements serontnécessaires avant d’être en mesure de l’appliquer dansl’industrie. / During the design process, optimizationof shapes offers manufacturers solutions for improvingproducts performances. In particular, thin shellstructures that represent about 70 % of a vehicle, area concern in the automotive industry. Most optimizationmethods for surface structures have limitationsand require expertise at every level of the optimizationprocedure.The aim of this thesis is to propose a new strategyfor the shape optimization of thin shell structures.The approach presented rely on using the Koiter’sshell model based on an isogeometric analysis. Thismethod allows for simulations on the exact geometryby defining the shape using CAD patches. Selectedoptimization variables are the control points used tocontrol the shape of the CAD patches. Variations ofthese points allows to scan a wide design space withfew parameters. The definition of patchs also enablesto find a gradient with respect to the shape for theoptimization by using the adjoint state method.This method was applied to mechanical criteria fromthe Renault design offices. Optimization results for acompliance criterion are presented. The definition andimplementation of vibro-acoustic criteria are discussedat the end of this thesis. The results demonstratethe interest of the method. However, many developmentswill be needed before being able to apply it inthe industry.

[pt] Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para a otimização de forma de estruturas geometricamente não-lineares. O objetivo desta metodologia é evitar os problemas de instabilidade apresentados por estruturas otimizadas de acordo com a formulação clássica. Ela foi implementada para problemas bidimensionais e os resultados obtidos na otimização de diferentes estruturas demonstraram o seu sucesso. Utilizando-se conceitos de modelagem geométrica, a forma da estrutura é defini-da através das curvas de seu contorno. Assim, a representação paramétrica de curvas e a definição destas em função de um conjunto de pontos de interpolação (pontos-chave) são discutidas detalhadamente. A ênfase é dada à interpolação através de B-splines,devido a sua grande flexibilidade. O problema de otimização é definido com base no modelo geométrico e as variáveis de projeto são as coordenadas dos pontos-chave. A simetria da estrutura é garantida através da ligação de variáveis. A estrutura é analisada através de elementos isoparametricos planos. Assim, antes de realizar a análise, é necessário discretizar a estrutura em um conjunto de elementos finitos. Para realizar esta tarefa foram implementados diferentes algoritmos de geração de malhas, tanto estruturadas quanto não-estruturadas. O método de Newton-Raphson é utilizado pa- ra determinar a configuração de equilíbrio e diferentes métodos podem ser aplicados para determinar os pontos críticos. Devido aos problemas de convergência apresentados pelos métodos diretos para a determinação dos pontos crticos, um método semi-direto foi desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os resultados obtidos na análise de diferentes exemplos mostraram a adequação dos elementos finitos e dos métodos numéricos implementados. Os algoritmos de programação matemática utilizados neste trabalho precisam dos gradientes da função objetivo e das restrições, que são calculadas com base nos gradientes das respostas da estrutura. Partindo-se de equações gerais válidas para quaisquer elementos,foram desenvolvidas expressões analíticas que permitem o cálculo exato das sensibilidades de elementos finitos isoparamétricos formulados através do procedimento Lagrangiano Total. O desenvolvimento e a implementação de expressões semelhantes para elementos mais complexos é uma tarefa bastante árdua. Por outro lado, o método das diferenças fi- nitas é simples e genérico, mas muito caro computacionalmente. O método semi-analítico mantémm as vantagens da utilização de diferenças finitas e possui um custo computacional baixo, porém pode apresentar sérios problemas de preciso. Devido a estes motivos, foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um procedimento para melhorar a qualidade das sensibilidades semi-analíticas de estruturas geometricamente não-lineares. O procedimento é baseado na diferenciação exata dos movimentos de corpo rígido do elemento utilizado. Os resultados numéricos obtidos demonstraram a sua eficácia. / [en] This work presents a methodology for shape optimization of geometrically nonlinear structures. The main purpose is to avoid the stability problems generated by optimization based on linear behavior. The methodology was implemented for two-dimensional problems, and several structures were successfully optimized. Using geometrical modeling concepts, the shape of the structure is defined by its boundary curves. Therefore, parametric representation and curve definition by a set of key points are discussed in detail. Due to its flexibility in shape definition, particular attention is given to interpolation using B- splines. The optimization problem is defined based on the geometrical model and the design variables are the positions of key points. Design variable linking can be applied to enforce symmetry.The structure it is analyzed using plane isoparametric elements. Thus, is necessary to perform the discretization of the structure in a set of finite elements. Different algorithms were implemented to generate structured or unstructured finite element meshes. The standard Newton-Raphson method is applied to find the equilibrium configuration, and different methods can be used to evaluate critical points. Due to the convergence problems presented by direct methods, a new semi-direct method was developed. The numerical results show the suitability of the finite elements and numerical methods implemented in the present work.The mathematical programming algorithms used in this work require the evaluation of design sensitivities in order to compute the search direction of the optimization process.Using basic sensitivity equations, which are independent from the particular element, analytical expressions were developed for the sensitivity computation of isoparametric elements formulated according to the Total Lagrangian approach. Applying the analytical method for more complex elements is very cumbersome and error prone. On the other hand, the finite difference method is simple and generic, but its computational cost is prohibitive. The semi-analytical method preserves the advantages of the use of finite differences and has a low computational cost, but presents severe accuracy problems. Hence, a method based on the exact differentiation of the rigid body motions was developed in this work to improve the accuracy of the semi- analytical sensitivities of geometrically nonlinear structures. The numerical examples show that this method eliminates the abnormal errors presented by the semi- analytical sensitivities. / [es] Este trabajo propone una metodología para la optimización de forma de extructuras geométricamente no lineares. EL objetivo de esta metodología es evitar los problemas de inestabilidad que presentan las extructuras optimizadas de acuerdo con la formulación clásica. Ella fue implementada para problemas bidimensionales y los resultados obtenidos en la optimización de diferentes extructuras demuestran su éxito. Utilizando conceptos de modelaje geométrica, la forma de la extructura se define a través de las curvas de contorno. Así, la representación paramétrica de curvas y su definición en función de un conjunto de puntos de interpolación (puntos clave) son discutidas detalladamente. Se le da especial a la interpolación a través de B splines,debido a su gran flexibilidad. El problema de optimización se define con base en el modelo geométrico y las variables de proyecto son las coordenadas de los puntos clave. La simetría de la extructura se garante a través de la llamada de variables. La extructura se analiza a través de elementos isoparamétricos planos. Antes de realizar el análisis, es necesario discretizar la extructura en un conjunto de elementos finitos. Para realizar esta tarea fueron implementados diferentes algoritmos de generación de mallas, tanto extructuradas como no extructuradas. EL método de Newton Raphson es utilizado para determinar la configuración de equilibrio y pueden ser aplicados diferentes métodos para determinar los puntos críticos. Debido a los problemas de convergencia presentados por los métodos directos para la determinación de los puntos crticos, se desarrolló un método semidirecto. Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de diferentes ejemplos muestran la adque los elementos finitos los métodos numéricos implementados son adequados Los algoritmos de programación matemática utilizados en este trabajo necesitan los gradientes de la función objetivo y de las restricciones, que son calculadas con base en los gradientes de las respuestas de la extructura. Partiendo de las ecuaciones generales válidas para cualesquiera elementos, fueron desarrolladas expresiones analíticas que permiten el cálculo exacto de las sensibilidades de elementos finitos isoparamétricos formulados a través del procedimiento Lagrangiano Total. EL desarrollo y la implementación de expresiones semejantes para elementos más complexos es una tarea bastante árdua. Por otro lado, el método de las diferencias finitas es simple y genérico, pero muy caro computacionalmente. EL método semianalítico mantiene las ventajas de la utilización de diferencias finitas y posee un costo computacional bajo, pero puede presentar serios problemas de precisión. Es por ello que se desarrolló en este trabajo un procedimiento para mejorar la calidad de las sensibilidades semianalíticas de extructuras geométricamente no lineares. EL procedimiento tiene como base la diferenciación exacta de los movimentos de cuerpo rígido del elemento utilizado. Los resultados numéricos obtenidos demuestran su eficacia.

Objectives: The main objective of the current dissertation is to establish a formal shape optimization procedure for a given bypass grafts end-to-side distal anastomosis (ETSDA). The motivation behind this dissertation is that most of the previous ETSDA shape optimization research activities cited in the literature relied on direct optimization approaches that do not guaranty accurate optimization results. Three different ETSDA models are considered herein: The conventional, the Miller cuff, and the hood models. Materials and Methods: The ETSDA shape optimization is driven by three computational objects: a localized collocation meshless method (LCMM) solver, an automated geometry pre-processor, and a genetic-algorithm-based optimizer. The usage of the LCMM solver is very convenient to set an autonomous optimization mechanism for the ETSDA models. The task of the automated pre-processor is to randomly distribute solution points in the ETSDA geometries. The task of the optimized is the adjust the ETSDA geometries based on mitigation of the abnormal hemodynamics parameters. Results: The results reported in this dissertation entail the stabilization and validation of the LCMM solver in addition to the shape optimization of the considered ETSDA models. The LCMM stabilization results consists validating a custom-designed upwinding scheme on different one-dimensional and two-dimensional test cases. The LCMM validation is done for incompressible steady and unsteady flow applications in the ETSDA models. The ETSDA shape optimization include single-objective optimization results in steady flow situations and bi-objective optimization results in pulsatile flow situations. Conclusions: The LCMM solver provides verifiably accurate resolution of hemodynamics and is demonstrated to be third order accurate in a comparison to a benchmark analytical solution of the Navier-Stokes. The genetic-algorithm-based shape optimization approach proved to be very effective for the conventional and Miller cuff ETSDA models. The shape optimization results for those two models definitely suggest that the graft caliber should be maximized whereas the anastomotic angle and the cuff height (in the Miller cuff model) should be chosen following a compromise between the wall shear stress spatial and temporal gradients. The shape optimization of the hood ETSDA model did not prove to be advantageous, however it could be meaningful with the inclusion of the suture line cut length as an optimization parameter.

No description available.

Advances in numerical optimization have raised the possibility that efficient and novel aircraft configurations may be ``discovered'' by an algorithm. To begin exploring this possibility, a fast and robust set of tools for aerodynamic shape optimization is developed. Parameterization and mesh-movement are integrated to accommodate large changes in the geometry. This integrated approach uses a coarse B-spline control grid to represent the geometry and move the computational mesh; consequently, the mesh-movement algorithm is two to three orders faster than a node-based linear elasticity approach, without compromising mesh quality. Aerodynamic analysis is performed using a flow solver for the Euler equations. The governing equations are discretized using summation-by-parts finite-difference operators and simultaneous approximation terms, which permit nonsmooth mesh continuity at block interfaces. The discretization results in a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are solved using an efficient parallel Newton-Krylov-Schur strategy. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is adopted. The gradient is evaluated using adjoint variables for the flow and mesh equations in a sequential approach. The flow adjoint equations are solved using a novel variant of the Krylov solver GCROT. This variant of GCROT is flexible to take advantage of non-stationary preconditioners and is shown to outperform restarted flexible GMRES. The aerodynamic optimizer is applied to several studies of induced-drag minimization. An elliptical lift distribution is recovered by varying spanwise twist, thereby validating the algorithm. Planform optimization based on the Euler equations produces a nonelliptical lift distribution, in contrast with the predictions of lifting-line theory. A study of spanwise vertical shape optimization confirms that a winglet-up configuration is more efficient than a winglet-down configuration. A split-tip geometry is used to explore nonlinear wake-wing interactions: the optimized split-tip demonstrates a significant reduction in induced drag relative to a single-tip wing. Finally, the optimal spanwise loading for a box-wing configuration is investigated.

For the purpose of numerically simulating continuum mechanical structures, different types of material may be represented by the extreme values {<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />,1}, where 0&lt;<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /><img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cll" />1, of a varying coefficient <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> in the governing equations. The paramter <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> is not allowed to vanish in order for the equations to be solvable, which means that the exact conditions are approximated. For example, for linear elasticity problems, presence of material is represented by the value <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = 1, while <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> provides an approximation of void, meaning that material-free regions are approximated with a weak material. For acoustics applications, the value <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = 1 corresponds to air and <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> to an approximation of sound-hard material using a dense fluid. Here we analyze the convergence properties of such material approximations as <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />!0, and we employ this type of approximations to perform design optimization. In Paper I, we carry out boundary shape optimization of an acoustic horn. We suggest a shape parameterization based on a local, discrete curvature combined with a fixed mesh that does not conform to the generated shapes. The values of the coefficient <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" />, which enters in the governing equation, are obtained by projecting the generated shapes onto the underlying computational mesh. The optimized horns are smooth and exhibit good transmission properties. Due to the choice of parameterization, the smoothness of the designs is achieved without imposing severe restrictions on the design variables. In Paper II, we analyze the convergence properties of a linear elasticity problem in which void is approximated by a weak material. We show that the error introduced by the weak material approximation, after a finite element discretization, is bounded by terms that scale as <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> and <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />1/2hs, where h is the mesh size and s depends on the order of the finite element basis functions. In addition, we show that the condition number of the system matrix scales inversely proportional to <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />, and we also construct a left preconditioner that yields a system matrix with a condition number independent of <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />. In Paper III, we observe that the standard sound-hard material approximation with <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> gives rise to ill-conditioned system matrices at certain wavenumbers due to resonances within the approximated sound-hard material. To cure this defect, we propose a stabilization scheme that makes the condition number of the system matrix independent of the wavenumber. In addition, we demonstrate that the stabilized formulation performs well in the context of design optimization of an acoustic waveguide transmission device. In Paper IV, we analyze the convergence properties of a wave propagation problem in which sound-hard material is approximated by a dense fluid. To avoid the occurrence of internal resonances, we generalize the stabilization scheme presented in Paper III. We show that the error between the solution obtained using the stabilized soundhard material approximation and the solution to the problem with exactly modeled sound-hard material is bounded proportionally to <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />.

Ce travail est motivé par une demande croissante d'informations quantitatives sur l'évolution du littoral. Nous avons étudié deux approches pour l'analyse de la dynamique sédimentaire. Les deux techniques aboutissent à la résolution de modèles non-locaux pour le fond. L'étude mathématique a porté sur l'analyse de l'existence et l'unicité de perturbations autour des ondes progressives solutions du modèle de Fowler. Nous avons montré que les solutions constantes de l'équation de Fowler sont instables. Pour la simulation numérique de ce modèle, nous avons dans un premier temps considéré des schémas aux différences finies explicites pour lesquels nous avons obtenu des critères de stabilité numérique. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilisé une approche par splitting de sorte à pouvoir résoudre la convection, puis la diffusion et l'anti-diffusion fractionnaire de façon exacte. Ensuite, il est apparu que nous pouvions utiliser les principes de minimisation pour décrire l'évolution d'un lit érodable sous l'action de l'eau où le fond est considéré comme une structure déformable de faible rigidité s'adaptant en minimisant une certaine fonctionnelle d'énergie. Il est intéressant de constater que cette seconde approche peut être liée à la première car elle débouche aussi sur une équation de type Exner avec un terme non-local. En nous inspirant du modèle morphodynamique non-local de Fowler, nous concluons cette thèse par une application exotique au traitement de signal où nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de filtrage. / This work is motivated by a growing demand for quantitative information on the evolution of the coastline.We have studied two approaches for the analysis of sand morphodynamics.Both techniques lead to the resolution of nonlocal models for the seabottom.The mathematical study focused on the analysis of the existence and uniqueness of perturbations around the travelling-waves solutions of the Fowler model. We have shown that constant solutions of Fowler's equation are unstable.For the numerical simulation of this model, we have first considered explicit finite difference schemes for which we got numerical stability criteria. We have next used an approach by splitting method in order to solve first the convection, then the diffusion/fractional anti-diffusion exactly. We have also used minimization principles to describe the evolution of an erodible bed sheared by a fluid flow where the seabed is considered as a deformable structure with low stiffness whichadapts itself by minimizing a certain energy functional. It is interesting to note that this secondapproach can be linked to the first one because it also leads to a new Exner equation with a nonlocal term for the flux. Inspired by Fowler's morphodynamical model, we conclude this dissertation with an unexpected application to signal processing.

Visando atender requisitos cada vez mais rigorosos de projeto e exigência dos consumidores, é necessário extrair o máximo desempenho de uma dada estrutura de produto, buscando sempre propriedades superiores as atuais. Para obter-se tais propriedades dinâmicas superiores (resistência, rigidez, peso) existem vários métodos de otimização estrutural, entre os quais a otimização de parâmetros, utilizada em ajustes finos de projeto; a otimização topológica, mais complexa e condicionada pelos processos de fabricação disponíveis e a otimização de forma utilizada em chapas estruturais. Dentre os métodos recentes de otimização de forma merece destaque o método de Padrões de Bossas por Formas Modais desenvolvido por Fredö e Hedlung (2004), que permite grandes ganhos de rigidez estrutural com pequenas deformações no formato das chapas. Entretanto, tal método tem sua aplicabilidade restrita, pois depende de fatores de ponderação cujo critério de escolha não foi explorado pelos autores. O presente trabalho analisa teoricamente o método desenvolvido por Fredö e Hedlung (2004), utilizando para tal uma chapa metálica em condições controladas para determinar um critério coerente de definição dos parâmetros de ponderação do método via otimização computacional suportado por uma análise modal via método dos elementos finitos. Com os resultados dessa análise pode-se criar um programa para implementação do método de Padrões de Bossas por Formas Modais em aplicações industriais, com ganhos significativos nas características estruturais de produtos sem impactos no custo final. / To meet increasingly higher design requirements and consumer demands for design, it is necessary to extract the maximum performance of a given product structure, always seeking superior properties versus current design. To obtain such superior dynamic properties (strength, stiffness, weight) there are several methods of structural optimization, including the parameters optimization used to fine-tune design; the topology optimization, more complex and conditioned by manufacturing processes and the shape optimization as used in structural plates. Among the newer methods for shape optimization, it is worth mentioning the Panel embossing pattern optimization method developed by Frëdo and Hedlung (2004), which allows large structural rigidity gains with small deformations in the plate shape. However, this method has a limited applicability because it depends on weighting factors whose selection criterion was unexplored by the authors. This work theoretically analyzes the method developed by Frëdo and Hedlung (2004), using for such a metal sheet under controlled conditions to determine a coherent criterion for the weighting parameters definition process using computational optimization supported by a modal analysis via finite element method. With the results of this analysis, it was possible to create a program to implement the method embossing pattern optimization method in industrial applications, with significant gains in structural characteristics of products without affecting the final cost.