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Magnetorheological (MR) fluids offer solutions to many engineering challenges. The success of MR fluid is apparent in many disciplines, ranging from the automotive and civil engineering communities to the biomedical engineering community. This well documented success of MR fluids continues to motivate current and future applications of MR fluid. One such application that has been considered recently is MR fluid devices for use in impact and other high velocity applications. In such applications, the fluid environment within the device may be well beyond the scope of our understanding for these fluids. To date, little has been done to explore the suitability of MR fluids in such high velocity and high shear applications. While future applications may expose the fluid to adverse flow conditions, we must also consider current and existing applications which expose the fluid to extreme flow environments. Consider, for example, an MR damper intended for automotive primary suspensions, in which shear rates may exceed 10^5 s^-1. Flow conditions within these dampers far exceed existing fluid behavior characterization. The aim of the current study is to identify the behavior of the fluid under these extreme operating conditions. Specifically, this study intends to identify the behavior of MR fluid subject to high rates of shear and high flow velocities. A high shear rheometer is built which allows for the high velocity testing of MR fluids. The rheometer is capable of fluid velocities ranging from 1 m/s to 37 m/s, with corresponding shear rates ranging from 0.14x10^5 s^-1 to 2.5x10^5 s^-1. Fluid behavior is characterized in both the off-state and the on-state. The off-state testing was conducted in order to identify the high shear viscosity of the fluid. Because the high shear behavior of MR fluid is largely governed by the behavior of the carrier fluid, the carrier fluid behavior was also identified at high shear. Experiments were conducted using the high shear rheometer and the MR fluid was shown to exhibit nearly Newtonian post-yield behavior. A slight thickening was observed for growing shear rates. This slight thickening can be attributed to the behavior of the carrier fluid, which exhibited considerable thickening at high shear. The purpose of the on-state testing was to characterize the MR effect at high flow velocities. As such, the MR fluid was run through the rheometer at various flow velocities and a number of magnetic field strengths. The term "dwell time" is introduced and defined as the amount of time the fluid spends in the presence of a magnetic field. Two active valve lengths were considered, which when coupled to the fluid velocities, generated dwell times ranging from 12 ms to 0.18 ms. The yield stress was found from the experimental measurements and the results indicate that the magnitude of the yield stress is sensitive to fluid dwell time. As fluid dwell times decrease, the yield stress developed in the fluid decreases. The results from the on-state testing clearly demonstrate a need to consider fluid dwell times in high velocity applications. Should the dwell time fall below the response time of the fluid, the yield stress developed in the fluid may only achieve a fraction of the expected value. These results imply that high velocity applications may be subject to diminished controllability for falling dwell times. Results from this study may serve to aid in the design of MR fluid devices intended for high velocity applications. Furthermore, the identified behavior may lead to further developments in MR fluid technology. In particular, the identified behavior may be used to develop or identify an MR fluid well suited for high velocity and high shear applications. / Ph. D.

Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados obtidos na caracterização reológica, utilizando ensaios rotacionais e oscilatórios, de sistemas de cristais líquidos liotrópicos nemáticos e colestéricos à base de cloreto de decilamônio (CDA). Os sistemas colestéricos foram obtidos pela adição às matrizes nemáticas de indutores quirais hidrofóbico (Colesterol) ou hidrofilico (D-(+)Manose) que conferem à estrutura liquidocristalina um arranjo helicoidal. Procuramos analisar os efeitos da concentração do indutor no comportamento reológico, bem como da sua natureza e da quantidade de solvente presentes nestes sistemas mesomórficos. Os ensaios rotacionais foram realizados utilizando-se taxas de cisalhamento constante e variadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ocorre uma mudança no comportamento reológico dependente da natureza do indutor quiral. Fases com indutor hidrofóbico têm sua viscosidade diminuída com a adição de colesterol, enquanto as fases com D-(+)-Manose têm sua viscosidade aumentada. Também foram observadas mudanças no comportamento reológico segundo a quantidade de solvente presente na mesofase. Para sistemas com colesterol e com maior quantidade de água em sua composição, a viscosidade aumenta ao longo do tempo até atingir um valor máximo, seguido de uma diminuição. Este comportamento deve indicar que nestes sistemas, as fases devem primeiro sofrer uma deformação atingindo um máximo de tensão, a partir da qual começa a ocorrer uma melhor acomodação da sua estrutura, provocando a diminuição da viscosidade. Nos sistemas com indutor hidrofóbico e com menor. quantidade de solvente, a viscosidade diminui até atingir um valor mínimo. Pode-se observar que quanto maior for a concentração de indutor, maior é o tempo necessário para se atingir este mínimo. A partir deste ponto há um aumento da viscosidade até um valor constante. Isto sugere a ocorrência de uma quebra da estrutura do sistema, seguida por sua reorientação por fluxo. Em sistemas em que o indutor é D-(+)-Manose, o comportamento reológico observado é semelhante tanto em fases com maior ou menor quantidade de solvente, ou seja, aumento da viscosidade até um valor máximo, seguido pela sua diminuição. A diferença observada é que em sistemas com maior quantidade de solvente, o máximo é atingido mais cedo. O aumento da viscosidade deve caracterizar uma deformação da estn1tura que após atingir uma tensão máxima, começa a se orientar em uma direção preferencial, causando a diminuição da viscosidade sem quebra do edifício colestérico. A determinação da entalpia livre de ativação de fluxo (ΔH≠) mostra que para os sistemas em que o colesterol foi usado como indutor, a energia diminui com o aumento da concentração de indutor, quando D-(+)-Manose é utilizado, a energia aumenta. No caso do indutor hidrofóbico, a força quiral auxiliaria na orientação por fluxo das micelas, pois ao se movimentar uma micela, as outras seriam arrastadas pelas forças elásticas, diminuindo a entalpia de ativação de fluxo. Quando o indutor utilizado é hidrofílico, a entalpia de ativação aumenta, possivelmente devido à natureza do indutor, que possui uma interação maior com o solvente, agindo como uma barreira para a movimentação e orientação das micelas por fluxo. Os ensaios oscilatórios, por sua vez, mostram que a capacidade de armazenamento e devolução de energia, determinada pelo valor do módulo de armazenamento (G\') é maior que capacidade de dissipação desta por calor ou difusão das partículas, obtida pelo módulo de perda (G\"). Ambos os módulos apresentam uma dependência em relação quantidade de indutor, natureza de indutor e quantidade de água disponível, porém não foi possível se determinar nenhuma relação direta entre esses fatores. Esse sistema liotrópico pode ser descrito pelo modelo de Burger, contanto que seja levado em consideração que a componente elástica do elemento de Maxwell possua uma dependência temporal. Esse efeito provavelmente é devido à própria inércia do sistema. / This dissertation shows the results obtained on the rheological characterization, using rotation and oscillatory essays, for nematics and cholesterics lyotropic liquid crystals based on decylammonium chloride (CDA). The cholesteric systems were obtained adding chiral inductors, hydrophobic (Cholesterol) or hydrophilic (D-(+)-Mannose) to nematic matrixes, inducing a helical arrangement on the liquid crystalline stn1cture. The effect of the inductor concentration besides of its nature and the amount of solvent in these mesomorphic systems were correlated to the rheological properties obtained. The rotation essays were done using constant and varied shear rates. The obtained results showed a change in the rheological behavior dependent of the chiral inductor nature. Phases with hydrophobic inductor presented viscosity decreased with the increase of cholesterol concentration, while the increase of D-(+)-Mannose concentration leads to the viscosity increase. Changes in the rheological behavior were also observed according to the amount of solvent present on the phase. For systems with cholesterol and larger amount of water, the viscosity increases along the time until reaching a maximum value, followed by a decrease. This behavior should indicate that in these systems, the phases should suffer some kind of deformation until reaching a maximum of tension. After that, an accommodation process of the structure causes the viscosity decrease. For the systems with hydrophobic inductor and with smaller amount of solvent, the viscosity decreases until reach a minimum value, that is reached later as larger it is the inductor concentration. After that, there is an increase of the viscosity until a constant value be obtained. It suggests the occurrence of a breakdown of the stn1cture, proceeded by its reorientation by flow. For the systems with D-(+)-Mannose, the rheological behavior observed is quite similar for phases with larger or smaller amount of solvent, i.e., increase of the viscosity to a maximum value, followed proceeded by its decrease. The difference is that in systems with larger amount of solvent, the maximum is reached earlier. The increase of the viscosity should characterize a deformation of the stn1cture that after reaching a maximum tension, it will be orientated in a preferential direction, causing the decrease of the viscosity without break of the cholesteric building. The flow activation free enthalpy (ΔH≠) determination shows a decrease of energy value for increase of inductor concentration in lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal that used cholesterol as inductor. When D-(+)-Mannose was used, the flow activation free enthalpy value increases. In the systems that hydrophobic inductor is used, the chiral forces should help in micelles flow orientation process, seemingly, after the movement of a micelle, the others would be dragged by the elastic forces, decreasing the flow activation enthalpy. When it is used a hydrophilic inductor, flow activation enthalpy increases with increases of inductor concentration, probably because the inductor nature that has a greater interaction with the solvent, acting as a barrier against the micelles flow orientation. The oscillatory essays show that the storage energy capacity, determined by the value of the storage modulus (G\') is larger than heat or diffusion dissipation capacity of the particles, obtained by the loss modulus (G\"). Both modulus (G\' and G\") decrease for the phases with smaller amount of available water and stay constant for the systems with larger amount of water. The lyotropic mesophase studied can be described by a Burger model modified by taken into account a temporary dependence to the elastic Maxwell component. This effect should be probably due to the inertia of the system.

Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados obtidos na caracterização reológica, utilizando ensaios rotacionais e oscilatórios, de sistemas de cristais líquidos liotrópicos nemáticos e colestéricos à base de cloreto de decilamônio (CDA). Os sistemas colestéricos foram obtidos pela adição às matrizes nemáticas de indutores quirais hidrofóbico (Colesterol) ou hidrofilico (D-(+)Manose) que conferem à estrutura liquidocristalina um arranjo helicoidal. Procuramos analisar os efeitos da concentração do indutor no comportamento reológico, bem como da sua natureza e da quantidade de solvente presentes nestes sistemas mesomórficos. Os ensaios rotacionais foram realizados utilizando-se taxas de cisalhamento constante e variadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ocorre uma mudança no comportamento reológico dependente da natureza do indutor quiral. Fases com indutor hidrofóbico têm sua viscosidade diminuída com a adição de colesterol, enquanto as fases com D-(+)-Manose têm sua viscosidade aumentada. Também foram observadas mudanças no comportamento reológico segundo a quantidade de solvente presente na mesofase. Para sistemas com colesterol e com maior quantidade de água em sua composição, a viscosidade aumenta ao longo do tempo até atingir um valor máximo, seguido de uma diminuição. Este comportamento deve indicar que nestes sistemas, as fases devem primeiro sofrer uma deformação atingindo um máximo de tensão, a partir da qual começa a ocorrer uma melhor acomodação da sua estrutura, provocando a diminuição da viscosidade. Nos sistemas com indutor hidrofóbico e com menor. quantidade de solvente, a viscosidade diminui até atingir um valor mínimo. Pode-se observar que quanto maior for a concentração de indutor, maior é o tempo necessário para se atingir este mínimo. A partir deste ponto há um aumento da viscosidade até um valor constante. Isto sugere a ocorrência de uma quebra da estrutura do sistema, seguida por sua reorientação por fluxo. Em sistemas em que o indutor é D-(+)-Manose, o comportamento reológico observado é semelhante tanto em fases com maior ou menor quantidade de solvente, ou seja, aumento da viscosidade até um valor máximo, seguido pela sua diminuição. A diferença observada é que em sistemas com maior quantidade de solvente, o máximo é atingido mais cedo. O aumento da viscosidade deve caracterizar uma deformação da estn1tura que após atingir uma tensão máxima, começa a se orientar em uma direção preferencial, causando a diminuição da viscosidade sem quebra do edifício colestérico. A determinação da entalpia livre de ativação de fluxo (ΔH≠) mostra que para os sistemas em que o colesterol foi usado como indutor, a energia diminui com o aumento da concentração de indutor, quando D-(+)-Manose é utilizado, a energia aumenta. No caso do indutor hidrofóbico, a força quiral auxiliaria na orientação por fluxo das micelas, pois ao se movimentar uma micela, as outras seriam arrastadas pelas forças elásticas, diminuindo a entalpia de ativação de fluxo. Quando o indutor utilizado é hidrofílico, a entalpia de ativação aumenta, possivelmente devido à natureza do indutor, que possui uma interação maior com o solvente, agindo como uma barreira para a movimentação e orientação das micelas por fluxo. Os ensaios oscilatórios, por sua vez, mostram que a capacidade de armazenamento e devolução de energia, determinada pelo valor do módulo de armazenamento (G\') é maior que capacidade de dissipação desta por calor ou difusão das partículas, obtida pelo módulo de perda (G\"). Ambos os módulos apresentam uma dependência em relação quantidade de indutor, natureza de indutor e quantidade de água disponível, porém não foi possível se determinar nenhuma relação direta entre esses fatores. Esse sistema liotrópico pode ser descrito pelo modelo de Burger, contanto que seja levado em consideração que a componente elástica do elemento de Maxwell possua uma dependência temporal. Esse efeito provavelmente é devido à própria inércia do sistema. / This dissertation shows the results obtained on the rheological characterization, using rotation and oscillatory essays, for nematics and cholesterics lyotropic liquid crystals based on decylammonium chloride (CDA). The cholesteric systems were obtained adding chiral inductors, hydrophobic (Cholesterol) or hydrophilic (D-(+)-Mannose) to nematic matrixes, inducing a helical arrangement on the liquid crystalline stn1cture. The effect of the inductor concentration besides of its nature and the amount of solvent in these mesomorphic systems were correlated to the rheological properties obtained. The rotation essays were done using constant and varied shear rates. The obtained results showed a change in the rheological behavior dependent of the chiral inductor nature. Phases with hydrophobic inductor presented viscosity decreased with the increase of cholesterol concentration, while the increase of D-(+)-Mannose concentration leads to the viscosity increase. Changes in the rheological behavior were also observed according to the amount of solvent present on the phase. For systems with cholesterol and larger amount of water, the viscosity increases along the time until reaching a maximum value, followed by a decrease. This behavior should indicate that in these systems, the phases should suffer some kind of deformation until reaching a maximum of tension. After that, an accommodation process of the structure causes the viscosity decrease. For the systems with hydrophobic inductor and with smaller amount of solvent, the viscosity decreases until reach a minimum value, that is reached later as larger it is the inductor concentration. After that, there is an increase of the viscosity until a constant value be obtained. It suggests the occurrence of a breakdown of the stn1cture, proceeded by its reorientation by flow. For the systems with D-(+)-Mannose, the rheological behavior observed is quite similar for phases with larger or smaller amount of solvent, i.e., increase of the viscosity to a maximum value, followed proceeded by its decrease. The difference is that in systems with larger amount of solvent, the maximum is reached earlier. The increase of the viscosity should characterize a deformation of the stn1cture that after reaching a maximum tension, it will be orientated in a preferential direction, causing the decrease of the viscosity without break of the cholesteric building. The flow activation free enthalpy (ΔH≠) determination shows a decrease of energy value for increase of inductor concentration in lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal that used cholesterol as inductor. When D-(+)-Mannose was used, the flow activation free enthalpy value increases. In the systems that hydrophobic inductor is used, the chiral forces should help in micelles flow orientation process, seemingly, after the movement of a micelle, the others would be dragged by the elastic forces, decreasing the flow activation enthalpy. When it is used a hydrophilic inductor, flow activation enthalpy increases with increases of inductor concentration, probably because the inductor nature that has a greater interaction with the solvent, acting as a barrier against the micelles flow orientation. The oscillatory essays show that the storage energy capacity, determined by the value of the storage modulus (G\') is larger than heat or diffusion dissipation capacity of the particles, obtained by the loss modulus (G\"). Both modulus (G\' and G\") decrease for the phases with smaller amount of available water and stay constant for the systems with larger amount of water. The lyotropic mesophase studied can be described by a Burger model modified by taken into account a temporary dependence to the elastic Maxwell component. This effect should be probably due to the inertia of the system.

Abstract Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) provides a non-disruptive, high resolution and real-time method for imaging flow velocity profiles inside small channels and capillaries. DOCT has been mostly used in the biomedical field to image blood flow. However, applications in the field of rheology have been rare. In this thesis, the time domain DOCT (TD-DOCT) was utilized to measure flow velocity profiles inside capillaries with high resolution. Time domain configuration was chosen due to the ability to implement dynamic focusing and, in addition, to have sufficient velocity range, especially at high speeds. The accuracy and reliability of the laboratory-built DOCT device was verified with Newtonian suspension and, further, the performance was compared to the commercial DOCT. In vivo measurements with slime mould Physarum polycephalum showed the versatility of DOCT to measure the flow velocity profile of a different kind of scattering suspension even with very low flow rates. The effects of multiple scattering on the accuracy of the measured flow velocity profiles were experimentally studied with two phantom configurations. The first case consisted of the static superficial layer, where the plain glass capillary with flowing Intralipid suspension was embedded into a cuvette. In the second case the moving superficial layer was made by introducing a second glass capillary in front of the studied flow. The results showed that multiple scattering has noticeable effect on the accuracy of the measured flow velocity profiles, especially at the deeper regions. Novel application of the DOCT technique is presented by implementing it to a capillary viscometer. As a result, the absolute viscosity of the Newtonian suspension is derived with high precision directly from the measured flow velocity profile and pressure drop without making any assumption of the flow under study. The results are consistent with the reference values measured with the commercial viscometer. / Tiivistelmä Doppler optinen koherenssitomografia (DOCT) on tekniikka, jolla on mahdollista mitata suspensioiden virtausnopeusprofiili virtausta häiritsemättömästi, reaaliaikaisesti ja tarkalla resoluutiolla ohuista kapillaareista. DOCT-tekniikkaa on hyödynnetty erityisesti lääketieteen alueella silmän rakenteen kuvantamisessa ja veren virtausmittauksissa. Tekniikan sovellukset nesteiden reologian tutkimuksessa ovat olleet harvinaisia. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on kehittää DOCT-tekniikkaa ja soveltaa sitä kapillaariviskometrissä viskositeetin määritykseen suoraan mitatusta virtausnopeusprofiilista. Tässä työssä hyödynnettiin laboratoriossa rakennettua aikatason DOCT-laitetta (TD-DOCT), jolla mitattiin virtausnopeusprofiili kapillaarin sisältä mikrometrien resoluutiolla. TD-DOCT valittiin, koska siinä voitiin käyttää dynaamista fokusointia parantamaan sivusuuntaista resoluutiota ja signaali-kohinasuhdetta. Tämän lisäksi se soveltuu laaja-alaisesti eri virtausnopeuksille, erityisesti nopeille virtauksille. Rakennetun DOCT-laitteen tarkkuus ja luotettavuus todennettiin mittaamalla Newtonista suspensiota ja vertaamalla mittaustuloksia kaupallisella DOCT:lla tehtyihin mittauksiin. Mittaukset elävässä organismissa, Physarum polycephalum -limasienessä, osoittavat laitteen soveltuvuuden erilaisten suspensioiden virtausnopeusprofiilin mittaukseen myös hyvin hitaissa virtauksissa. Moninkertaisen sironnan vaikutusta mitattujen profiilien tarkkuuteen tutkittiin kahdella eri konfiguraatiolla. Ensimmäisessä asetelmassa virtausnopeusprofiili mitattiin kapillaarista, joka oli upotettu valoa sirottavaan Intralipid-suspensioon, ja jonka upotussyvyyttä voitiin säätää. Toisessa asetelmassa muodostettiin dynaaminen valoa sirottava kerros asettamalla toinen Intralipidiä sisältävä kapillaari mitattavan kapillaarin eteen. Tulokset osoittavat, että monikertainen sironta vaikuttaa mitatun virtausnopeusprofiilin tarkkuuteen erityisesti kun valoa sirottava kerroksen paksuus kasvaa. Tässä työssä DOCT -tekniikkaa käytetään ensimmäistä kertaa kapillaariviskometrin yhteydessä. Newtonisen suspension absoluuttinen viskositeetti määritetään hyvin tarkasti suoraan mitatusta virtausnopeusprofiilista ja painehäviöstä ilman oletuksia virtaavasta nesteestä. Mitatut viskositeettiarvot vastaavat vertailumittauksia, jotka tehtiin kaupallisella rotaatioviskosimetrilla.

Grouting is performed in order to decrease the permeability and increase the stiffness of the material, especially soil and rock. For tunnelling and underground constructions, permeation grouting is done where cement based materials are pumped inside drilled boreholes under a constant pressure, higher than the ground water pressure. The aim of permeation grouting is to reduce the water flow into tunnels and caverns and to limit the lowering of the surrounding groundwater table. Cement based materials are commonly used as grout due to their availability and lower costs. To obtain a proper water sealing and reduce the lowering of the ground water table, a desired spread of grout must be achieved and the rheology of the cement grout is the governing factor for estimating the required spread. Rheological properties of cement grout such as viscosity and yield stress are commonly measured off-line using laboratory instruments, and some simple tools are available to make field measurements. Although the rheological properties of the grout that is used play a fundamental role in design and execution, no method has yet been developed to measure these properties in-line in field work. In addition to the real time measurement, there is no standard method for determining the yield stress for grouting applications. Despite the common usage of Bingham model fitting to determine the yield stress, the range of shear rate is often not specified or is neglected.   In this work, an in-line rheometry method combining the Ultrasound Velocity Profiling (UVP) technique with Pressure Difference (PD) measurements, known as “UVP+PD”, was successfully tested for continuous in-line measurements of concentrated micro cement based grouts. A major obstacle of using the ultrasound based methodology was the transducers, which would be capable of emitting sufficient acoustic energy and can be used in field conditions. The transducer technology was developed in a parallel project and the Flow-Viz industrial rheometer was found to be capable of detail measurement of the velocity profiles of cement grout. The shape of the velocity profiles was visualized, and the change in the shape of the profiles with concentration and time was observed. The viscosity and yield stress of the grout were determined using rheological models, e.g. Bingham and Herschel-Bulkley. In addition, rheological properties were determined using the non-model approach (gradient method) and the tube viscometry concept and were compared with results obtained using the rheological models. The UVP+PD method was found to be capable of determining the rheological behavior of cement grout regardless of the rheological model. The yield stress of cement grout was investigated using off-line rheometry techniques and UVP+PD in-line measurements. Tests were performed applying different shear histories and it was found that two ranges of yield stress indeed exist. Therefore, the design value of yield stress should be chosen with respect to the prevailing shear rate at the grout front for the required spread of grout. In addition, an appropriate shear rate range should be used when a Bingham fitting is done to determine the yield stress. In order to estimate the shear rate, plug thickness and velocity for one dimensional and two dimensional geometry, a non- dimensional nomogram was developed. The advantage of using the nomogram is that it does not depend on the applied pressure and the rheological properties of the grout and can therefore, be used as a simple design tool. Analytical approaches were used for the estimation and good agreements were found with numerical calculations and experimental results. In conclusion, in this work, it was found that it is possible to continuously measure the velocity profiles and determine the change of the rheological properties of cement grout using the ultrasound based UVP+PD method under field conditions. The yield stress was also investigated and it was found that two range of yield stress exist depending on the prevailing shear rate of the grout, which should be used for designing the grouting time at different conditions. In order to decide the design value of yield stress for grouting applications, a non-dimensional nomogram was developed that can be used to estimate the plug thickness, shear rate and velocity of the grout. / <p>Funding for the project was provided by the Swedish Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), The Swedish Research Council (FORMAS) and The Development Fund of the Swedish Construction Industry (SBUF), who are gratefully acknowledged. QC 20151112</p>

In this thesis was designed, manufactured and tested the fourth evolution of a slit-flow rheometer with another necessary parts, eg. rheometer`s holder, drive frame and important jig tools. The rheometer is able to measure rheological properties of magnetic and non-magnetic fluids at very high shear rates, which commercial rheometers can not reach. It is designed for 200 bar pressure and maximum load 15 kN. The construction of the slit-flow rheometer with it`s holder and drive frame improves user friendliness, accelerates change of the fluid sample and expands research opportunities thanks to a big space for additional adjustments. It is possible to use different length of the slit and thanks to a changeable inserts it is possible to change parameters of the slit (roughness of the walls, wall material, thickness of the slit). A part of this thesis was focused on illation of necessary equations for planning calibration measurements. Aim of these measurements is to obtain minor pressure losses dependence on Reynolds number for specific slit.

This diploma thesis deals with the best solution design for a sludge fitting, especially focusing on the right choice of pumps for the waste water treatment plant in Prostějov. The pumps were selected for a circulation pipeline, which heats up the sludge. Several measurements were carried out in order to determine the statistical evaluation of the properties of the pumped medium. The figures gained were used to calculate pressure losses.The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The first part provides a theoretical analysis of the problem and the second part presents the results and subsequently the reasoning for the new selection of pumps in order to change the WWTP technology from the mesophilic to the thermophilic sludge digestion. The test records describing the testing of the individual samples of the pumped sludge are attached.

This work deals with the research of degradation of magnetorheological (MR) fluid during long-term loading under conditions that correspond to the real load in the linear MR devices such as dampers. The behaviour of MR fluid is described by a Bingham model of viscoplastic fluid. The parameters of this model are the yield stress and viscosity. Their values are determined by the shear rate from 1 to 2,8104 s-1. Results of durability tests show a significant decrease in viscosity of MR fluid, a gradual increase in yield stress in the off-state and a significant decrease in MR effect. The paper also described the effect of temperature on these parameters and there is also designed a method of non-assembly diagnostic of the MR fluid state in the damper using the "rate of pulsation."

The rheological properties of cement-based grouts play a key role in determining the final spread in grouted rock formations. Rheologically, cement grouts are known to be complex thixotropic fluids, but their steady flow behavior is often described by fitting the simple Bingham constitutive law to flow curve data. The resultant Bingham parameters are then used in grouting design of e.g. tunnels, to estimate the penetration length. Since cement grouts are thixotropic suspensions, the interpretation of their flow curves as obtained from flow sweeps in concentric cylinder rotational rheometers is often complicated by: the presence of wall slip, sedimentation and unstable flow at low shear rates. A systematic approach to study these effects within the constraints of the concentric cylinder geometry (Couette) and for different cement grout concentrations was carried out as part of the Licentiate research work. Of particular interest was the influence of geometry and flow sweep measurement interval on flow curves, including the characteristic unstable flow branch that appears at applied shear rates that are below the critical shear rate. The unstable flow branch observed below the critical shear rate has been described as a characteristic feature in the flow curves of thixotropic suspensions, e.g. cement grouts, laponite. From a practical standpoint, this information can then be readily used to improve rheological measurements of cement grouts. The existence of the critical shear rate below which no stable flow occurs, plus the complex wall slip phenomenon are then discussed by considering how they affect actual spread in rough and smooth rock fractures. Another major part of the research presented in this thesis relates to the measurement of model yield stress fluid (YSF), i.e. Carbopol, velocity profiles within the radial flow geometry. Radial flow between parallel plates, is an idealized fundamental flow configuration that is often used as a basis for grout spread estimation in planar rock fractures. Compared to other flow configurations with YSFs, e.g. channels, only a limited amount of work has presented analytical solutions, numerical models and especially experimental work for radial flow. Thus, as a first step towards more systematic studies of the plug flow region of YSFs in radial flow the current work presents the design, manufacture and for the first time velocity profile measurements that were conducted by using the pulsed Ultrasound Velocity Profiling (UVP) technique. The current observations for tests carried out with different disk spacings and flow rates show a distinct plug region, coupled with wall slip effects for the Carbopol model YSF fluid that was used. The theoretically predicted velocity profiles and the measured ones agree reasonably well, and the main discrepancies are discussed. Future studies, would then be targeted at improving the current experimental setup, for detailed measurements of the plug flow region along the radial length, which remains a challenging issue for studies on YSFs and engineering applications such as rock grouting design. / Cementbaserade injekteringsmedels reologiska egenskaper har en stor påverkan på strömning och inträngningslängd i sprickigt berg. Medlens reologi är komplex, inklusive tixotropi, men strömningen beskrivs ändå oftast med den enkla linjära Bingham modellen i injekteringssammanhang. De två parametrarna från denna modell, flytgräns och viskositet, används sedan inom injekteringsdesign, för t.ex. tunnlar och dammar, för att bedöma inträngningen. Eftersom cementbaserade medel är tixoptropa suspensioner försvåras utvärderingen vid mätning med konventionella rotationsviskometrar på grund av glidning vid fasta begränsningsytor, sedimentation/separation av partiklarna och instabila flöden vid låga deformationshastigheter. En systematisk mätprocedur för att studera ovanstående problem med rotationsviskometer och koncentriska cylindrar samt olika vanliga vattencementtal, har utförts inom ramen för detta licentiatarbete. Av särskilt intresse har varit att studera effekten av olika geometrier och tidsintervallet mellan mätningarna, inklusive den instabila delen av flödeskurvan då deformationshastigheten är lägre än ett kritiskt värde. Denna del av kurvan har i litteraturen beskrivits som karakteristisk för tixotropa suspensioner, som t.ex. cementbaserade injekteringsmedel. Praktiskt kan ovanstående kunskap användas för att förbättra mätningen av de reologiska egenskaperna. Existensen av en kritisk deformationshastighet under vilken det inte finns något stabilt flöde, i kombination med glidning vid fasta begränsningsytor, diskuteras särskilt med hänsyn till dess påverkan på faktisk inträngning i släta och råa bergsprickor. Ett annat fokus i licentiatarbetet har varit att studera icke-Newtonska modellvätskors (Carbopol) radiella strömning mellan parallella plattor. Denna typ av strömningsgeometri används ofta som en idealiserad konfiguration för strömning i bergsprickor. I jämförelse med andra enklare geometrier, finns endast en begränsad forskning utförd för denna geometri både då det gäller analytiska och numeriska beräkningar men framförallt då det gäller experiment. Som ett första steg inför en mer systematisk undersökning av icke-Newtonsk radiella strömning presenteras i detta arbete framtagandet av en fysisk laboratoriemodell där hastighetsprofilerna mellan plattorna för första gången visualiserats med hjälp av ultraljud. De utförda mätningarna med tre olika öppningar mellan plattorna sam tre olika värden på det konstanta flödet, visar på en distinkt plugg som är ett resultat av vätskans flytgräns samt glidning i gränsskiktet mellan vätskan och plattornas fasta begränsningsytor. En jämförelse mellan uppmätta hastighetsprofiler och analytiskt beräknade diskuteras där resultaten överensstämmer relativt väl, med beaktande av de långtgående förenklade antaganden som krävs för beräkningarna. Fortsatta studier kommer att fokuseras på att förbättra laboratoriemodellen för en mer detaljerad studie av icke-Newtonska vätskors strömning och hur pluggen utvecklas under den radiella inträngningen, vilket fortsättningsvis är av betydelse för design av injektering i bergsprickor. / <p>QC 20190521</p>