This dissertation adopts a ‘social criticism’ model in order to analyze racism in our contemporary world – particularly the United States. This analysis offers a detailed account of racism as rooted in social structural processes, and prioritizes oppression and domination as the chief wrongs resulting from racism. To do so, said analysis highlights norms, ideals, policies, and actions, that are often assumed to be ‘race neutral’ (e.g., impartiality, merit, ‘natural rights’, and autonomy), and the role they play in the production of racial injustice. More specifically, it exposes how these norms function to undermine human agency by restricting means for self-development and self-determination. As such, the role that inclusive and democratic deliberation can play in combating racial oppression and domination is developed. In light of this analysis, a defense of a ‘concrete morality’ which prioritizes the fight against oppression and domination, is made against an ‘abstract morality’ that adheres to ‘ideally just’ principles regardless of the injustice that results from doing so. Moreover, this project develops a ‘shared responsibility model’ for racial injustice, articulating varying degrees and kinds of responsibility we have for correcting it. It concludes by offering ‘democratic equality of difference’ as a normative ideal for cultivating racial justice. Generally, said ideal aims to: create basic conditions for the self-development and collective self-determination of all; cultivate a universally inclusive and ongoing process of democratic deliberation for solving collective problems; and attend to difference when deliberating about matters of justice. / Philosophy

Syftet med denna studie är att belysa pedagogers samarbete i affektsituationer samt hur de ser på detta samarbete, affektsituationer och sin uppgift i dessa och vad som krävs för att denna uppgift ska kunna genomföras. Studien är en kvalitativ sådan och för att besvara dess frågeställningar har fyra pedagoger intervjuats. Intervjuerna har genomförts på två skolor i en kommun i Stockholm varpå de sedan transkriberats och analyserats systematiskt. Resultaten visar att pedagogernas samarbete kring affektsituationer strävar mot en lösning för barnets bästa. Barns behov och barns perspektiv är i pedagogernas samarbete en viktig del för att finna en lösning på affektsituationer. För att nå detta mål delas ansvaret på ett sådant vis att pedagoger som inte är direkt involverade i situationen bidrar i andra aspekter av arbetet som att ta hand om övriga barn. Detta för att skapa förutsättningar för eleven i affekt samt för kollegor för att situationen ska lösas på ett bra vis. / The purpose of this study is to highlight pedagogues cooperation regarding affective situations and how they view this cooperation, affective situations as such, their task in them and what is required for this task to be carried out. The study is a qualitative study and to answer its questions four pedagogeus have been interviewed. The interviews were conducted at two schools in a municipality in Stockholm, after which they were transcribed and analyzed systematically. The results show that pedagogues cooperation regarding affective situations strives towards a solution that is best for the child. Children's needs and child perspective are in the pedagogues cooperation an important part of finding a solution to affective situations. To reach this goal the responsibility is divided in such a way that pedagogues who are not directly involved in the situation contributes to other aspects, such as taking care of other children. This is to create desired conditions for children in an affective state, and for colleagues, so that the situation may be resolved in a good way.

A new approach to allocate environmental responsibility, the "value added-based responsibility" allocation, is presented in this article. This metric allocates total environmental pressures occurring along an international supply chain to the participating sectors and countries according to the share of value added they generate within that specific supply chain. We show that - due to their position in global value chains - certain sectors (e.g. services) and countries (e.g. Germany) receive significantly greater responsibility compared to other allocation approaches. This adds a new perspective to the discussions concerning a fair distribution of mitigation costs among nations, companies and consumers.

This study analyzes the impact of the establishment of shared responsibility for post-consumer waste, as an instrument in the fight against environmental degradation, in the Brazilian legal system. it has as its premise that the increment of sustainability levels is essential, especially in the context of postmodernism, which is marked by mass consumption, extensive use of natural resources and the spreading of risks. Notably, consumer societies contribute enormously to the spread of this type of pollution, because they produce a profusion of consumer goods and, on the other hand, do not administer the post-consumer waste with the same efficiency. therefore, the proper management of product chain and life cycle waste is one of the greatest challenges to environmental preservation, especially in the case of the transportation of contaminants via natural forces, resulting in the so called transboundary pollution. the study found that only integrated actions among countries can lead to the preservation of an ecologically balanced environment to present and future generations. indeed, international cooperation is crucial to battle transboundary pollution, as well as to promote the establishment of legal systems which are compatible with the idea of sustainability. Furthermore, the study made it possible to conclude that shared responsibility, comprising introducing consumer’s active participation in reverse logistics, is fundamental to the achievement of the desired levels of sustainability. the present study was based on the deductive scientific method and predominantly relied on bibliographical resources. / Este estudio analiza el impacto de la institución de la responsabilidad compartida de los residuos posconsumo en la legislación brasileña, como un instrumento de combate contra la degradación ambiental. Parte de la premisa de que la elevación de los estándares de sustentabilidad en las sociedades es de suma importancia, especialmente en el contexto de la posmodenidad, que es marcada por el consumo masivo, la amplia utilización de recursos naturales y la propagación de los riesgos. en particular, las sociedades de consumo contribuyen enormemente con la propagación de este tipo de contaminación, pues producen bienes de consumo en abundancia, y, por otra parte, no administran los residuos del posconsumo con la misma eficiencia. Por lo tanto, la adecuada gestión de los residuos provenidos de la cadena productiva y del ciclo de vida de los productos es uno de los grandes desafíos para la preservación ambiental, especialmente en relación al transporte de agentes contaminantes por medio de fenómenos naturales, dando lugar a la llamada contaminación transfronteriza. el estudio constató que solamente acciones integradas entre los países puede conducir al mantenimiento del medio ambiente ecológicamente equilibrado para las presentes y futuras generaciones. en efecto, la cooperación internacional, además de promover el establecimiento de sistemas jurídicos compatibles con el estándar de sustentabilidad, es apremiante para combatir la contaminación transfronteriza. Asimismo, se concluyó que el compartimiento de responsabilidades, incluso imponiéndose la participación activa del consumidor en la realización de la logística inversa, es fundamental para el logro de los niveles deseados de sustentabilidad. El presente estudio se basa en el método científico deductivo y se realizó eminentemente la investigación bibliográfica.

Orientadores: Carmenlucia Santos Giordano Penteado, Cassiana Maria Reganhan Coneglian / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:15:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teodoro_IzabelaFreire_M.pdf: 5510567 bytes, checksum: 19941a37c1df07cbe5d4a51961f72209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os produtos farmacêuticos têm sido amplamente utilizados na medicina humana, veterinária, como cosméticos e produtos de higiene pessoal, sendo caracterizados como substâncias emergentes e de caráter poluidor. O aporte dessas substâncias nos corpos hídricos suscita riscos para o meio ambiente e saúde pública. Atualmente existe a preocupação principalmente no que se diz respeito ao descarte de medicamentos de uso domiciliar, pois não existem regulamentos específicos para tal no Brasil. O equacionamento do problema envolve a proposição de medidas conjuntas, com a participação dos consumidores, fabricantes, distribuidores de medicamentos, e o poder público. Esta pesquisa visou levantar dados e informações junto às farmácias e drogarias, unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e população, bem como propor diretrizes para a implantação de programas de gestão e gerenciamento de resíduos de medicamentos de uso domiciliar no município de Limeira - SP. Nas entrevistas realizadas junto às 92 farmácias e drogarias de Limeira, conveniadas a AFAL - Associação de Farmácias de Limeira, e nas 14 Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município, identificou-se que os programas de coleta de medicamentos de uso domiciliar existentes não são eficazes e possuem abrangência limitada. As entrevistas realizadas junto à população do município identificaram os hábitos relacionados ao consumo, armazenamento e descarte de medicamentos, assim como a conscientização e sensibilização da população a cerca dos impactos do descarte inadequado destes resíduos. Em relação à forma de descarte dos medicamentos de uso domiciliar observou-se que dos 437 indivíduos entrevistados 1,5% retornam seus medicamentos vencidos nas farmácias; 12% retornam a alguma UBS; 6% armazenam, uma vez que não sabem como descartar; 68% descartam no lixo; 10% descartam no vaso sanitário ou na pia; e 2,5% queimam. Observou-se ainda que cerca de 40% dos indivíduos entrevistados não tem consciência dos impactos decorrentes do descarte inadequado e mais de 70% nunca receberam orientações sobre o descarte adequado. Os resultados indicam a necessidade da implantação de diretrizes consolidadas para elaboração de um plano de gestão e gerenciamento no município, embasados na logística reversa e responsabilidade compartilhada dos atores envolvidos na gestão dos resíduos de medicamentos de uso domiciliar. Com base nos dados levantados nesta pesquisa, foram formuladas diretrizes para a gestão e o gerenciamento destes resíduos e proposto um modelo de logística reversa para os mesmos, no âmbito municipal / Abstract: The pharmaceutical products have been widely used in human medicine, veterinary medicine, such as cosmetics and personal care products, being characterized as emerging substances and character polluter. The intake of these substances in water bodies raises risks for the environment and public health. Currently there is a concern especially in respect to the discarding of medicinal products for home, as there are no specific regulations for such in Brazil. The solving the problem involves the proposition of joint measures, with the participation of consumers, manufacturers, distributors of medicines, and the public power. This research took as case study of the municipality of Limeira, SP aiming at getting data and information from pharmacies and drugstores, basic health units and population, and propose guidelines for the implementation of programs of management and waste management of medicines household in the city. In the interviews with the 92 pharmacies and drugstores of Limeira, those affiliated the AFAL - Association of Pharmacies of Limeira, and in the 14 Basic Health Units of the municipality, it is identified that the collection programs of medicines to use existing home are not effective and have limited scope. The interviews conducted with the population of the municipality identified the habits related to consumption, storage and disposal of drugs, as well as the understanding and awareness of the population to some of the impacts of improper disposal of residues of medicinal products. In relation to the form of discarding of medicinal products for use at home it was observed that the 437 individuals interviewed 1.5 % return their medicines accrued in pharmacies; 12% are returning to some health unit; 6% store, since it does not know how discard; 68% are discarding in the trash; 10% are discarding the toilet or in the sink; and 2.5 % burn the medicines. It was observed that about 40% of the individuals interviewed are not aware of the impacts arising from the discard inappropriate and more than 70% never received guidelines about proper disposal. The results indicate the need for the deployment of consolidated guidelines for preparation of a management plan and management in the municipality, based in reverse logistics and shared responsibility of the actors involved in the management of waste medicines for use at home. Based on data gathered in this survey, were formulated guidelines for the management and management of the waste of medicines for use at home and was proposed a model of reverse logistics for the same, at the municipal level / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

This study is a study of literature which focused on the research question How can cooperative learning reduced perceived mathematics anxiety. This was conducted via a literature search in a variety of databases, such as ERC, ERIC, and finally libsearch. The searchwords that were used were connected to the reasearch question, for instance cooperative learning in mathematics and anxiety. The studies that were chosen based on relevance were then analyzed and summarized. Based on the summarization subcategories such as shared responsibility, complement each other, helping, not competing, active learning, and setbacks were established based on recurring concepts. The results were then presented based on these subcategories’ effect on perceived mathematics anxiety. The conclusion that was made was that cooperative learning can reduce mathematics anxiety by giving students an improved sense of responsibility, cooperation, and support by their peers as well as creating a less competitive environment with more focus on active learning

No description available.

Introdução- A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS -Lei 12.305/2010 e Decreto Federal 7.404/2010) traz na responsabilidade compartilhada seu principal instrumento para mitigar os impactos do lixo na saúde humana e qualidade ambiental. Visando alcançar a meta da disposição e destinação final ambientalmente adequadas de resíduos sólidos e rej eitos, a PNRS elegeu a coleta seletiva sua ferramenta essencial, determinando que a União Federal disponibilize recursos para sua implantação. Nesse contexto a Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, mesmo alijando parcela significativa de sua população do direito de acesso à coleta seletiva, divulgou no curso do ano de 2016, a universalização do sistema de coleta seletiva em seus 96 distritos e publicou em Diário Oficial o cumprimento das metas da PNRS e do seu \'\'Programa de Metas 2013/2016\" com a expansão da coleta seletiva por todo o município, mediante utilização de verbas federais. Objetivo-O estudo de caso analisa a eficácia social da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos no sistema de coleta seletiva implantado no Município de São Paulo, entre 2013/2016, e sua compatibilidade com a ordem jurídica brasileira vigente. A análise é feita sob a ótica da justiça ambiental na distribuição de bens globais como a saúde humana e qualidade ambiental. Método - Construída a argumentação teórica, fundada na problemática apresentada, os dados da fase empírica foram obtidos por ordem judicial e por perguntas diretas enviadas a órgãos públicos através da Lei de Acesso à Informação. Na fase da análise critica os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao escrutínio da argumentação teórica e legislação vigente, resultando em conclusões e recomendações. Resultados- O estudo mostrou que no período entre 2013/2016, a Prefeitura de São Paulo, utilizando verbas federais, considerou implantada em 100% a coleta seletiva em 52 distritos, do total de 96. Dos 44 distritos que tinham implantação parcial do sistema (variando entre 99% a 1%), 41 se localizavam em áreas que abrigavam segmentos populacionais apontados pelo Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social (IPVS-20 1 O) como mais pobres e vulneráveis. Esses 41 distritos também são apontados no Mapa da Desigualdade (20 16) como os piores, considerando indicadores de áreas como emprego, renda e moradia. Comparando dados de implantação da coleta seletiva entre junho 2016 e maio de 2018, verificou-se uma redução da implantação em dez das 31 Subprefeituras que contavam com 100%, e ampliação em apenas sete. O índice de coleta seletiva em 2016 foi de 2,11 %, tendo 97,89% do total coletado destinado a aterro sanitário. No ano de 2017, comparado a 2016, o índice de coleta seletiva variou para menos sendo 2,09%. Conclusões - Analisando o sistema de coleta seletiva do Município de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2013/2016, verificou-se que o sistema não está universalizado no município, mas sim expandido; que a mera expansão da coleta seletiva descumpre a meta da disposição ambientalmente adequada prevista na PNRS; que cercear o acesso a programas de prevenção contra riscos ambientais, como a coleta seletiva, desafia a ordem jurídica vigente, expondo riscos à saúde humana, à qualidade ambiental e viola preceitos de justiça ambiental. / Introduction - The National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS - Law 12.305/2010 and Federal Decree 7.404/201 O) brings the shared responsibility the main instrument to mitigate waste impacts on human health and environmental quality To aim to reach the goal of disposition and environmentally adequate disposal of solid wastes, the PNRS chose selective collection as its essential tool, determining that the Federal Union provides resources for its implementation. In this context, the City Hall of the Municipality of São Paulo, even removing a significant portion of its population from the right of access to selective collection, announced in the course o f 2016 the universalization of the selective collection system in its 96 districts and published the fulfillment of its \" Program of Goals 2013/2016 \"with the expansion of selective collection throughout the municipality, through the use of federal funds. Objective - The case study analyzes the social effectiveness of the National Solid Waste Policy in the selective collection system implemented in the city of São Paulo, between 2013/2016, and its compatibility with the current Brazilian legal system, from the point of view of environmental justice in the distribution of global goods such as human health and environmental quality. Method - Built the theoretical argument, based on the presented problem, the data of the empirical phase were obtained by legal action and direct questions sent to public agencies through the Access to Information Act. The criticai analysis, when submitting the data to the scrutiny of the theoretical argument and current legislation, produced results, conclusions and recommendations Results - The study showed that in the period between 2013/2016, the City of São Paulo, using federal funds, considered 100% of the selective collection in 52 districts, out of a total of 96. Of the 44 districts that had partia! implantation of the system (ranging from 99% to 1% ), 41 were located in areas that were inhabited by the Paulista Social Vulnerability Index (IPVS-2010) as the poorest and most vulnerable. These 41 districts are also mentioned in the Map oflnequality (2016) as the worst, considering indicators of areas such as employment, income and housing. Comparing data from the implementation ofthe selective collection between June 2016 and May 2018, there was a reduction o f the implantation in ten of the 31 Subprefeituras that counted on 100%, and expansion in only seven. The selective collection index in 2016 was 2.11%, with 97.89% of the total collected for landfill. In 2017, compared to 2016, the selective collection index changed to less being 2.09%. Conclusions - Analyzing the selective collection system of the Municipality of São Paulo, between 2013/2016, it was verified that the system is not universalized in the municipality, but expanded; that the mere expansion of selective collection does not meet the goal of the environmentally adequate provision in PNRS; that curtail access to environmental risk prevention programs, such as selective collection, challenges the current legal order, exposing risks to human health, environmental quality and violates the precepts o f environmental justice.

Introdução- A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS -Lei 12.305/2010 e Decreto Federal 7.404/2010) traz na responsabilidade compartilhada seu principal instrumento para mitigar os impactos do lixo na saúde humana e qualidade ambiental. Visando alcançar a meta da disposição e destinação final ambientalmente adequadas de resíduos sólidos e rej eitos, a PNRS elegeu a coleta seletiva sua ferramenta essencial, determinando que a União Federal disponibilize recursos para sua implantação. Nesse contexto a Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, mesmo alijando parcela significativa de sua população do direito de acesso à coleta seletiva, divulgou no curso do ano de 2016, a universalização do sistema de coleta seletiva em seus 96 distritos e publicou em Diário Oficial o cumprimento das metas da PNRS e do seu \'\'Programa de Metas 2013/2016\" com a expansão da coleta seletiva por todo o município, mediante utilização de verbas federais. Objetivo-O estudo de caso analisa a eficácia social da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos no sistema de coleta seletiva implantado no Município de São Paulo, entre 2013/2016, e sua compatibilidade com a ordem jurídica brasileira vigente. A análise é feita sob a ótica da justiça ambiental na distribuição de bens globais como a saúde humana e qualidade ambiental. Método - Construída a argumentação teórica, fundada na problemática apresentada, os dados da fase empírica foram obtidos por ordem judicial e por perguntas diretas enviadas a órgãos públicos através da Lei de Acesso à Informação. Na fase da análise critica os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao escrutínio da argumentação teórica e legislação vigente, resultando em conclusões e recomendações. Resultados- O estudo mostrou que no período entre 2013/2016, a Prefeitura de São Paulo, utilizando verbas federais, considerou implantada em 100% a coleta seletiva em 52 distritos, do total de 96. Dos 44 distritos que tinham implantação parcial do sistema (variando entre 99% a 1%), 41 se localizavam em áreas que abrigavam segmentos populacionais apontados pelo Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social (IPVS-20 1 O) como mais pobres e vulneráveis. Esses 41 distritos também são apontados no Mapa da Desigualdade (20 16) como os piores, considerando indicadores de áreas como emprego, renda e moradia. Comparando dados de implantação da coleta seletiva entre junho 2016 e maio de 2018, verificou-se uma redução da implantação em dez das 31 Subprefeituras que contavam com 100%, e ampliação em apenas sete. O índice de coleta seletiva em 2016 foi de 2,11 %, tendo 97,89% do total coletado destinado a aterro sanitário. No ano de 2017, comparado a 2016, o índice de coleta seletiva variou para menos sendo 2,09%. Conclusões - Analisando o sistema de coleta seletiva do Município de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2013/2016, verificou-se que o sistema não está universalizado no município, mas sim expandido; que a mera expansão da coleta seletiva descumpre a meta da disposição ambientalmente adequada prevista na PNRS; que cercear o acesso a programas de prevenção contra riscos ambientais, como a coleta seletiva, desafia a ordem jurídica vigente, expondo riscos à saúde humana, à qualidade ambiental e viola preceitos de justiça ambiental. / Introduction - The National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS - Law 12.305/2010 and Federal Decree 7.404/201 O) brings the shared responsibility the main instrument to mitigate waste impacts on human health and environmental quality To aim to reach the goal of disposition and environmentally adequate disposal of solid wastes, the PNRS chose selective collection as its essential tool, determining that the Federal Union provides resources for its implementation. In this context, the City Hall of the Municipality of São Paulo, even removing a significant portion of its population from the right of access to selective collection, announced in the course o f 2016 the universalization of the selective collection system in its 96 districts and published the fulfillment of its \" Program of Goals 2013/2016 \"with the expansion of selective collection throughout the municipality, through the use of federal funds. Objective - The case study analyzes the social effectiveness of the National Solid Waste Policy in the selective collection system implemented in the city of São Paulo, between 2013/2016, and its compatibility with the current Brazilian legal system, from the point of view of environmental justice in the distribution of global goods such as human health and environmental quality. Method - Built the theoretical argument, based on the presented problem, the data of the empirical phase were obtained by legal action and direct questions sent to public agencies through the Access to Information Act. The criticai analysis, when submitting the data to the scrutiny of the theoretical argument and current legislation, produced results, conclusions and recommendations Results - The study showed that in the period between 2013/2016, the City of São Paulo, using federal funds, considered 100% of the selective collection in 52 districts, out of a total of 96. Of the 44 districts that had partia! implantation of the system (ranging from 99% to 1% ), 41 were located in areas that were inhabited by the Paulista Social Vulnerability Index (IPVS-2010) as the poorest and most vulnerable. These 41 districts are also mentioned in the Map oflnequality (2016) as the worst, considering indicators of areas such as employment, income and housing. Comparing data from the implementation ofthe selective collection between June 2016 and May 2018, there was a reduction o f the implantation in ten of the 31 Subprefeituras that counted on 100%, and expansion in only seven. The selective collection index in 2016 was 2.11%, with 97.89% of the total collected for landfill. In 2017, compared to 2016, the selective collection index changed to less being 2.09%. Conclusions - Analyzing the selective collection system of the Municipality of São Paulo, between 2013/2016, it was verified that the system is not universalized in the municipality, but expanded; that the mere expansion of selective collection does not meet the goal of the environmentally adequate provision in PNRS; that curtail access to environmental risk prevention programs, such as selective collection, challenges the current legal order, exposing risks to human health, environmental quality and violates the precepts o f environmental justice.

The purpose of this study is to explore Swedish leaders in staffing agencies experiences, thoughts, and insights regarding the implementation of the legislative works around SAM (Systematic Work Environmental Management AFS 2001:1). In the context of SAM, the legislation entails a complex triangular relationship between the staffing agency, their customer, and the consultant. In this relationship the consultant finds themselves with two leaders, who must establish a cooperation across organisational borders to create a sufficient working environment. With an inductive approach to this phenomenon, three themes were derived from the conducted interviews: Risk for complacency, Tear in responsibility and Experiences of Shared Leadership. The findings displayed a risk for complacency for the respondents, as the comfort of long-term contracts and well-established routines diminished the incentive to conduct recurring risk assessments. The respondent’s detachment from the daily activities of the consultants resulted in a sense of deflection of the daily responsibilities on the customer and consultants. Finally, the theoretical notion of shared leadership offered some insight in the dual managerial position that is created in the context of working environment management in the staffing industry. This relation was explored through an inter-organisational perspective.